Different Periods Of Lactation Research Articles

Label-free-based proteomic analysis reveals differential whey proteins of porcine milk during lactation

In this study, label-free proteomic technology was applied to analyze and compare the whey proteomes of porcine colostrum and mature milk. In total, 2993 and 2906 whey proteins were detected in porcine colostrum and mature milk, respectively. A total of 2745 common proteins were identified in the two milk samples, and 280 proteins were found to be significantly differentially expressed whey proteins in porcine milk. Gene Ontology analysis demonstrated that the differentially expressed whey proteins were primarily enriched in lipid homeostasis, oxidoreductase activity, and the collagen trimer. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis suggested that the phagosome and endocytosis were the crucial pathways. This study provides systematic and in-depth insight into the compositions and functional properties of whey proteins in porcine milk during different periods of lactation, which may be beneficial for the development of porcine whey proteins in the future.

Evaluation of the content of ceruloplasmin, copper and coppercoordinating amino acids in cow milk at different lactation periods

The purpose of the research was to study the content of ceruloplasmin, copper and copper-coordinating amino acids (in the molecule of the studied protein) in the milk of white-and- black cows at different periods of lactation. The research methods were: modified method for determining ceruloplasmin by Revin; copper was determined using a ZEEnit 650 P atomic adsorption spectrometer (Analytik Jena AG, Germany), amino acid analysis was performed using a highly efficient LC-20 Prominence liquid chromatography system (Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan) equipped with a reaction module for post-column derivatization with ninhydrin ARM-1000 (Sevko & Co., Moscow, Russia). The study groups were formed depending on the timing of lactation: 1-2 months – group 1; 3-5 months – group 2; 6-7 months – group 3; 8-9 months – group 4. Each group included 8 animals. The Mann-Whitney U criterion and Pearson correlations were used for statistical processing of the obtained results. The average values of ceruloplasmin levels in the groups were 0.44-0.49 mg/ml, copper 71-83 mcg/l, histidine 0.11-013 g/100g, cysteine 0.03 g/100g and methionine 0.09-0.11 g/100g. In these 4 groups, small differences were found in the content of ceruloplasmin, copper and three amino acids, but only for the second and fourth groups of histidine, these differences were significant. Thus, the indicated intervals of ceruloplasmin and copper content can serve as important guidelines for determining the "reference intervals" for cow milk in general, while it is not necessary to take into account different lactation periods.

Seasonal patterns of changes in antioxidant and microelement parameters of milk from black-and-white cows

Studying the antioxidant status of cow's milk can provide information both on the physiological state of the productive animal and on the resulting product in terms of its functional value, taste and characteristics affecting storage. The purpose of the work is to study milk samples from Holstein cows of the black-and-white breed with different periods of lactation (up to 30-60 days, 60-90, 90-180, more than 180 days) for the activity of antioxidant protection factors during a number of months of autumn, winter and spring periods. The total amount of water-soluble antioxidants (TAWSA) of milk was determined by the amperometric method, the activity of ceruloplasmin by the modified Ravin method, the microelement composition by the method of atomic adsorption spectrometry, the concentration of vitamin C by the titrimetric method, and the catalase number by the permanganatometry method. Patterns have been identified between the seasonal dynamics of zinc and catalase in milk: in January, in a group of animals with a lactation period of 30-300 days, catalase activity and zinc content are higher by 21.6 and 17.4 % , respectively, than in cows with a lactation period of 15-30 days; in February, on the contrary, these indicators are higher in the group of animals with a lactation period of 15-30 days (by 29.6 and 30.4 %, respectively); in March, in the group of animals with a lactation period of 15-30 days, catalase activity and zinc levels are lower (by 26.3 and 10.6 %) than in cows with a lactation period of more than 30 days. There is a decrease in TAWSA with an increase in the number of lactation days. The concentration of TCWA in the milk of cows lactating for more than 180 days decreased in November and March, by 25.9 and 13.5 %, respectively, compared with a lactation period of 30-60 days, in February – by 18.8 % compared with animals lactating 60-90 days. The obtained data on TAWSA are directly proportional to changes in vitamin C and inversely proportional to ceruloplasmin. The data obtained can serve as important guidelines in determining “reference indicators” for cows’ milk.

Effectiveness of a new means of etiotropic therapy of mastits in cows during the lactation period

The aim: is to study the therapeutic effectiveness of the new veterinary medicinal product Revozyn RTU 400 mg/ml (suspension for injections), manufactured by Eurovet Animal Health B.V. (Netherlands), in the treatment of acute (clinical) and hidden (subclinical) mastitis in cows during lactation.
 Materials and methods. The research was conducted on dairy cows of the Simmental breed with a milk productivity of 6000-6500 kg of milk per lactation (F "Pchany-Denkovich", Pchany village, Stryi district, Lviv region). To confirm the diagnosis of "acute mastitis" and to identify cows with hidden (subclinical) mastitis, as well as to establish the effectiveness of the researched drug after treatment, a sample was taken with the California Mastitis Test (CMT), manufactured by Bayer Animal Health GmbH, Germany. For bacteriological research, milk samples were taken from the affected quarters of the mammary gland (1 sample from each cow) in compliance with generally accepted sanitary rules. The sensitivity of bacterial isolates to the drug was determined by diffusion in agar using standard discs with benzylpenicillin.
 Results. A clinical examination of 127 Simmental dairy cows of different periods of lactation was carried out. During the clinical-diagnostic examination of animals, 8 cows with clinically pronounced, acute course of mastitis were found. According to the nature of the exudate in 3 cows, mastitis was serous, in 5 cows it was purulent-catarrhal. For serous mastitis, the CM test gave a positive result – thickening, the milk solution looks like a gel. In case of purulent catarrh, a sample with the CMT gave a strongly positive result – the mixture thickened, the gel took on a certain shape and became very viscous. The CMT revealed 12 cows with suspected latent mastitis. Representatives of opportunistic microflora – Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli bacteria were isolated and identified from mastitis milk. The summarized results of the clinical trial of the drugs Revozyn RTU 400 mg/ml and Procillin® 30 % on cows suffering from the clinical form of mastitis were as follows. On the 10th day of the experiment, a milk sample with the California mastitis test showed that all milk samples from cows of both groups (with the exception of one milk sample from a cow from the control group) gave a negative result (the solution remained liquid, blue or gray and homogeneous, without clots). Taking into account the results of the CMT and the number of somatic cells in the milk after the therapy, the therapeutic effectiveness of the veterinary medicinal product Revozyn RTU 400 mg/ml in the treatment of various forms of mastitis in lactating cows was 100 %, and the one of the comparative drug Procillin® 30 % was 83.3 % .
 Conclusions. A clinical study of the veterinary medicinal product Revozyn RTU 400 mg/ml, suspension for injections, manufactured by Eurovet Animal Health B.V. (Netherlands) established its effectiveness in the dosage, recommended by the manufacturer, in the treatment of clinical and subclinical mastitis in lactating cows, caused by microorganisms sensitive to benzylpenicillin. In terms of therapeutic effectiveness, the drug Revozyn RTU 400 mg/ml was not inferior to the comparative drug Procillin® 30 % in its dosage form and active substance when used in the treatment of various forms of mastitis in lactating cows

SENSITIVITY OF BACTERIAL STRAINS ISOLATED IN CASES OF COW MASTITIS TO ANTIBIOTICS AND ESSENTIAL OILS

Mastitis is an inflammatory reaction of the udder caused by microorganisms, chemical or mechanical injuries. Bacterial mastitis, caused by several types of bacteria, is divided into two main groups: contagious mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Mycoplasma bovis and mastitis caused by the ubiquitous bacteria Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Proteus spp. Currently, instead of using antibiotics, new strategies are being sought to reduce this clinical health problem. The aim of this study is to determine the sensitivity of bacterial strains causing mastitis to antibiotics and essential oils of oregano (Origanum compactum, Origanum majorana) and thyme (Thymus serpyllum). Mammary gland secretion samples, obtained by mechanical and manual methods, from dairy cows from the Kalesija and Gradačac areas were used. A total of 200 samples from dairy cows in different periods of lactation and age were examined. Mastitis control included determining somatic cells count in milk with the California mastitis test, or counting somatic cells on the Fossomatik apparatus, after which all samples with an increased number of somatic cells were microbiologically tested. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that there are justified reasons why the use of essential oils should be considered as an alternative to the use of antibiotics in the therapy of animals suffering from mastitis.

Opportunistic microbiota of breast milk and antimicrobial activity of milk whey at different periods of lactation

Object of study. The evaluation of the interaction between breast milk opportunistic microorganisms abundance and the milk whey antimicrobial activity at different periods of lactation.
 Materials and methods. 100 samples of breast milk from healthy breastfeeding mothers were inoculated on solid selective media, and then pure cultures of microorganisms were identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The antimicrobial activity of the whey against a model culture of Candida albicans was evaluated by spectrophotometry.
 Results. 270 isolates represented by 36 species of 13 genera of opportunistic bacteria were obtained. None of the 100 samples contained opportunistic fungi. Staphylococci (7 species) and streptococci (11 species) were predominant. The most common were staphylococci S. epidermidis (70.2%) and S. aureus (20.8%), and streptococci S. mitis (27.7%) and S. oralis (21.8%). The total contamination (median) of opportunistic bacteria in the colostrum was 79 103 CFU/ml, transitional milk 4 103 CFU/ml, mature milk 5 102 CFU/ml. The antimicrobial activity of colostrum whey was 87.489.4%; transitional milk 88.2%; mature milk 63.481.9%. The total contamination had a high inverse correlation with the lactation period (r = 0.806) and a high positive correlation with the antimicrobial activity of whey (r = 0.699). Meanwhile, a significant decrease in contamination was noted after 1 month from the beginning of lactation, while a significant decrease in antimicrobial activity was observed after 8 months.
 Conclusions. The decrease of the breast milk contamination by opportunistic bacteria during the lactation period was found to be primary compared to the decrease of the whey antimicrobial activity. Thus, changes in the whey antimicrobial protection factors occur in response to changes of the opportunistic microbiota abundance.

Live weight as an indicator of morphobiochemical blood composition of heifers under intensive breeding technology

Purpose: within the framework of the research work, studies were carried out on the biochemical composition of the blood serum of highly productive cows, different periods of lactation and during the dry period, with tethered and loose housing.Materials and methods. The object of the study were cows of black-and-white Holsteinized breed with a productivity of more than 8500 kg on the farm. Blood sampling for biotesting was taken from 108 cows before morning feeding. Animals of the experimental groups were formed according to different periods of lactation and during the dry period with different methods of keeping. The study was conducted on the basis of the laboratory of biochemistry and physiology of animals of the SZNIIMLPKh named after A. S. Emelyanov.Results. In the period from 1-100 days of lactation, there is an increase in calcium from physiological norms by 9.6%, calcium-phosphorus ratio by 32.6 % and phosphorus deficiency by 6.7 %. Fluctuations in the level of calcium in the blood serum from 7.89-12 mg%, phosphorus from 3.02-3.75 mg%. During the peak of lactation, a decrease in the amount of calcium by 2.7 % is noticeable, as well as a calcium-phosphorus ratio by 1.2% an increase in phosphorus by 4.6 %. Within the group, calcium and phosphorus values ranged from 7.13-13.74 mg%, 2.86-4.48 mg%, respectively. During the period of attenuation of lactation, an increase in the content of calcium by 5.3 %, calcium-phosphorus ratio by 10.8%, a slight decrease in phosphorus by 1.3 % is observed. Calcium values range from 8.23-12.32 mg%, phosphorus from 3.02-4.69 mg%. In the dry period, there is a deviation from the reference values of calcium, phosphorus, calcium-phosphorus ratio by 14.4; 6.7 and 8.4 %, re spectively. There is a difference in the level of calcium within the group from 5.82-10.64 mg%, phosphorus from 2.94-4.05 mg%. The level of calcium, calcium-phosphorus ratio in the blood serum of the examined animals in all periods of lactation on loose content are below the norm by 2.3-11.8 % and 6.7-13.6 %, respectively. In the blood of animals of all groups, calcium values range from 4.36-13.45 mg%, phosphorus from 3.06-5.24 mg%.

The content of selenium in the milk of the sheep of the Romanovsky breed in different periods of lactation

Purpose: to study the concentration of selenium in milk and the impact of the introduction of selenium preparations on the concentration of a trace element in milk at various periods of lactation at the Romanovskoye sheep in the conditions of industrial complexes of the North-Western region.Materials and methods. 80 disemetals of the Romanov breed aged 1 year are involved. Used clinically healthy animals. The diet was compiled taking into account generally accepted recommendations, depending on age and physiological condition. The content of selenium in plants that were used in the diet of animals was determined by fluorimetrically with 2.3-diaminonaphthalin. At the first stage of the study, a group of disemeters was formed after a backed, milk was received by selecting a control milking after 5, 30, 60, 90, 120th day after the start of lactation. The concentration of selenium in milk was studied by atomic-adsorption spectrometry. At the second stage of the study, two groups of disemeters of the Romanov breed aged 1 year were formed. Pregnancy was confirmed by the visual and evaluation method for the lack of hunting in sheep 20-30 days after the derive period, by the lamb-industry and 2.5 months after the shed period by palpation. During the period of pregnancy, the animals of the first experimental group administered intramuscularly drug “E-sel” at the rate of 1 ml per 50 kg of live weight according to the instructions of the drug; The second group, control, introduced a physiological solution in the same concentration as the drug experimental animals. In animals of the experimental and control groups, a study of the concentration of selenium in milk was carried out by selecting a test milking samples after 5, 30, 60, 90, 120th day after lactation.Results. The concentration of selenium was reduced in various periods of lactation, which is more likely to be associated with a decrease in the total amount of milk produced and the end of the lactation period. In the continuation of the lactation period, the concentration of selenium was lower than reference values. The concentration of selenium in milk was reliably higher in the disetals, which during pregnancy were administered the drug Selena. However, by the second month of lactation, the concentration of the trace element in milk decreased by 47.72 % in relation to the initial period of lactation. It was noted that with the course of lactation and cancellation of the cottage of drugs there is a significant decrease in the concentration of selenium in the milk of the disemets. On the 120th day, lactation concentration of selenium decreased by 5.9 times compared to 5 days of lactation and 4 times for the control group. Thus, it follows that the concentration of selenium in the milk of the disemeters becomes low on the 30th day, therefore, the milk of mothers cannot be a full-fledged source of selenium for growing lambs, since the first, second week after birth was fed exclusively milk, starting from the third week to animals Fertening were introduced, and the lambs were translated to the adult diet only in the ninth week from the moment of birth.

Estimation of partial lactation milk yields in Saanen goats raised in semi-intensive conditions

Objective: The objective of this study was to estimate the lactation curves of Saanen goats by using individual milk yields in the early, mid and 0-6 months periods of lactation. For this purpose, Wood’s lactation curve was used to estimate lactation yields. Material and Methods: Milk yields of Saanen goats in different periods of lactation were estimated. For this purpose, the Wood’s lactation curve model was adapted to a total of 480 milk yield measured at 14-day intervals of 40 Saanen goats. Milk yields of goats in the first three months of lactation in January-March, mid-lactation in April-June, and 0-6 months in January-June were estimated. Results: According to the harmony of Wood's model, the determination of coefficient values of the estimations of milk yields in the first, mid-lactation and 0-6 months of lactation are 0.84, 0.87 and 0.84, respectively. The root mean square errors of Wood's model are 0.91 for the first period of lactation, 0.81 for the mid-lactation period and 0.30 for the from 0 to 6 months of lactation period. Conclusions: According to the results obtained in this study, Wood's model was found sufficient to define the lactation curve in Saanen goats. However, it would be beneficial to conduct similar studies with larger herds and yield records.

An impact of lactoferrin, serum albumin and secretory immunoglobulin A in actimicrobial activity of breast milk whey

The contribution of the antimicrobial activity of sIgA, lactoferrin, -lactalbumin, serum albumin, and lysozyme to the total antimicrobial activity of whey was evaluated. 66 breast milk samples from healthy women aged from 23 to 45 years collected at different periods of lactation were studied. It was found that along with proceeding the lactation period, not only the total antimicrobial activity (r = 0.944) decreased, but also the activity of the low molecular weight fraction containing the sum of antimicrobial peptides (r = 0.950). The median lactoferrin level varied from 3.46 mg/ml in colostrum down to 0.94 mg/ml one year after the onset of lactation that correlated with whey activity (r = 0.616). The concentration of sIgA was peaked in the whey of colostrum (5.01 mg/ml) and significantly reduced in mature milk, remaining approximately at the same level in subsequent periods of lactation (1.0 mg/ml). Serum albumin concentration significantly decreased while proceeding through lactation period (from 5.52 to 4.68 mg/ml) and correlated with whey activity (r = 0.589). Evaluating effects of the purified -lactalbumin on C. albicans cells within the range of 520 mg/ml by spectrophotometry and microscopy showed the absence of fungicidal activity. At the same time, purified lactoferrin, IgA, lysozyme, and serum albumin demonstrated a direct fungicidal effect. The activity of the IgA preparation at a concentration relevant to the sIgA content in the whey of the first day colostrum was 50.0%, and in the whey after 12 months 31.0%; lactoferrin 26.7% and 3.4%; serum albumin 15.0% and 17.7%; lysozyme 0.1% and 1.8%. Thus, the sum of the activities of these polypeptides at concentrations typical for the first-day colostrum was 91.7%, which is comparable to the total activity of this whey 82.4%. The sum of the activities of these polypeptides, typical for 12 months of lactation, was 53.9%, and the total whey activity relevant to this period was 64.5%. Therefore, IgA and lactoferrin contribute the most significant antimicrobial activity in the whey of colostrum, whereas after 12 month-breastfeeding IgA and serum albumin become most significant.

Study of the resistance of cows with mastitis depending on the age of lactation

Relevance.The breeding stock and young cattle in the conditions of industrial technology of animal husbandry experience an increased antigenic load, which leads to disturbances in the immune status and the development of inflammatory processes manifested by endometritis and mastitis, diarrheal and respiratory syndromes. It was relevant to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the immunological reactivity of the animal’s body according to the state of resistance in cattle with clinical and subclinical mastitis, depending on the age of lactation. As a result of complex studies, the specific and nonspecific reactivity of the body of cattle in different periods of lactation was studied.Methods.The object of the study were cows of a black-and-white Holstein breed (n = 450). Groups of animals were formed according to the age of lactation:1st lactation, 2–3rd lactation, 3–4th lactation and for health reasons: clinically healthy animals, with subclinical mastitis and clinical mastitis. Milk samples were taken from cows to count the number of somatic cells, and blood to determine the quantitative content of IgG immunoglobulin and indicators of nonspecific resistance.Results.It was found that with mastitis in cows of different lactation ages, almost identical changes in the immune status were observed. Quantitative determination of IgG levels in animal blood serum is the basis for assessing the immunity of cattle. The immune status in clinically healthy animals was characterized by a higher level of the total amount of IgG immunoglobulin in the blood serum (amounted to 22.25 ± 0.70 mg/ml), whereas in cows with a subclinical form of mastitis, the level of IgG immunoglobulin decreased by 12.3%, with a clinical form of mastitis — by 17.2%. The results also showed that in cows of different lactations with subclinical and clinical mastitis, the bactericidal activity (by 10.8%) and the lysozyme activity of the blood increased significantly (by 8.22%). In cows with clinical mastitis — by 8.6% and 9.7% respectively, compared with the indicators in groups of healthy animals. Thus, mastitis, occurring in acute and subacute form, leads to a decrease in the resistance of the cows’ organism.

Indicators of total homeostasis in cows in different periods of lactations

The immunomorphological parameters of cattle in different periods of lactation were studied. In the first 3 months of lactation, excluding 7 days of the colostrum period, 59.3 units of circulating immune complexes were found in the serum, in the middle of lactation (4–7 months) – 94.2 (p <0.05), at the end (8–10 months) – 94.1 units (p <0.05). The significant difference between the indicator in the first 3 months and in the subsequent periods of lactation is due to the fact that at the beginning of lactation the cows were not yet pregnant. In the colostrum period, a high rate of circulating immune complexes of 116.1 units (p <0.05) was determined as a consequence of a fetal prenatal immune attack on the cow's body, when the system of mononuclear phagocytes had not yet coped with the elimination of neutralization products. During the dry period, the number of circulating immune complexes was 87.6 units (p <0.05). The decrease in the indicator occurred due to an increase in the activity of mononuclear phagocytes and the absence of lactation effect on the body. The content of segmental, functionally mature leukocytes at the beginning of lactation was 39.4%, in the middle of lactation this indicator decreased to 24.8% (p<0.05), at the end it was 26.3% (p<0.05). A significant difference was found in the relative number of segmented neutrophils in the control group and in non-lactating cows in the dry period – 29.9% (p <0.05). During the colostrum period, the level of lymphocytes in the blood of animals was 62.0% (p <0.05) and it significantly differed from the control – 43.6%. In the middle and at the end of lactation, there was also a significant difference between the indicator and the control, up to 58.9–59.4% (p<0.05). A significant difference with the group of down-calving dry cows was established – 53.9% (p <0.05). In the first 1–3 months of lactation, cows are either not yet pregnant, or a close bond (placenta) between the mother and the fetus has not yet been formed, therefore a low activity of specific immunity at this time is caused by the absence of foreign fetal antigens in the blood of cows. The findings suggest that the birth process may be initiated by the immune system.

Impacts of heat stress on blood metabolic in different periods of lactation and pregnancy in Holstein cows

Heat stress (HS) greatly affects sustainable livestock production, thereby affecting the productive performance and welfare of animals. The effect of summer heat on lactating Holstein cows at different lactation, pregnancy phases, and blood metabolism were investigated in this study. Eighteen Holstein cows were selected randomly and housed in the cow farm. Climatic reads and blood parameters were measured. The temperature-humidity index has been designed as a measure of animal comfort and is a simple combination of temperature and humidity. The study showed that heat stress has a significant effect (P ≤ 0.01) on hematological and biochemical parameters. Mean platelet volume (MPV) and red blood cell distribution width (RDW) were reduced significantly (P ≤ 0.01) during lactation. There was a significant increase in creatinine level at 45 days in milk. A significant inverse correlation between HS with milk production and feed intake. So far, it was concluded that certain hematological and biochemical parameters were substantially altered by HS. A negative effect of HS on milk production and feed intake was observed.

Blood Serum Stability Limit and Maximum Storage Time of Bovine Samples

Background: Measuring metabolic parameters in the blood has been an indispensable tool for assessing the productive and health status of dairy cows for more than 100 years. The values of laboratory parameters depend on various preanalytical, analytical and postanalytical factors. The most important preanalytical factors are sample transport time and temperature, hemolysis, anticoagulant type, and sample volume.Preanalytical factors can lead to reduced stability of the analyte in the sample, which changes their concentration. Loss of stability changes the time of storage and manipulation of the sample, which determines the criteria for its acceptance or rejection. The two stability indicators are stability limit and maximum permissible instability. A stability limit (SL) is defined as the period of time in which a property variation does not exceed a maximum permissible instability (MPI). The aim of this study was to determine the SL and MPI for each analyte in the blood serum of cows and to determine whether SL differs in the function of the presence of preanalytical errors in the blood sample.Materials, Methods & Results: Three hundred samples of dairy cow origin in different periods of lactation participated in this research. They were classified into 6 groups of 50 samples: according to the time from sampling to processing in the laboratory (0-4 h, 4-8 h and over 8 h; all transported on dry ice, protected from environmental factors, without preanalytical errors) and according to the presence of preanalytical errors (group with hemolysis, a group transported at ambient temperature and a group with a small sample volume). Each sample was aliquoted in two portions. One portion was left at +4°C and tested once a day for 6 days of sample storage, and the second portion, placed at -20 °C, was tested once a month for 6 months. The MPI had a value ranging from 1.55 to 8.4. Metabolic profile analytes with lower MPI values (1.51-3.22) were albumin (ALB), total protein (TPROT), UREA, glucose (GLU), calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P). Higher MPI values (5.1-8.3) were found for nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta-hydroxybutirate (BHB), cholesterol (CHOL), triglycerides (TGC), total bilirubin (TBIL) and aspartat aminotransferase (AST). For most parameters, we can conclude that their PD% changed faster in storage conditions at +4 °C compared to the regime of -20 °C. The largest number of biochemical analytes in bovine blood serum shows preserved stability in the first 6 days at +4°C or 6 months at -20°C if transported to the laboratory within 8 h after sampling in ideal conditions and without the action of preanalytical errors. Prolonged transport under ideal conditions or the existence of preanalytical errors such as transport at room temperature, hemolysis or small sample volume shorten the stability of the ALB, NEFA, GLU, UREA and P. Concentration of all analytesdecreasesduring the stability test except for UREA, NEFA, BHB and for CHOL and TGC in some groups. Variations in parameters such as BHB, NEFA, TBIL, AST, and Ca have shown potential clinical significance. At storage conditions at +4°C, clinically significant variations at at least one measurement point were found for AST (7.5% of samples), BHB (6.1% of samples), NEFA (9.9% of samples) and for TBIL (in 7% of samples).Discussion: This study can help define acceptable delay times and storage conditions for bovine blood samples, which is of great importance because in working with farm animals it is often not possible to take samples in a short time and deliver them to the laboratory, and samples are often burdened with certain preanalytical errors with limited possibilities of re-sampling.

Molecular mobility changes after high-temperature, short-time pasteurization: An extended time-domain nuclear magnetic resonance screening of ewe milk

This study presents an extensive investigation on the effect of pasteurization on raw whole ewe milk. Milk samples have been analyzed, throughout lactation (from February to July), by time-domain nuclear magnetic resonance (TD-NMR), collecting the characteristic TD-NMR relaxation parameters, proton longitudinal and transverse relaxation times (1H T1 and T2). Collected data aim at integrating previous NMR works, mainly focusing on dairy model systems (casein and whey proteins solutions and gels, reconstituted skim milk) and cheese, with specific reference to the effect of heat treatments. Whole ewe milk, from a single flock (Sarda sheep breed), was daily analyzed both as untreated (raw) and heat treated with a laboratory-scaled high-temperature, short-time treatment (72°C for 15 and 20 s). Moreover, molecular dynamics in milk were investigated by TD-NMR in different periods of lactation for the first time. As a consequence of high-temperature short-time treatment, 1H T1 and T2 consistently shifted to lower values with respect to raw counterparts. Statistical analysis indicated a significant decrease of T2 in treated samples, to an extent dependent on the heat treatment duration. A subset of dedicated experiments demonstrated that the observed T2 shift is largely ascribable to protein molecular rearrangements and, to a lesser extent, to the interaction of fat globules with proteins or other nonfat components (or both). In light of the crucial importance of detecting the application of a heat treatment to milk, the results reported here suggest TD-NMR relaxation parameters were able to describe heat-induced changes in molecular dynamics and interactions of milk components in a water-rich environment. The use of TD-NMR can be considered a potential suitable technique for quality control and assurance practices in the dairy industry. Upon statistical validation of methods, the application of TD-NMR in the dairy industry would take advantage of its low cost, reliability, and robustness.

Human Milk Proteins and Their Glycosylation Exhibit Quantitative Dynamic Variations during Lactation

Proteins in human milk are essential and known to support the growth, development, protection, and health of the newborn. These proteins are highly modified by glycans that are currently being recognized as vital to protein structure, stability, function, and health of the intestinal mucosa. Although milk proteins have been studied, the quantitative changes in milk proteins and their respective site-specific glycosylation are unknown. This study expanded the analytical tools for milk proteins and their site-specific glycosylation and applied these tools to a large cohort to determine changes in individual protein concentrations and their site-specific N-glycosylation across lactation. A tandem mass spectrometry method was applied to 231 breast-milk samples from 33 mothers in Davis, California, obtained during 7 different periods of lactation. Dynamic changes in the absolute abundances of milk proteins, as well as variation in site-specific N-glycosylation of individual proteins, were quantified. α-Lactalbumin, β-casein, k-casein, and α-antitrypsin were significantly increased from colostrum to transitional milk (4.37±1.33 g/L to 6.41±0.72 g/L, 2.25±0.86 g/L to 2.59±0.78 g/L, 1.33±0.44 g/L to 1.60±0.39 g/L, and 0.09±0.10 g/L to 0.11±0.04 g/L, respectively; P<0.002). α-Lactalbumin (37%), β-casein (9%), and lysozyme (159%) were higher in mature milk than in colostrum. Glycans exhibited different behavior. Fucosylated glycans of lactoferrin and high-mannose, undecorated, fucosylated, sialylated, and combined fucosylated+sialylated glycans of secretory immunoglobulin A increased during lactation even when the concentrations of the parent proteins decreased. Proteins in healthy mothers vary dynamically through lactation to support the development of infants. Individual milk proteins carried unique glycan modifications that varied systematically in structure even with site specificity. The role of glycosylation in human milk proteins will be important in understanding the functional components of human milk. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01817127.

Determination the Body Condition and the Relationship with Milk Yield of Turkish Holstein Cows

It is quite important to keep the condition of cows under surveillance due to conduct of nutritional programs in dairy herds as well as genetic relations with other traits. This study was conducted to estimate the heritability of body condition score (BCS) and genetic correlation with milk yield of Holstein cows. Also, the effects of herd, lactation period and calving age on BCS were investigated. For this aim, body conditions of 1001 cows were scored using the scale of 1-9. The average BCS was determined as 5.52±0.04 and were ranged from 4.54 to 6.58 at different periods of lactation. Results showed that body conditions were affected by the lactation period significantly, while the effects of herd and calving age on BCS were not significant. Estimate of heritability of BCS was 0.20, while the genetic correlation of BCS with milk yield was moderately negative (−0.41) indicating that high-producing cows tend to be leaner. The relationships with other traits currently used to improve type and fertility of animals need to be investigated before including BCS in the selection index of the Turkish Holstein breed.

VITAMIN E IN HUMAN MILK AND ITS RELATION TO THE NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT OF THE TERM NEWBORN.

ABSTRACTObjectives: To determine the alpha-tocopherol concentration in breast milk at different periods of lactation and to estimate the possible supply of vitamin E to the infant.Methods: A longitudinal observational study was carried out with 100 mothers at University Hospital Ana Bezerra (HUAB), at Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, in Santa Cruz (RN), Northeast Brazil. Samples of colostrum (n=100), transitional milk (n=77), and mature milk (n=63) were collected. Alpha-tocopherol was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Vitamin supply to the newborn was estimated by comparing the nutritional requirement of vitamin E (4 mg/day) with the potential daily intake of milk.Results: The mean alpha-tocopherol concentration found in colostrum, transitional, and mature milk was 40.5±15.0 µmol/L, 13.9±5.2 µmol/L, and 8.0±3.8 µmol/L, respectively (p<0.001). The possible effect of these milks offered to the infant 6.2 mg/day of vitamin E in colostrum, 4.7 mg/day in transitional milk, and 2.7 mg/day in mature milk (p<0.0001), shows that only the mature milk did not guarantee the recommended quantity of this vitamin.Conclusions: Alpha-tocopherol levels in human milk decrease through the progression of lactation, and the possible intake of colostrum and transitional milk met the nutritional requirement of the infant. Mature milk may provide smaller amounts of vitamin E. Thus, it is important to study the factors that are associated with such low levels.

Temporal effect of maternal heat stress during gestation on the fertility and anti-Müllerian hormone concentration of offspring in bovine

Ovarian reserve has been suggested as an important contributing factor of reproductive success in bovine. Size of ovarian reserve is determined during fetal period and it could be altered by environmental factors, with which the dam is exposed. Maternal heat stress could impair placental function and fetal development; however, there is limited information on the impact of prenatal heat stress on fertility and ovarian reserve in the offspring. Therefore, a retrospective study was conducted, in which fertility parameters and AMH concentration, as a reliable marker of ovarian reserve in bovine, were studied in the offspring of dams that had been exposed to heat stress during the first (FTE), second (STE) or third (TTE) trimester of gestation and the offspring of dams unexposed to heat stress (US). Additionally, postpartum exposure of offspring with heat stress was considered in the model to adjust the statistical analysis in this regard. Days to first service (DFS) and calving to conception interval (CCI) were prolonged in exposed than unexposed cows (P < 0.05). Days to first service and CCI were also longer in STE compared with FTE cows (P < 0.05). First service conception rate was lower in TTE than UN cows (P < 0.05). The proportion of repeat breeders was higher in exposed compared with unexposed cows (P < 0.05). Service per conception was higher in STE and TTE than UN cows (P < 0.05). Culling rate between different periods of lactation was also higher in exposed than unexposed cows (P < 0.05). Finally, AMH concentration was lower in STE and TTE than UN cows (P < 0.05); moreover, it was lower in STE compared with FTE cows (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the present study revealed detrimental effects of maternal heat stress on fertility, productive longevity and ovarian reserve in the offspring. In this context, the second and third trimesters appeared to be more critical periods.

Вміст важких металів у шерсті корів північно-східної біогеохімічної зони

The anthropogenic pollution of the environment in most cases connected with trace elements of heavy metals group. The effect of negative technogenic factors of the environment by interaction with the natural deficiency of essential microelements contributes to the appearing and spread of pathology of mineral metabolism among farm animals. The application of noninvasive methods for diagnosis of diseases of farm animals is a promising direction in veterinary medicine. The question of impact of the northern-eastern biogeochemical zone of Ukraine on the content of heavy metals in cows hair with consideration of lactation, keeping technology and colour hair samples is not researched enough. The research was conducted in the three farms of Chernihiv region (northern-eastern biogeochemical zone). The content of heavy metals was investigated by atomic emission spectrometry using Optima 210 DV. The materials the author’s own research to determine the status of the cow organism by noninvasive method in the northeastern biochemical zone of Ukraine concerning the content of heavy metals in different periods of lactation, keeping technology are introduced in the work. The content of Cadmium, Plumbum, Aluminum and Arsene in the hair of cows northeastern biogeochemical zone of Ukraine depending on the colour samples of hair (black, brown, white), keeping technology (loose, stable-pasture, stable) and period of lactation (55–65 days, 150–170 days) are investigated. The concentration of heavy metals in the hair of cows of the northeastern biogeochemical zone of Ukraine are: Cadmium – 0.03 ± 0.004 mg/kg, Plumbum – 0.70 ± 0.11 mg/kg, Aluminum – 16.78 ± 4.02 mg/kg, Arsene – 0.21 ± 0.05 mg/kg. In the hair of cows of the northeastern zone in 55–65 days of lactation the content of Cadmium is 0.04 ± 0.01 mg/kg, Plumbum – 0.83 ± 0.31 mg / kg, Aluminum – 15.79 ± 3.83 mg/kg, Arsene – 0.30 ± 0.14 mg/kg. In 150–170 days of lactation period the content of Cadmium is 0.04 ± 0.005 mg/kg, Plumbum – 1.25 ± 0.35 mg/kg, Aluminum – 22.34 ± 14.21 mg/kg and Arsene – 0.25 ± 0.07 mg/kg.