Different Sets Of Values Research Articles

Destination networking

Owing to the complexity of the tourist product most firms in a tourist destination are interdependent on one another. As well as being competitors they also have to work together on creating the overall quality of the total tourist product. It is difficult to separate co‐operation from competition. The purpose of this paper is to discuss a co‐opetitive theory of business derived from the results given by a networking study of marketing a tourist destination dominated by micro businesses and independent entrepreneurs. The results of the study show that there are two different sets of values in the destination and these determine and distinguish the way firms are involved in networking.

A Non-Traditional Clinical Experience in Costa Rica

A Non-Traditional Clinical Experience in Costa Rica

"You're Just a Kid That's There"-Chicano Perception of Disciplinary Events

This qualitative study examined Chicano student perception of discipline and inquired if student-teacher conflict in urban classrooms was influenced by differences in the racial and ethnic identity and cultural positions of the participants. Focus groups, semi-structured interviews, classroom observations, and student records were the data sources. The participants were 4 Chicano students and 4 European American teachers from an urban high school. The data revealed that students perceived school as adult-centered, and this resulted in feelings of alienation. However, students developed empowering strategies to resist disciplinary actions. Students describe the differences of perceptions on 2 distinct levels: the content of the disciplinary event, and their conceptual view of specific components of the disciplinary act. Confrontations are described as perceived injustices in the application of rules when different sets of values, attitudes, and beliefs are held by students and teachers. Knowledge of the disciplinary consequence did not influence their decisions to comply.

Dose-effect relationship for cataract induction after single-dose total body irradiation and bone marrow transplantation for acute leukemia

Purpose : To determine a dose-effect relationship for cataract induction, the tissue-specific parameter, α/β, and the rate of repair of sublethal damage, μ value, in the linear-quadratic formula have to be known. To obtain these parameters for the human eye lens, a large series of patients treated with different doses and dose rates is required. The data of patients with acute leukemia treated with single-dose total body irradiation (STBI) and bone marrow transplantation (BMT) collected by the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation were analyzed. Methods and Materials : The data of 495 patients who underwent BMT for acute leukemia, who had STBI as part of their conditioning regimen, were analyzed using the linear-quadratic concept. The end point was the incidence of cataract formation after BMT. Of the analyzed patients, 175 were registered as having cataracts. Biologic effective doses (BEDs) for different sets of values for α/β and μ were calculated for each patient. With Cox regression analysis, using the overall chi-square test as the parameter evaluating the goodness of fit, α/β and μ values were found. Risk factors for cataract induction were the BED of the applied TBI regimen, allogeneic BMT, steroid therapy for >14 weeks, and heparin administration. To avoid the influence of steroid therapy and heparin on cataract induction, patients who received steroid or heparin treatment were excluded, leaving only the BED as a risk factor. Next, the most likely set of α/β and μ values was obtained. With this set, the cataract-free survival rates were calculated for specific BED intervals, according to the Kaplan-Meier method. From these calculations, cataract incidences were obtained as function of the BED at 120 months after STBI. Results : The use of BED instead of the TBI dose enabled the incidence of cataract formation to be predicted in a reasonably consistent way. With Cox regression analysis for all STBI data, a maximal chi-square value was obtained for α/β = 1.75 Gy and μ = 0.75 h −1. When Cox regression analysis was applied for patients who had no steroid treatment after BMT, a maximal chi-square value was obtained for α/β = 1 Gy and μ = 0.6 h −1. Cox regression analysis was repeated using the data of patients who had not received posttransplant steroid treatment and also no heparin administration; we found α/β = 0.75 Gy and μ = 0.65 h −1. An increased cataract incidence was observed after steroid treatment of >14 weeks and heparin administration. Conclusion : The α/β value of 0.75 Gy and a μ value of 0.65 h −1 found for the eye lens are characteristic for late-responding tissues. The incidence of cataract formation can now be quantified, taking into account the values calculated for α/β and μ, TBI dose, and dose rate. Also, the reduction in cataract incidence as a result of lens dose reduction by eye shielding can be estimated.

THINK GLOBALLY MANAGE CULTURALLY

In every country, specific cultures exist. In comparison most businesses have a variety of different cultures because there are different people working within the company. People with the same religion, language, beliefs and values share a culture. This, in turn, is shared with all types of people in the same cultural system. Here the author examines the art of managing people who are from different cultures, taking into account their different set of values, traditions, and ways of achieving various goals. It exposes some of the problems inherent in the host (local) country where a home (parent company) manager refuses or is incapable of internalizing the local culture in which the expatriate operates. Business tactics are enforced and implemented differently depending on the culture the decision‐maker is from. Therefore, one should always think globally and act locally.

Barriers and enhancements to physician-psychologist collaboration.

Have you ever wondered why it is so difficult to establish and maintain good relationships with physicians who could be good referral sources for you? Physicians in 2 multispecialty practices that include psychologists reveal what they want from psychologists and what most concerns them about working with psychologists. Strategies are outlined that psychologists can adopt to promote physician– psychologist collaboration, including seeing physicians as their customers and marketing services with an eye toward customer satisfaction. Psychologists practicing in a medical clinic sometimes wonder why some physician colleagues refer more patients than others. Psychologists in medical settings may feel as if they are marginal people in a dominant medical culture and cannot quite get a handle on what physicians want and need from them. What are the barriers to collaboration, and what are some ingredients for successful teamwork? How can psychologists better serve the needs of physicians in a multispecialty medical group practice? What current beliefs do physicians hold about psychologists and the profession of psychology? This study answers these questions. Although there is some overlap, there are strong cultural differences embedded in the two professions of medicine and psychology. Failure to understand and adjust to cultural differences in approaches to patient care can undermine even the most wellintentioned efforts at collaboration. Hamberger, Ovide, and Weiner (1999) highlighted the following four areas that they believe represent significantly different sets of values or approaches to learning and professional practice between the medical and mental health professions: (a) role of theory in practice, (b) teaching focus and learning orientation, (c) problem-solving styles, and (d) expectations for consultations. Several authors have speculated on possible barriers to collaboration (Bray, 1996; Bray & Rogers, 1995; Mauksch & Leahy, 1993; Wickramasekera, 1989), which include proximity of providers, insurance reimbursement, and patient resistance as hindering factors to referral. Drotar (1993) noted the following:

The Iron Curtain Around Medical Progress

The Iron Curtain Around Medical Progress

Perceived in‐group and out‐group stereotypes among Brazilian foreign language students

Our research over the past few years on the attitudes of Brazilians towards the English language suggests that socio‐psychological and socio‐cultural aspects of motivation may be just as operative in foreign language learning as in second language acquisition. This article presents the results of a study of stereotypical perceptions of ten foreign populations by 164 Brazilian university students studying diverse foreign languages. Socio‐cultural stereotypes were investigated using bipolar adjective scales paired in a Likert‐type format. A factor analysis of the revealed stereotypes suggested a three‐factor system is at work, consisting of conscientiousness (work‐related values), social agreeableness and personal warmth. Evidence was found for the hypothesis that students studying a foreign language tend to have relatively positive stereotypes of the speakers of that language, but the picture is quite complex, with attraction and stereotyping of target‐language speakers being linked to two different sets of values within the Brazilian population studied.

Media ethics in elections

The context of an election makes little difference to the way the journalist practises his or her profession. The basics are all the same. We do not adopt a different set of values because a group of politicians are vying for power.

SENSITIVITY OF PARAMETERS FOR PROBABILISTIC SEISMIC HAZARD ANALYSIS USING A LOGIC TREE APPROACH

The sensitivity of different parameters used in probabilistic seismic hazard calculation is investigated by different logic tree runs with alternative magnitude sets, source zone models and attenuation relations, and with different sets of values for the seismicity parameters and the <r-value. Also the influence from the different parameters on the hazard uncertainty, represented by fractiles, is investigated. The calculations are made for peak ground acceleration at a site near Aachen in the Lower Rhine Embayment. The model where the site is located in a larger source zone gives lower hazard values. This is typical for the case where the seismicity near the site is high relative to its surrounding. The hazard curves for the different attenuation functions are similar, an effect of the similarity of the functions themselves. However, a large sensitivity of this parameter is indicated for small mean return periods. An increased α-value implies a moderate increase of the hazard at long mean return periods. The hazard is increasing for decreased focal depth, decreased β-value and increased maximum expected magnitude, respectively. However, the effects are noteworthy only at low hazard levels for variations in the focal depth and to some extent in the maximum expected magnitude. Finally, decreasing the minimum magnitude thought to be of engineering relevance causes a drastic increase of the hazard at small mean return periods.

Lorenzetti Lecture: leadership: it's our turn.

Webster's defines leadership as the capacity to lead. Tennyson's poem Oenone refers to the trinity of excellence: self-reverence, self-knowledge and self-control. Many refer to this triad as the essence of leadership. Sir Graham Day, a Canadian who has demonstrated leadership and vision, refers to strong leadership as a combination of vision, commitment and strategic ability. He also refers to the Harvard view of substance, humanity and morality. Although there is an extensive literature on the matter, with a wide range of views, consensus defines leadership as: • coping with change • setting the direction • directing change • creating vision • developing strategies. Note that there is no reference to political leadership, which appears to adopt a very different set of values. Several major political figures have indeed been great leaders, but perhaps not as great as we have needed in the past and, some would say, more desperately need today.

What is good organization?: Learning organizations, community and the rhetoric of the "bottom line"

Adopting a narrative view of organization, this article asks, “how do we know when an organization is working well?” A typical answer refers to the “bottom line” which, today, is a ubiquitous criterion even among government and other non-business organizations. The rhetoric of the bottom line is a privileging narrative that stipulates that only the views of experts are relevant to organizing and to assessing the “goodness” of organizations. Arguing that the metaphor of a learning organization reflects a social constructionist approach to organizing, the article explains how and why this notion represents a fundamental challenge to conventional management thinking and to the rhetoric of the bottom line. Organizing involves numerous and varied groups and is grounded in their conversations. Thus, community and relationships are integral to good organization. The difference between bottom-line and learning narratives, in terms of what makes good organization, involves different sets of values. It is difficult to reconcile the two narratives and to envisage an approach to managing that gives equal weight to profitability and to learning.

Modelling the valuesphere and the ecosphere: Integrating the decision makers’ perspectives into LCA

Methods for Life Cycle Impact Assessment have to cope with two critical aspects, the uncertainty in values and the (unknown) system behaviour. LCA methodology should cope explicitly with these subjective elements. A structured aggregation procedure is proposed that differentiates between the technosphere and the ecosphere and embeds them in the valuesphere. LCA thus becomes a decision support system that models and combines these three spheres. We introduce three structurally identical types of LCA, each based on one coherent but different set of values. These sets of values can be derived from the Cultural Theory and are labeled as ‘egalitarian’, ‘individualistic’, and ‘hierarchic’. Within Life Cycle Impact Assessment, a damage oriented assessment model is complemented with both a newly developed precautionary indicator designed to address unknown damage and an indicator for the manageability of environmental damages. The indicators for unknown damage and for manageability complete the set of indicators judged to be relevant by decision makers. The weights given to these indicators are also value-dependent. The framework proposed here answers the criticisms that present LCA methodology does not strictly enough separate subjective from objective elements and that it fails to accurately model environmental impacts.

Modelling the Valuesphere and the Ecosphere:

Methods for Life Cycle Impact Assessment have to cope with two critical aspects, the uncertainty in values and the (unknown) system behaviour. LCA methodology should cope explicitly with these subjective elements. A structured aggregation procedure is proposed that differentiates between the technosphere and the ecosphere and embeds them in the valuesphere. LCA thus becomes a decision support system that models and combines these three spheres. We introduce three structurally identical types of LCA, each based on one coherent but different set of values. These sets of values can be derived from the Cultural Theory and are labeled as ‘egalitarian’, ‘individualistic’, and ‘hierarchic’. Within Life Cycle Impact Assessment, a damage oriented assessment model is complemented with both a newly developed precautionary indicator designed to address unknown damage and an indicator for the manageability of environmental damages. The indicators for unknown damage and for manageability complete the set of indicators judged to be relevant by decision makers. The weights given to these indicators are also value-dependent. The framework proposed here answers the criticisms that present LCA methodology does not strictly enough separate subjective from objective elements and that it fails to accurately model environmental impacts.

Ambiguities in measuring the physical parameters for twisted-nematic liquid crystal spatial light modulators

There is great interest in using commercially available twisted-nematic liquid crystal displays as programmable spatial light modulators. Proper use of such displays, particularly as phase-only filters for optical correlators or as diffractive optical elements, requires knowledge of the physical parameters of the device including the twist angle, the birefringence, and the orientation of the director axes. A simple experimental technique was published for evaluation of these parameters. When we used this technique, however, we found a number of different sets of values that satisfied the experimental data. We demonstrate that additional measurements at different wavelengths can resolve these ambiguities and provide valuable information about the wavelength dependence ofthe birefringence.

Experimental study of rotational relaxation processes by pulsed photoacoustic technique

The IR pulsed photoacoustic method was used to investigate rotational relaxation processes in MPA. We have examined the bulk rotational relaxation times and the bulk rotational relaxation cross sections , related to R-R and R-T relaxation mechanisms. The saturation intensities for gas molecules have been measured in the gas mixtures with (buffer) molecules, at constant gas pressure (0.47 mbar) and variable gas pressure (1-140 mbar), using the 10P(16) laser line in the fluences range 0.1-0.7 J . It has been found that for proper investigation of the rotational relaxation processes, the buffer gas pressure range must be divided into two parts: the low pressure range (0-20 mbar) and the high pressure range (20-140 mbar), according to the behaviour of the saturation intensities versus buffer gas pressure. Consequently, two different sets of values for rotational relaxation parameters are obtained. The found step-function behaviour for shows that the rotational hole-filling effect during MPA only dominates at low buffer gas pressure ( mbar). At higher buffer gas pressures (between 20-140 mbar) collisional deactivation takes place. We also derive the enhanced absorption cross sections for absorbing gas molecules from the measured saturation intensities data (at zero buffer gas pressure) confirming the expectation that the enhanced absorbing cross sections are not only a function of laser fluence and buffer gas pressure, but are very strongly dependent on laser beam parameters, too.

Waveguiding in a Nematic Hybrid Slab

We develop an analytical approach to study the propagation of optical fields through a nematic slab model with hybrid boundary conditions studied numerically by Lin et al. [I]. For a low intensity beam we first derive the eikonal equation and from it we then calculate the ray trajectories in the limit of geometrical optics. We show that there may exist caustics within the slab. Then we consider the WKB limit and calculate the field transverse magnetic modes, their number and their cutoff frequencies. We show that for both limits the agreement between the analytical and numerical results for the propagation constants is excellent, when caustics are not present; however, their presence introduces larger differences in the values of the calculated field amplitudes but the comparison is still quite good. We show that these discrepancies have their origin in the fact that the chosen parameter values in the exact numerical calculations, do not lie within the limits of validity of our WKB approximation. Thus, a more precise comparison between these approaches requires different sets of values of the relevant parameters. Finally, we discuss the scope and limitations of our method.

Folk Art Potters of Japan: Beyond an Anthropology of Aesthetics.

This is a study of a group of potters living in a small community in the south of Japan, and about the problems they face in the production, marketing and aesthetic appraisal of a kind of stoneware pottery generally referred to as mingei, or folk art. It shows how different people in an art world bring to bear different sets of values as they negotiate the meaning of mingei and try to decide whether a pot is 'art', 'folk art', or mere 'craft'. At the same time, this book is an unusual monograph in that it reaches beyond the mere study of an isolated community to trace the origins and history of 'folk art' in general. By showing how a set of aesthetic ideals originating in Britain was taken to Japan, and thence back to Europe and the United States - as a result of the activities of people like William Morris, Yanagi So etsu, Bernard Leach and Hamada Sho ji - this book rewrites the history of contemporary western ceramics.

A Note on the Computation of the Mean Random Consistency Index of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (Ahp)

In this paper, we use Saaty's Eigenvector Method and the Power Method as well as Ω=1, 2, ⋯ , 9, 1/2, 1/3, ⋯ , 1/9} and Ω-={1,2, ⋯ ,9,1, 1/2, ⋯ ,1/9} as the sets from which the pairwise comparison judgments are assigned at random to examine the variation in the values determined for the mean random consistency index. By extensive simulation analysis, we found that both methods produce the same values for the mean random consistency random index. Also, we found that the reason for producing two different sets of values is the use of Ω vs. Ω- and not the selection of the Power Method vs. Saaty's Eigenvector Method.

Threats to Individual Privacy and Enterprise Security and Experiences with Internet Insafety and Insecurity

As security and safety requirements were not considered during the creation of networks, there is a growing number of threats for individuals, enterprises, government agencies and organizations. This paper reviews these threats and the difficulties of dealing with them now. The Internet, as a consequence, is hardly adequate for processing sensitive information, because it can be protected neither by technology nor by law. In this situation, future “information societies” will be more risk-oriented than today: individual rights will be less significant and traditional legal instruments will need to be adapted to different sets of values.