Different Phases Of Oestrous Cycle Research Articles

Doppler ultrasonography of ventral perineal artery in bitches during different stages of oestrous cycle

This study aimed to evaluate the Doppler ultrasonographic features of ventral perineal artery of bitches during different phases of oestrous cycle. Sixteen pluriparous bitches were subjected to transperineal Doppler ultrasonography during different stages of oestrous cycle by confirming the stage by exfoliative vaginal cytotlogy (EVC) and vaginoscopy. The resistivity index (RI), pulsatility index (PI), peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV) and systolic/ diastolic velocity (S/D) were analysed. No significant difference was found between the Doppler velocimetric parameters of ventral perineal artery during different phases of oestrous cycle by trasnperineal Doppler ultrasonography.

Lobaric acid prevents the adverse effects of tetramethrin on the estrous cycle of female albino Wistar rats.

Tetramethrin (Tm) is a commonly used pesticide that has been reported to exert estrogen-antagonistic effects selectively on female rats. The present study was undertaken to assess the protective role of lobaric acid (La) on estrous cycle in Tm-treated female Wistar rats. Female rats were exposed to Tm (50 mg/kg b.w/day) only or in combination with La at low (50 mg/kg b.w/day) or high (100 mg/kg b.w/day) dose for 30 days. The results showed that Tm altered the estrous cycle of female rats by decreasing the levels of luteinizing hormone, follicular-stimulating hormone, progesterone, estrone, and estradiol while increasing testosterone level. The morphology of vaginal smears of Tm-treated female rats showed the presence of abnormal cells and/or structures at different phases of estrus cycle. Strikingly, in (Tm + La)-treated rats, all the observed adverse effects of Tm on the hormonal parameters, cell morphology, and the length of each phase of estrous cycle were significantly diminished in a dose-dependent manner. The docking results showed that La competes with Tm for Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) receptor, thereby reducing the toxicity of Tm but did not cancel the response of GnRH receptor completely. In conclusion, our results designated that La could be used as a potential candidate in the management of insecticide-induced alterations of the reproductive cycle of rodents.

Evaluation of the Cytology and Histology of Uterus and Cervix as Predictors of Estrous Stages In Ewes and Dairy Cows

The aim of this study was to describe in ewes and dairy cows, uterine, cervical and vaginal aspect in a physiological context, using cytological and histological techniques as a gold standard. Reproductive tracts of slaughtered cows and ewes were collected from a commercial slaughterhouse in the region of batna. The reproductive phase of each tract was estimated by ovarian performance. Cytobrush samples from the uterus and cervix were prepared. The smears were stained and examined for differential cellular counts. Furthermore, biopsy samples fixed in 10% buffered formaldehyde, embedded in paraffin, sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The results showed no significant difference (P≥0.05) for cellular densities between cervical and uterine in different phases of estrus cycle (follicular and luteal phases) of the ewes and cows. However, there were significant differences in the percentage of neutrophil cells of uterine and cervix smears in tracts with a corpus luteum (CL) or without a CL. in spite of, the following histological changes were observed during the estrous cycle in cows and ewes. Histological examination was a useful diagnostic method that provided rich detail on endometrial inflammation, and allowed evaluation of different components of the tissue such as the epithelium, lamina propria, endometrial glands, and blood vessels. Therefore, in cows and ewes cervical smears may be used for evaluation of uterine condition.

Estrogenic activity of Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) aerial parts and its isolated ferulic acid in immature ovariectomized female rats

Etnopharmacological relevanceCommon sage (Salvia officinalis L., Lamiaceae), a medicinal plant of Mediterranean origin, has been traditionally applied in cases of excessive sweating, and in menopausal complaints, including hot flushes. Aim of the studyThis study aims to study the possible estrogenic effect of the aerial parts of S. officinalis ethanolic extract in immature ovariectomized female rats. Materials and methodsThe ethanolic extract was subjected to qualitative and quantitative HPLC analysis and phytochemical isolation. The estrogenic activity of S. officinalis ethanolic extract at oral doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg b.wt. and its isolated ferulic acid at a dose of 50 mg/kg b.wt. for a week, was assessed on ovariectomized immature Wistar rats. The experiment was confirmed by luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) serum levels determination, a histopathological examination and a histomorphometrical study. ResultsHPLC/PDA analysis revealed fourteen phenolic compounds the major constituents were methyl rosmarinate (24.86 mg/100 g) and ferulic acid (6.06 mg/100 g) together with five flavonoids where the major constituents were rutin, naringenin and quercetin. Two compounds were isolated from the polar fraction and identified as methyl rosmarinate (1) and ferulic acid (2). Oral administration of sage ethanolic extract and ferulic acid revealed a significant increase in the uterine weight compared to ovariectomized control rats. Moreover, S. officinalis and ferulic acid showed different phases of estrus cycle denoting estrogenic activity, and significantly decreased the serum levels of FSH and LH. ConclusionFrom these results it could be concluded that S. officinalis ethanolic extract and its content of ferulic acid could be useful as a safe natural source for estrogenic activity, supporting its traditional use to improve postmenopausal symptoms.

Behavioral economics of cocaine self-administration in male and female rats.

There are sex differences in the development of cocaine addiction. For example, the time that it takes for women from initial use to addiction is significantly shorter than for men. Thus, understanding why females are more vulnerable to cocaine addiction will provide insights into sex differences in the mechanisms underlying cocaine addiction. This study aimed to determine how cocaine demand intensity and elasticity might differ between sexes. In addition, the impact of estrous cycle and cocaine intake on demand was investigated. Male and female rats were trained to self-administer 0.125 mg of cocaine intravenously under a chained schedule in daily 2-h sessions for 2 weeks, and then, the cocaine demand function was determined with a modified within-session threshold procedure. Following the test, the rats began to self-administer a higher dose of cocaine (0.25 mg) to increase the cocaine intake. The demand function was then similarly determined in the same rats after 2 weeks of cocaine self-administration of the higher dose. No sex differences were found in either demand intensity or elasticity. Neither did the level of cocaine intake have an impact on demand. The demand elasticity, but not intensity, was significantly lower during proestrus/estrus compared with diestrus. These data suggest that the faster transition to cocaine addiction in women cannot be explained by sex differences in the demand for cocaine and such a demand may change during different phases of estrus cycle.

Examination of the reproductive system of cows using the ultrasonography

The aim of this study was examination of normal and abnormal cow reproductive system using the ultrasonography. Twenty one Iraqi local breed cows were examined; 6 cows were normal with different phases of estrus cycle, 6 cows were pregnant at different stages, one cow at postpartum period, 4 cows suffering from metritis, 3 cows with pyometra and one cow having luteal cystic ovary. The cows were examined transrectally using the 7.5 MHz linear transducer. Results of study showed, that presence of small black spots on the ovary at proestrus which were indicated that presence of growing follicles, while the black area at the ovary was large at the estrus phase which was an indicator for mature follicles. The ovary of cow with luteal cystic ovary appears larger than normal ovary and has a large gray structure. The normal uterus appears with thin uterine wall and narrow uterine lumen, while in metritis the uterine wall was thicker about 2-5 times than normal uterus, also the thickness and ecogenisity of the cervix was increased. There was an excessive accumulation of fluid in the uterine cavity which was appearing in grayish color, while the accumulated fluid in cases of pyometra was unhomogenized and more ecogenic. Pregnancy diagnosis was very easy by using of ultrasonography, the pregnant uterus has a thin uterine wall and large black area which was the first indicator for pregnancy, also presence of caruncles was an indicator for pregnancy, while appearing of ecognic fetal parts was the best indicator for pregnancy diagnosis. We concluded that ultrasonography is a very useful tool for pregnancy diagnosis and reproductive disorders differentiation in cows.

Salivary luteinizing hormone: An open window to detect oestrous period in buffalo.

Silent oestrus is an unsurmountable problem in the management of buffalo reproduction. In addressing this issue, we have earlier reported variation in the levels of urinary luteinizing hormone (LH) through the different phases of oestrous cycle with an extended window during the mid-oestrous phase. Based on this report, the present study is designed to assess the salivary LH levels in buffalo during the different phases of oestrous cycle. Bovine LH ELISA kit was used to determine the level of salivary LH. We observed a notable variation in salivary LH levels during the different phases of oestrous cycle. The maximum LH level, 39.07mIU/ml, observed during oestrus, which was significantly (p<.05) higher than other consecutive phases. Altogether, the results showed a significant (p<.05) fold variation during oestrus compared with other phases. Therefore, the study convincingly shows that salivary LH has the potential of application in development of a modality for non-invasive oestrous detection in buffalo.

Assessment of urinary volatile compounds and proteins in the female goat Capra hircus: A pilot study to reveal potential indicators of oestrus.

Urine samples of female goats in pro-oestrus, oestrus and post-oestrus phases were analysed for finding oestrus-specific volatile compounds using gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and proteins using sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Fourteen urinary volatile were identified covering all three phases among which four compounds, 1-Tetradecanol, n-Pentadecanol, 3-Methylene tridecane and 2-Ethyl-1-dodecene, were unique to oestrus. Also, oestrus urine contained a 25kDa protein, which was totally absent in pro-oestrus urine, and less-expressed in post-oestrus urine. This protein revealed to be complement C3 fragment. This pilot study, for the first time, reveals the difference in urinary volatile compounds and proteins in the female goat during the different phases of oestrous cycle. The four unique volatile compounds and a 25kDa protein that appeared as oestrus-specific in this study warrant further investigation to consider them as urinary biomarkers of oestrus in goats.

Differential expression of the receptors for thyroid hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, vitamin D and retinoic acid and extracellular signal-regulated kinase in uterus of rats under influence of sex-steroids

Sex-steroids play important role in modulating uterine functions. We hypothesized that these hormones affect expression of proteins in the uterus related to thyroid hormone action. Therefore, changes in expression levels of receptors for thyroid hormone (TRα-1 and TRβ-1), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSHR), vitamin D (VDR) and retinoid acid (RAR) as well as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) in uterus were investigated under sex-steroid influence. MethodsTwo rat models were used: (i) ovariectomised, sex-steroid replaced and (ii) intact, at different phases of oestrous cycle. A day after completion of sex-steroid treatment or following identification of oestrous cycle phases, rats were sacrificed and expression and distribution of these proteins in uterus were identified by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry, respectively. ResultsExpression of TRα-1, TRβ-1, TSHR, VDR, RAR and ERK1/2 in uterus was higher following estradiol (E2) treatment and at estrus phase of oestrous cycle when E2 levels were high. A relatively lower expression was observed following progesterone (P) treatment and at diestrus phases of oestrous cycle when P levels were high. Under E2 influence, TRα, TRβ, TSHR, VDR, RAR and ERK1/2 were distributed in luminal and glandular epithelia while under P influence, TSHR, VDR abn RAR were distributed in the stroma. ConclusionsDifferential expression and distribution of TRα-1, TRβ-1, TSHR, VDR, RAR and ERK1/2 in different uterine compartments could explain differential action of thyroid hormone, TSH, vitamin D, and retinoic acid in uterus under different sex-steroid conditions.

Elevated expression of steroidogenesis pathway genes; CYP17, GATA6 and StAR in prenatally androgenized rats

It is believed that excess androgen exposure of the fetus, via altered gene expression, causes hyperandrogenism a key feature of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The aim of this study was to evaluate expression of Cytochrome P450-17 (CYP17), GATA-binding protein (GAGT6) and Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), genes of adult female rats prenatally exposed to androgen excess, closely reflect endocrine and ovarian disturbances of PCOS in women, by comparing them during different phases of estrus cycle with those of non-treated rats. Both the adult prenatally testosterone exposed and control rats (n=23, each) were divided into four groups based on their observed vaginal smear (proestrus, estrus, metestrus and diestrus) and the relative expression of CYP17, GATA6 and StAR genes was measured in ovarian theca cells using Cyber-green Real-Time PCR. Serum sex steroid hormones and gonadotropins levels were measured using the ELISA method; a comparison of these two groups showed that there was an overall increase in the studied genes (CYP17; 2.39 fold change, 95% CI: 1.23–3.55; P<0.05, GATA6; 2.08 fold change, 95% CI: 1.62–2.55; P<0.0001, and StAR; 1.4 fold change, 95% CI: 1.02–1.78; P<0.05), despite variations in different phases with maximum elevation for all genes in diestrus. The changes observed may impair the normal development of ovaries that mediate the programming of adult PCOS.

Histology and Histochemistry of Oviduct of Adult Bakerwali Goat in Different Phases of Estrus Cycle

Twelve genitalia of apparently healthy, non pregnant adult Bakerwali goat were collected from local slaughter houses immediately after sacrifice. Sections were stained with different staining methods. The oviduct of Bakerwali goat was lined with pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium in infundibulum and ampulla whereas pseudostratified columnar nonciliated epithelium in isthmus. The thickness of tunica mucosa, tunica muscularis of oviduct increases towards the isthmus and was significantly higher in luteal phase of estrus cycle whereas height of epithelium was significantly higher in luteal phase but decreased towards the layer of muscles in the terminal part of isthmus. The height of lining epithelium was significantly higher in luteal phase than follicular phase in all three segments of oviduct. In the luteal phase, apical blebs with PAS positive material were seen above lining epithelium. The cytoplasm of glandular and lining epithelium showed strong reaction with Alcian blue and mild reactivity for bound lipids with Sudan Black B. Tunica muscularis showed moderate reaction for Alcian blue showing presence of acidic mucopolysaccharides and mild reaction for bound lipids with Sudan Black B.

Bubaline Progesterone Concentrations in Serum, Fore-milk and Saliva During Different Phases of Oestrous Cycle

Bubaline Progesterone Concentrations in Serum, Fore-milk and Saliva During Different Phases of Oestrous Cycle

Ovarian Steroidogenesis in Rats following ochratoxin A treatment

The effect of ochratoxin A (5 mg/kg, ip—twice weekly for 15 days) on the different phases of estrus cycle was studied in rats. Ochratoxin A caused an arrest of the estrus cycle in diestrus phase and simultaneous fall in ovarian Δ 5-3 β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities which are involved in ovarian steroidogenesis. Ovarian total cholesterol and ascorbic acid increased following treatment with ochratoxin A. It may be suggested that ochratoxin A diminishes ovarian steroidogenesis.

Immuno-histochemical localization of LH-RH during different phases of estrus cycle of rat, with reference to the preoptic and arcuate neurons, and the ependymal cells.

Immunohistochemical localization of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH), during different phases of the estrus cycle, in the preoptic, suprachiasmatic and arcuate nuclei, and in the OVLT of rats, with special emphasis on the ependymal cells, was studied by light, fluorescent and electron microscopy, by using rabbit anti serum to synthetic LH-RH. The LH-RH neurons in the above mentioned areas, were very active during late diestrus and early proestrus phases. Specialized ependymal cells bordering the 3rd ventricle also showed varied LH-RH positive reaction during different phases of the estrus cycle. Immunofluorescent studies showed cyclic variations in the LH-RH material in the CSF of the preoptic and infundibular recesses, as well as in the 3rd ventricle near OVLT, in that, it was maximum during late diestrus and early proestrus phases. Immediately after this, the LH-RH late proestrus was reached. We have also observed that during the proestrus phase, as the LH-RH material started declining in the CSF, it had started building up in the specialized ependyma. Estrus, metaestrus and early diestrus phases showed very weak immunofluorescent LH-RH material in the lumen of the infundibular recess and in the specialized ependyma. Our immuno-electron microscopic observations showed pleomorphic LH-RH granules in the specialized ependyma during late kiestrus and proestrus phases. All these observations lead us to believe that LH-RH is not synthesized in the ependymal cells,but is phagocytosed from the CSF of the 3rd ventricle by the specialized ependyma, which transports it to the ME portal system. In males, the fluorescent LH-RH material did not show any noticeable changes. With the present and previous work,it is concluded that the neurons in differentnuclei synthesize LH-RH and transport it to the ME portal system,primarily through the nerve fibers and secondarily by the ventricular route. It is also suggested that the ependymal transport of LH-RH to the ME portal system is cyclic and thus controls the gonadotropin secretion.

Cytological studies on abnormal ova in mature ovaries of mice observed at different phases of oestrous cycle

Cytological studies on abnormal ova in mature ovaries of mice observed at different phases of oestrous cycle

The Migraine Syndrome

It is believed that excess androgen exposure of the fetus, via altered gene expression, causes hyperandrogenism a key feature of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The aim of this study was to evaluate expression of Cytochrome P450-17 (CYP17), GATA-binding protein (GAGT6) and Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), genes of adult female rats prenatally exposed to androgen excess, closely reflect endocrine and ovarian disturbances of PCOS in women, by comparing them during different phases of estrus cycle with those of non-treated rats. Both the adult prenatally testosterone exposed and control rats (n = 23, each) were divided into four groups based on their observed vaginal smear (proestrus, estrus, metestrus and diestrus) and the relative expression of CYP17, GATA6 and StAR genes was measured in ovarian theca cells using Cyber-green Real-Time PCR. Serum sex steroid hormones and gonadotropins levels were measured using the ELISA method; a comparison of these two groups showed that there was an overall increase in the studied genes (CYP17; 2.39 fold change, 95% CI: 1.23–3.55; P < 0.05, GATA6; 2.08 fold change, 95% CI: 1.62–2.55; P < 0.0001, and StAR; 1.4 fold change, 95% CI: 1.02–1.78; P < 0.05), despite variations in different phases with maximum elevation for all genes in diestrus. The changes observed may impair the normal development of ovaries that mediate the programming of adult PCOS.