Different Sections Of Small Intestine Research Articles

Effects of pre-incubation laser irradiation on hatchability and small intestine enzymes activity in post-hatched broiler chickens

The aim of this study was to investigate effects of short-term laser application on hatchability, died embryo in eggs and effects on post-hatch enzyme activity in different sections of small intestine (1, 10, 30, 50, 70 and 90%) in broiler chickens at 21 and 42 days of age. Two experiments were carried out. In the first experiment, 900 fertilised eggs (Ross 308) were randomly divided into three experimental groups (three replications and 100 eggs per group), which were irradiated with laser (HeliumNeon) at 0, 6 and 10 mW power respectively for 90 s; 12 h prior to incubation. The eggs were randomly incubated at industrial hatcheries. At hatch day, rates of unfertilised eggs, hatched, unhatched, dead unhatched embryos were determined in different phase of incubation (1–6 and 7–18 days). In the second experiment, 234 one-day-old chickens where allocated into three experimental groups based on irradiation laser levels (three replications and 26 birds per group). At post hatch days 21 and 42, six birds were randomly selected from each group, slaughtered and various sections of small intestine (1, 10, 30, 50, 70 and 90%) were sampled to evaluate alkaline phosphates (ALP), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) and sucrase activities. According to the results, laser irradiation had no significant difference on egg hatchability, unfertilised eggs, unhatched died and died embryos (P>0.05). A significant difference was observed in small intestine LAP and ALP levels at days 21 and 42 (P<0.05). These results suggested that laser irradiation altered small intestine enzyme activity in broilers.

Effects of β-Mannanase on broiler performance, gut morphology and immune system

An experiment was designed to assess the effects of graded levels of β-mannanase on performance, gut morphology and some blood proteins and leucocytes of broilers provided with diets based on corn and soybean meal. Broiler chickens are divided four group and supplied diet which contains 0, 500, 700, or 900 g/ton β-mannanase. Each treatment contained 4 pen with 15 birds/pen. 900 g/ton β- mannanase supplementation significantly reduced feed intake but did not influenced body weight gain and feed conversion ratio in both finisher and total period. 900 g/ton β-mannanase supplementation increased (P < 0.01) villus height and crypt depth and decreased (P < 0.01) goblet cell number, epithelial thickness and ratio of crypt depth to villus height in different sections of small intestine, suggesting that β-mannanase improves gut morphology in broiler chickens. The addition of β- mannanase at 700 and 900 g/ton to the diets significantly (P < 0.05) reduced jejunal viscosity compared with the control group. β-mannanase did not influence the blood serum proteins (albumin, alpha 1-, alpha 2-, beta and gamma-globulins) eosinophils and monocytes, but the addition β-mannanase increased lymphocyte, and decreased heterophil and heterophil: lymphocyte (H:L) ratio (p < 0.05). Thus it improved chickens immune system. Key words : Broiler, leucocytes, viscosity, serum proteins.

Intestinal disaccharidase activities in the growing germfree and conventional rats

Disaccharidase (maltase, invertase, trehalase, lactase, and cellobiase) activities have been studied in homogenates of small intestine of the germfree and conventional rats from birth through 120 days of age. The pH optimum values for germfree and conventional rats were comparable. In adult germfree rats, the pattern of distribution of disaccharidase activities in different sections of small intestine was similar to that of conventional rats. Lactase and cellobiase activities were substantial at birth, reached maximum at 7 days of age, and then decreased gradually to a plateau at 30 days of age in both groups. Maltase activity was low at birth, whereas no invertase and trehalase activities could be detected up to 7 days of age, and these activities developed rapidly during the third week of life in both groups. Differences in activity of these disaccharidases between germfree and conventional rats were not apparent until after weaning (21 days) when the germfree animal showed a higher activity than the conventional rat. When the germfree rats were conventionalized by the introduction of cecal contents from the conventional rats, the disaccharidase activities were reduced to normal conventional levels. These results indicate that intestinal disaccharidases are synthesized by the animal itself, and that the intestinal microorganisms do not contribute to any major extent to their production.

INTESTINAL DISACCHARIDASE ACTIVITIES IN ADULT AND SUCKLING RATS.

Abstract Maltase (maltose glycohydrolase), isomaltase (isomaltose glycohydrolase), sucrase (sucrose glucohydrolase), palatinase (palatinose glucohydrolase), trehalase (trehalose glucohydrolase), lactae (lactose galactohydrolase) and cellobiae (cellobiose glucohydrolase) activities have been determined in the intestine of adult and suckling rats. All disaccharidase activities have been found to have the same distribution through the different sections of small intestine except for trehalose glucohydrolase activity which decreased distally more than the other disaccharides. At birth lactose galactohydrolase and cellobiose glucohydrolase are very active, maltose glucohydrolase is low, and the other α-disaccharidases are absent. These activities appear on the 15th to 16th day after birth; at about the same time lactose galactohydrolase and cellobiose glucohydrolase activities are found to decrease.