Different Phases Of Migration Research Articles

Migrant survivors of conflict-related sexual violence accessing a specialist health service in Turin, Italy: a qualitative analysis of clinical forensic interview transcripts.

The Sexual Violence Relief center Soccorso Violenza Sessuale (SVS) is a specialist service, situated in Sant'Anna Hospital, an Obstetrics and Gynecology facility in Turin, North-West Italy. The study aimed to qualitatively analyze the transcripts of interviews routinely conducted by gynecologist and midwife in the first part of the medical examination of migrant patients accessing care at SVS after being subjected to conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV) in their home country or during migration and to explore the adverse outcomes of such violence on their health. Interview transcripts were purposely selected to include adult migrant patients (age > 18) subjected to CRSV in the different phases of migration and accessing SVS from January 1st, 2014, to September 4th, 2023. Data was extracted from the SVS archive, anonymized, and thematically analyzed. In total, 43 interview transcripts were eligible for inclusion. All of them were related to cisgender women of Sub-Saharan origin describing different forms of violence as a driver for migration. CRSV was disclosed by 18 survivors as occurring in their home country and by 31 in transit (e.g., Libya), the most reported type being rape. 49% of the patients described adverse physical outcomes of CRSV, while 72% reported psychological sequelae. The findings confirm high levels and different modalities of violence throughout the migratory route. Qualitative analysis of interview transcripts served as a valuable source for understanding how survivors described the CRSV they endured, its consequences, as well as other violence encountered during migration.

Turning up the heat: A conceptual model for understanding the migration and health in the context of global climate change

BackgroundThe triangular relationship between climate change-related events, patterns of human migration and their implications for health is an important yet understudied issue. To improve understanding of this complex relationship, a comprehensive, interdisciplinary conceptual model will be useful. This paper investigates relationships between these factors and considers their impacts for affected populations globally. MethodsA desk review of key literature was undertaken. An open-ended questionnaire consisting of 11 items was designed focusing on three themes: predicting population migration by understanding key variables, health implications, and suggestions on policy and research. After using purposive sampling we selected nine experts, reflecting diverse regional and professional backgrounds directly related to our research focus area. All responses were thematically analysed and key themes from the survey were synthesised to construct the conceptual model focusing on describing the relationship between global climate change, migration and health implications and a second model focusing on actionable suggestions for organisations working in the field, academia and policymakers. ResultsKey themes which constitute our conceptual model included: a description of migrant populations perceived to be at risk; health characteristics associated with different migratory patterns; health implications for both migrants and host populations; the responsibilities of global and local governance actors; and social and structural determinants of health. Less prominent themes were aspects related to slow-onset migratory patterns, voluntary stay, and voluntary migration. Actionable suggestions include an interdisciplinary and innovative approach to study the phenomenon for academicians, preparedness and globalized training and awareness for field organisations and migrant inclusive and climate sensitive approach for policymakers. ConclusionContrary to common narratives, participants framed the impacts of climate change-related events on migration patterns and their health implications as non-linear and indirect, comprising many interrelated individual, social, cultural, demographic, geographical, structural, and political determinants. An understanding of these interactions in various contexts is essential for risk reduction and preventative measures. The way forward broadly includes inclusive and equity-based health services, improved and faster administrative systems, less restrictive (im)migration policies, globally trained staff, efficient and accessible research, and improved emergency response capabilities. The focus should be to increase preventative and adaptation measures in the face of any environmental changes and respond efficiently to different phases of migration to aim for better “health for all and promote universal well-being” (WHO) (World Health Organization 1999).

‘Finding My Own Way’: Mobilization of Cultural Capital through Migrant Organizations in Germany

Migrant organizations (MOs), as associations that are founded, managed, and led by people with migration biographies, have recently emerged as facilitators of social protection interventions. This article is devoted to this barely debated issue of MOs in the field of social protection, by emphasizing their role in facilitating the mobilization and access to cultural capital as an important determinant of protection and wellbeing of people with migration biographies. Specifically, we study how MOs promote the formation and mobilization of skills and resources to be used in different fields, in particular in the education and labor markets. We find that MOs facilitate various occasions for their members to generate migration-specific cultural capital, predominantly in the field of education and language skills. MOs also promote the creation and institutionalization of cultural capital on the labor market. In addition, our results show that people with a migration background appreciate their participation in migrants’ organizations, because they allow them to pursue their own projects and find their own way through the different phases of migration and settlement, in often challenging environments.

Migrations in Moroccan cinema (1958–2015): main thematic lines and evolution

ABSTRACTMorocco is a country with one of the highest migration rates in the world. With 29% of Moroccan films dealing with migration as the main topic, the objectives of this paper are to establish the most recurrent migration thematic lines and to determine how migration topics have evolved from 1958 – the year in which the first postcolonial film was produced- to 2015. A sample of 89 migration films included in the Moroccan Cinematographic Center’s catalogue has been explored by way of narrative and contextual analysis. The methodology has been complemented with in-depth interviews with eleven Moroccan directors. Our findings allow us to confirm that there is a close relationship between the production of migration films in Morocco and the socio-political evolution of the phenomenon. The most active production period occurred from 2008 to 2011. The largest number of films belongs to the category ‘migration/immigration cinema’ (18 films, 20, 2%). Secondly, the most talked about topic has been the ‘return home’ (16 films, 17,9%), and thirdly, that of ‘diasporic cinema’. Furthermore, Moroccan cinema has covered all the different phases of migration in a very balanced way, showing coherent cinematographic reaction mechanisms towards social reality.

Primary healthcare usage and use of medications among immigrant children according to age of arrival to Norway: a population-based study

BackgroundMorbidity, use of healthcare and medication use have been reported to vary across groups of migrants and according to the different phases of migration, but little is known about children...

Problem Identification and Climate Change Perception of Bakerwal Pastoralists of Jammu & Kashmir

The present study was conducted in JK North-Western hilly state of India during 2013 to 2015 to study the problems experienced by transhumant Bakerwal pastoralists in different phases of migration and their climate change perception. The sample of 120 respondents was selected randomly for problem identification while as 39 respondents were purposively selected for examining their climate change perception. The study revealed that lack of basic facilities (viz. shelter for animals and humans, clean drinking water, medical facilities, roads connectivity, marketing, education for children, electricity and means of communication) was the top ranking problem experienced by the respondents in summer pastures and en-route migration. This was followed by lack of veterinary health services and disease occurrence which were ranked second most important problems respectively. Reduced pastures availability and water scarcity for animals during later part of the winter were the top most problems experienced by the respondents at winter pastures. Further it was reported that respondents perceived a drastic change in predictability of weather conditions and incidences of torrential rains, cloud bursting, hail storms etc. in the study area. The respondents also expressed a moderate change in average seasonal temperature, amount of rainfall, amount of snowfall and severity of draught at pastures. The study recommends the immediate policy intervention on part of government for provision of various basic facilities to the Bakerwals in different phases of migration besides promotion of income diversification within pastoralism through skill development and need based training programmes for securing the livelihood of Bakerwals.

Primary healthcare usage and morbidity among immigrant children compared with non-immigrant children: a population-based study in Norway

ObjectivesHealth status, disease spectrum and use of healthcare have been reported to vary across groups of migrants and according to the different phases of migration. However, most studies are conducted...

Migration, violence, and safety among migrant sex workers: a qualitative study in two Guatemalan communities

Despite reports of high levels of violence among women migrants in Central America, limited evidence exists regarding the health and safety of migrant sex workers in Central America. This study is based on 16 months of field research (November 2012–February 2014), including ethnographic fieldwork, in-depth interviews, and focus groups conducted with 52 internal and international migrant female sex workers in Tecún Umán and Quetzaltenango, Guatemala, key transit and destination communities for both international and internal migrants. The analysis explored migration-related determinants of susceptibility to violence experienced by migrant sex workers across different phases of migration. Violence in home communities and economic considerations were key drivers of migration. Unsafe transit experiences (eg undocumented border crossings) and negative interactions with authorities in destination settings (eg extortion) contributed to migrant sex workers’ susceptibility to violence, while enhanced access to information on immigration policies and greater migration and sex work experience were found to enhance agency and resilience. Findings suggest the urgent need for actions that promote migrant sex workers’ safety in communities of origin, transit, and destination, and programmes aimed at preventing and addressing human rights violations within the context of migration and sex work.

Hosting while being hosted: A perspective of Hungarian migrant hospitality workers in London, UK

Labour mobility in the hospitality industry involves a wide range of affective processes. Emotional responses in challenging situations for migrant hospitality workers significantly affect their social interactions and working efficiency. This paper explores the impact of emotions upon hospitality employees’ evaluation of their experiences while working in the UK. The empirical research focussed on hospitality employees’ emotions and perceptions about the host country in the different phases of migration. Further, migrants’ adjustment capacities and emotional responses in challenging situations were analysed. In 2011, 78 semi-structured interviews were conducted with Hungarians who had post-accession working experience in the hospitality industry in London, UK. Results suggest that migrant hospitality employees’ emotional responses related to the mismatch between anticipated and lived experiences have a key role in social interactions and on their working efficiency. The practical implications of this study are for recruiting agencies and hospitality industry employers on how to alleviate migrant workers’ emotional difficulties and how to enhance their working efficiency.

Gender Interlinked with Migration Issues in South Asian Literature and Film

This paper argues the urgent need to address the issue of Gender, and Migration. We have got the same perspectives in South Asian Literature and Movies that we need to come out from the stereotype idea. Migration does have the diversified phases but the question is, do the literature and movies speak a lot to showcase or portray those issues beyond dark sides? Especially in terms of gender the focus is very much biased and stereotyped with some exceptions, so this paper seeks to show the different phases of migration which does represent gender interlinked with migration in South Asian Literature and film.

Gendering Migration

Migration patterns, migration discourse and underlying representations, migrants’ experiences, obligations and duties as well as the expectations relative to their migration are gendered. Since the pioneering feminist migration scholars’ questioning of men as a universal reference and the invisibility of women or their stereotypical representations as dependents in the mainstream production of knowledge on migration, the scholarship has evolved considerably. It is argued in the paper that the ongoing process of cross-fertilization of developments in two separate epistemologies, each initially questioning monolithic and essentialist visions of a “migrant” on one hand and a “woman” on the other, produced a fecund subfield of research “migration and gender”. The paper provides an insight into this, reviewing work on the issues related to gendering different phases of migration. Bridging migration and gender brought to the top of research agendas issues that used to be on the margins, creating new visibilities but leaving out other gendered dimensions of complex realities of migrant experience.

Exaggerated orientation scatter of nocturnal passerine migrants close to breeding grounds: comparisons between seasons and latitudes

Using tracking radars, we investigated the variability of flight directions of long-distance nocturnal passerine migrants across seasons (spring versus autumn migration) and sites at the southern (56° N) and northern (68° N) ends of the Scandinavian Peninsula (Lund versus Abisko). Whilst most migrants at Lund are on passage to and from breeding sites in Fennoscandia, the majority of the migrants at Abisko are close to their breeding sites, and migration at Abisko thus to a large degree reflects initial departure from breeding sites (autumn) or final approach to breeding destinations (spring). The radar data were used to test predictions about differences in orientation and wind drift effects between adult and juvenile birds (a large proportion of autumn migrants consists of juvenile birds on their first journey), between situations far away from or near the goals and between different phases of migration (initial departure, en route passage, final approach to goal). The concentrations (both total and within-night concentrations) of flight directions differed significantly between seasons as well as sites, with the highest concentration at Lund in spring (mean vector length of track directions, r = 0.79) and lowest at Abisko during spring (r = 0.35). Partial wind drift and partial compensation were recorded at Lund, with a similar effect size in spring and autumn, whilst possible wind drift effects at Abisko were obscured by the large directional scatter at this site. The results from Lund support the prediction that the high proportion of juveniles in autumn contributes to increase the directional scatter during this season, whilst there was no support for predictions of differential wind drift effects between seasons and situations with different goal distances. The most striking and surprising result was the exceedingly large scatter of flight directions at Abisko, particularly in spring. We suggest that such an exaggerated scatter may be associated with final approach orientation, where migrants reach their specific goals from all various directions by final navigation within a more wide-ranging goal region. The larger scatter of autumn flight directions at Abisko compared to Lund may be due to exploratory flights in variable directions being more common at initial departure from breeding sites than later during migratory passage. These surprising results highlight the importance of studying and analysing orientation during final approach to (and initial departure from) migratory goals for understanding the orientation systems of migratory birds.

White-throated sparrows calibrate their magnetic compass by polarized light cues during both autumn and spring migration

The interaction and hierarchy of celestial and magnetic compass cues used by migratory songbirds for orientation has long been the topic of an intense debate. We have previously shown that migratory Savannah sparrows, Passerculus sandwichensis, use polarized light cues near the horizon at sunrise and sunset to recalibrate their magnetic compass. Birds exposed to a +/-90 deg. shifted artificial polarization pattern at sunrise or sunset recalibrated their magnetic compass, but only when given full access to celestial cues, including polarized light cues near the horizon. In the current study, we carried out cue conflict experiments with white-throated sparrows, Zonotrichia albicollis, during both spring and autumn migration in a transition zone between the species' breeding and wintering areas on the south shore of Lake Ontario. We show that white-throated sparrows also recalibrate their magnetic compass by polarized light cues at sunrise and sunset. Sunrise exposure to an artificial polarization pattern shifted relative to the natural magnetic field or exposure to a shift of the magnetic field relative to the natural sky both led to recalibration of the magnetic compass, demonstrating that artificial polarizing filters do not create an anomalous, unnatural orientation response. Our results further indicate that there is no evidence for a difference in compass hierarchy between different phases of migration, confirming previous work showing that polarized light cues near the horizon at sunrise and sunset provide the primary calibration reference both in the beginning and at the end of migration.

Distribution and space-time relationship of proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix of the migratory pathway of primordial germ cells in mouse embryos

In this paper we present an in situ ultrastructural cytochemical study on the distribution and spatial-temporal expression of proteoglycans (PGs) in the extracellular matrix of the migratory pathway of mouse primordial germ cells (PGCs) during the different phases of migration, by the use of the cationic dye ruthenium hexammine trichloride (RHT). Embryos of 9, 10, 11 and 12 days of development were used. The treatment with RHT revealed PGs as electron dense layers, granules, and filaments. Whereas granules prevailed in the extracellular spaces of the migratory route during the whole migratory process, the amount of filamentous structures increased during the migration phase of PGCs. At the end of the migratory process the surface of the PGCs lost its reaction by RHT. There were differences in the size of the granules of PGs at the initial migratory period (9-day-old embryos) as compared with the other days of gestation. There was a strong reaction for PGs in the extracellular spaces, expressed as a meshwork of granules interconnected by filaments, as well as reaction on the basement membranes during the peak of the PGCs migration in 10-day-old embryos. These results support the hypothesis that these molecules may have an important role in the migration of PGCs, although the precise mechanism involved in this process is not yet clear.

The unique ultrastructure of high-endothelial venules in inguinal lymph nodes of the pig.

Lymph nodes in pigs are unique in their inverted structure, with the medulla in the periphery and the cortex in central areas. Furthermore, in this species most migrating lymphocytes do not use the classical route via efferent lymphatics to leave the lymph node. High-endothelial venules (HEV) are the entry sites for lymphocytes and in pigs probably also the exit site for recirculating lymphocytes. Therefore, the blood vessels and especially the HEV of the pig superficial inguinal lymph node were investigated as to whether morphological peculiarities could be found in the vascular system, using vascular casting, transmission- and scanning electron microscopy. A thin layer of capillary network surrounded the periphery of the lymph node and HEV branched acutely. The endothelial cells of HEV possessed well developed cytoplasmic organelles, interdigitated with each other, and demonstrated local cell-cell contacts. There were unusual cells bridging the adluminal wall of HEV. These cells were called intravascular bridging cells. They were characterized by an often invaginated nucleus, few pinocytotic vesicles, many microvilli on the surface, wide, flat, cytoplasmic processes like a pseudopod, Weibel-Palade bodies and local cell-cell contacts with endothelial cells. The pseudopod-like processes ramified over the endothelial junctions and covered lymphocytes. Lymphocytes were seen in different phases of migration between endothelial cells and in the intercellular junctions. The previous functional studies on the peculiar route of lymphocyte recirculation in pig lymph nodes are extended by these morphological data, showing a unique structure of HEV in pigs.