Different Modes Of Participation Research Articles

Workplace learning, power, and practice: modes of participation for civilian criminal investigators

This article aims to contribute to the theorization of power in workplace learning. We examined the ways in which civilian investigators participate in criminal investigation practice, and how these modes related to the social ordering in the police organization. Civilians, mostly women and well educated, are being hired in large numbers to help with the shortage of staff within the Swedish police organization. We analysed 71 interviews with both civilians and police officers, covering views on the nature of investigative work, the introduction of civilians, and their competence. The interviews were analysed in an abductive process using a practice theory outlook on power and participation. The results show four different modes of participation for civilians that have vastly different consequences for their integration into the police. These modes are dependent on how civilian competence is viewed, whether civilians are viewed as different or similar, and whether they are considered competent at investigating crimes. We conclude that the struggle to define competent practice is at the core of understanding the relationship between learning and power.

Self-organizing or organizing one another? Cycling groups’ participation to planning

ABSTRACT Studies on planning have traditionally exposed how institutional participation opposes informal modes of participation. But do activists have to choose between the two? Suggesting that there is a grey-zone, recent work has focused on the distinct paths that individuals take to engage in civic life. We argue that strategies that involves both civil society-led and traditional approaches may help defend planning options, especially for those not considered in formal decision-making in local planning. In what ways can the interrelation of traditional and non-traditional modes of participation help bring forth new ideas? Building on a case study of urban activists tackling issues regarding cycling in Québec City (Québec, Canada), we observed how they connect planning with different modes of participation. Activists take part in the debate on urban planning through institutional platforms, demonstrating their desire to be recognized. Also, they take actions to increase the legitimacy of alternative modes of mobility.

The influence of media use on different modes of political participation in China: political trust as the mediating factor

ABSTRACT Studies demonstrate that political trust and media use are important predictors of political participation. In this study, we leverage Asian Barometer Survey data on China to clarify how media use to obtain political information predicts how citizens participate in politics and whether political trust mediates these relationships. This study finds that traditional and new media use have distinct relationships with electoral and non-electoral participation. In addition, trust in local government is negatively related to non-electoral. These findings may demonstrate how media use predicts different modes of participation and the influence of political trust.

Channels of participation: Political participant types and personality.

This article employs a person-centred approach to test the relationship between personality traits and empirically defined political participant types. We argue that it is more appropriate to focus on types of participants to test the relationship between personality and political participation than on individual modes or latent dimensions of political participation. Our reasoning is that the person-centred approach allows us to learn more about how and why citizens combine different modes of participation from a tool kit of available political activities to achieve a goal as a function of their personality. We rely on data collected by the German Longitudinal Election Study 2017 (GLES, ZA6801). On the basis of a set of survey questions enquiring on political activities that people take part in, Latent Class Analysis allows us to identify three political participant types (inactives, voting specialists, and complete activists). The 10-item Big Five Inventory (BFI-10) measures respondents’ personality traits. Our findings suggest that conscientious people are more likely to affiliate with the voting specialists and extroverts with the more active participant types in Germany.

Optimal scheduling of building integrated energy system based on demand response

With the development of renewable energy technology, integrating a variety of renewable energy integrated energy systems can effectively solve the problem of optimizing the scheduling of buildings with high energy consumption and fast growth rate. Based on the modeling and analysis of various energy equipment in the system, the integrated energy system of building buildings, based on the demand response compensation price, with the lowest construction operating cost as the goal function, establishes the optimization scheduling model of building-level integrated energy system based on demand response, and uses the particle group algorithm based on cloud model improvement to optimize the solution of the model. The study is introduced for simulation to compare the two different modes of participation in demand response, and the optimal performance of cloud model particle group algorithm and elementary particle group algorithm. The results show that the cloud model particle group algorithm model based on demand response can effectively save the operating cost of the building-level integrated energy system, and reduce the power grid side load peak and valley difference.

Energy Justice as Part of the Acceptance of Wind Energy: An Analysis of Limburg in The Netherlands

Policy documents in Limburg stress the importance of participation and distribution of benefits in wind energy projects, but it is not clear which modes of participation and distribution of benefits are most just, both in terms of perceived justice, and in terms of justice principles. Research shows that considering justice in renewable energy transitions increases the level of acceptance. This study aims to provide insight in what modes of participation and distribution are perceived as most just and likely to create local acceptance of wind parks. The most preferred modes are being compared to the indicators of the energy justice framework in order if they meet the criteria for a fair procedure and distribution of outcomes. Based on semi-structured interviews the analysis of the data demonstrated that different modes of participation in different phases of the process are being preferred and that a balance between modes of distribution of benefits is preferred. The results indicate that the most preferred modes of participation cannot necessarily address all indicators of procedural justice and that depending on the mode of distribution of benefits and the balance between those modes indicators of distributive justice can be addressed.

Re-examining "silence"

As part of a larger study exploring academic discourse socialization of a group of students from diverse academic and cultural backgrounds in an international TESOL graduate program in a Canadian university focusing on how they participate in class, how they perceive different modes of participation of other students in the class, and how this affects their academic discourse socialization process, this study explores 12 EAL students’ “silence”/non-oral participation. The study finds that EAL students’ “silence” or non-participation was reflection of different factors such as language related issues, concerns about other students, lack of content knowledge, and personality. It was often the case that students’ “silence” and/or non-oral participation was a result of combination of those factors. Implications for classroom practices and for meeting EAL students’ needs are also discussed.

Interaction design of community-driven environmental projects (CDEPs): A case study from the Anacostia Watershed

Water is becoming an increasingly precious resource across the world, but citizens can help ensure good-quality water by helping to manage their local watersheds. Local, place-based advocacy projects that are strongly grounded within their geographical area have the potential to inspire environmental change as citizens come together to collectively address environmental challenges in their own neighborhoods. However, less attention has been given to these small, intensely place-based local projects. Our research focuses on the interaction design of technology to support small, local, place-based “community-driven environmental projects” (CDEPs) for water management in the Anacostia River Watershed. Analysis of case study data collected over a 3-y period to identify the needs of CDEP members provides the basis for the interaction design of technology known as NatureNet to support CDEPs. From this research, six design insights for supporting CDEPs are suggested: (i) a shared common endeavor connected to the identity of the members, (ii) ways for newcomers and experienced participants to share a common space and function together effectively, (iii) support for different sources of knowledge, (iv) different modes of participation and ways for participants to express themselves, (v) different ways to express status through diverse opportunities, and (vi) support for porous and changing leadership roles. Taken together, the findings from our study suggest a preference for technology-lite, highly flexible software that supports the diverse needs of CDEP members.

Inclusão educacional de crianças com deficiências: notas do chão da escola

Resumo O tema deste artigo é a inclusão de crianças com deficiência na educação pública. O problema de pesquisa apresentado tem origem nos debates sobre a vida escolar inclusiva e diz respeito às situações concretas que foram analisadas no cotidiano de duas escolas. O objetivo principal foi acompanhar o acesso de crianças em cujo registro de matrícula são mencionadas deficiência múltipla ou paralisia cerebral. Desse objetivo, foi organizada a estratégia de observar os diferentes modos de participação e registrar, para análise em detalhes, as cenas em que o acesso não conduziu a uma vida escolar inclusiva e as cenas que, em sentido oposto, revelaram uma dinâmica de participação que resultou em procedimentos inclusivos. Metodologicamente, a coleta de informações, o registro em cadernos de campo e as muitas horas de observação resultaram de etnografias realizadas a partir de 2014 nas escolas públicas identificadas previamente para a pesquisa. Referências antropológicas foram utilizadas. Os principais resultados foram obtidos com inventários de gestos e procedimentos recolhidos em escala microscópica, que indicaram haver dependência entre estratégias inclusivas e abordagens com foco no trabalho pedagógico como um todo e para todos os alunos. Quando a abordagem restringiu-se ao isolamento das crianças para evitar que suas particularidades atrapalhassem os demais, o acesso claramente não ofereceu um modo de participar compatível com uma vida escolar inclusiva. O texto apresenta, em suas conclusões, uma análise sobre as cenas focadas e, com base na pesquisa feita, sustenta que acesso nem sempre resulta em inclusão.

Capitalizing Relationships: Modes of Participation in Crowdsourcing

While crowds online are increasingly used for data gathering and problem solving, the relationships and structures within these processes remain largely unexamined. For understanding the usage of crowdsourcing and to design appropriate technologies and processes, it is important to understand how different tools support relationships in these contexts. Based on an extensive literature review of existing crowdsourcing tools and practices, we contribute with the development of a typology of alienation in crowdsourcing by using Marx’s theory of alienation. The theory serves as a lens to compare and contrast a number of currently available tools for crowdsourcing, focusing on how relationships between participants are supported and capitalized within the tool. We show how different types of crowdsourcing practices can be described in terms of alienation where the producer, the producers, the consumers, and products are connected in different modes of participation. This systematical application of Marx theory of alienation provides a way to compare the technical support for social relationships in a number of platforms used for crowdsourcing.

Dating the Media: Participation, Voice, and Ritual Logic in the Disability Dating ShowThe Undateables

Interventional television formats centering around the ritual transformation of “ordinary people” are not only followed by sizable audiences worldwide but also attract large numbers of aspiring candidates. Although the benefits and consequences of participating in such shows have long been debated within academia and beyond, research into actual experiences of participating in such television productions remains scarce. Based on in-depth interviews with participants of the disability dating show The Undateables, this article focuses on how contributors deal with their position in the production and how their experiences reflect the emancipatory claims of the program. By presenting the production process through the story and from the perspective of three participants, different modes of participation will be discussed, revealing how instances of submission, appropriation, and contestation of the production logic are linked to ideals of representation, notions about empowerment and voice, and to strategies of negotiating normalcy and difference.

Adults and children of strategy work: defining different modes of participation

In this study, we examine participation as an issue of subjectivity and agency and focus on strategy participation also below the management ranks. We show how the strategy discourse divides the workforce into adults and children of strategy work: those who have power and abilities, and those who have not, through allocating subject and object positions in the shadows of its managerial practices. As a result, two modes for gaining access to the strategy discourse as a participant were identified: participation by inclusion and participation by admittance. We also identified a cosmetic form of participation that we call quasi-participation as well as cases of non-participation. Further, we identified subjectivities provided by the strategy discourse and subject positions of individuals that seemed to guide their choices when assuming or rejecting some of the strategy subjectivities of the discourse. To conclude, we propose a model that combines inclusion and admittance with the level of management control, and subject and object positions with the level of agency in the two participation access modes.

Citizen participation in China’s eco-city development. Will ‘new-type urbanization’ generate a breakthrough in realizing it?

China’s recently adopted ‘new-type urbanization’ policy puts a heavier emphasis on the social and environmental aspects of urban development than previous plan documents. This includes the aspect of citizen participation and a stronger bottom up orientation in decision-making processes, the aspect this paper homes in on. We will examine the realities of citizen participation in eco-city development in China at the local level and do this in one of the most prosperous and administratively forward looking cities in China, Suzhou. The analytical framework with which this analysis is conducted is a combination of Arnstein’s participation ladder and the three dimensions in Fung’s cube. The two cases we have studied are an eco-city project in a village community and one in the old city, to ensure we cover two different modes of participation, one rural and one urban. Three dimensions (participant selection, mode of communication and conversion of discussion output into action) and two policy making phases (decision-making and implementation) are applied to allow for a systematic comparison of the two cases. We find that citizen participation in the rural community is far more collectivist and reactive, while that in the urban setting is more individualist and proactive. Furthermore, in both cases, citizen input in the decision-making phase is quite limited, while during implementation local government appreciates the support and practical input locals can supply. To further enhance citizen participation along the lines proposed in ‘new-type urbanization’, legislative reform and professionalization of officials in dealing with bottom-up input would be essential.

“Tem que ter mais conversa entre professor e alunos”: a construção da interação em sala de aula via projeto de letramento

O presente trabalho investiga as estruturas de participação da fala-em-interação ocorridas em aulas de Língua Portuguesa, por meio da implementação de um projeto de letramento (KLEIMAN, 2000). Os procedimentos teórico-metodológicos estão embasados na pesquisa-ação (ANDRÉ, 1995) e apoiados na Microetnografia Escolar (ERICKSON, 2001), sob a ótica da Sociolinguística Interacional (GUMPERZ, 1982, 1998, 2001; GOFFMAN, 1964, 1967; RIBEIRO; GARCEZ, 1998). A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em um 8º ano em Bagé/RS e a análise dos dados ocorreu através dos registros contidos em questionários, notas de campo e gravação e transcrição de vídeos de aulas ocorridas no 1º semestre de 2011, durante a realização de estágio curricular. Os estudos sobre os processos interacionais procuram refletir sobre as diferentes participações que ocorrem na sala de aula, portanto, servem como fonte de pesquisa sobre o fazer docente. Como resultado da presente pesquisa, verificou-se que a análise das estruturas de organização da fala-em-interação e as estratégias utilizadas apontaram uma comunicação pedagógica não centrada nas professoras estagiárias, que privilegiaram a construção conjunta do conhecimento e a ampliação do engajamento discursivo dos estudantes.

Indirect exporters and importers

This paper analyses the relation between firms’ productivity and the different modes of participation in international trade. In particular, it accounts for the possibility that firms can not only export their products, but also internationally source their inputs, either directly or indirectly. Using a cross section of firm level data for several advanced and developing economies, the study confirms the productivity-sorting prediction according to which domestic firms are less efficient than those that resort to an export intermediary, while the latter are less productive than producers which export directly. We show that the same sorting exists on the import side. By considering firms involved in both exporting and importing activities, we also find that direct two-way traders are on average more productive than firms trading indirectly on one of the two trade sides. The latter are in turn more efficient than indirect two-way traders. Finally, we investigate the effects of source-country characteristics on the sorting of firms into different modes of international trade.

Exploring Social Dynamics in School Science Context

The purpose of this study was to explore the socio-cultural practices and interactions of learning science in a science classroom within the concept of communities of practice. Our qualitative data were collected through observing, taking field notes, and conducting interviews in a public science classroom during an entire school year. The study occurred in a seventh-grade classroom with a veteran physical science teacher, with more than 10 years teaching experience, and 22 students. For this article, we presented two classroom vignettes that reflect a sample of the participation, practice, and community that was observed in the science classroom on a daily basis. The first vignette illustrated a typical formula of Initiation–Response–Feedback (I-R-F) that transfers knowledge to students through a teacher-led discussion with the entire class. The second vignette described a laboratory activity designed to allow students to apply or discover knowledge through practical experience, while taking responsibility for their learning through small-group work. The normative practices and routine behaviors of the science classroom are highlighted through the description of material resources, and different modes of participation accompanied by assigned roles and responsibilities. What we observed was that laboratory activities reproduced the epistemic authority of the I-R-F rather than creating collective cognitive responsibility where students have the independence to explore and create authentic science experiences.

English

  The volatility of creating new district local governments (DLGs) in Uganda has attracted heavy domestic and feasibly significant international criticism. The phenomenon now forms part of the political and governance discourse in the country. Despite this condemnation government insists on establishing more DLGs in the guise of increasing political participation and improving social service delivery. This paper explores this phenomenon in respect to its functional and institutional relevance to local government in terms of the acclaimed benefits. The paper examines the different modes of participation at local government to the conclusion that although more DLGs aimed at enhancing political participation at lower level, it has not translated into real community involvement in policy decisions neither has it contributed to improved social service delivery. The study explored how and why this phenomenon, thus it is mainly explanatory while the research method is qualitative. Data was primarily collected during a field study but also substantiated by secondary data such as newspaper articles. Data was appropriately analyzed and the findings are such that new districts have led to a power capture by the elites, exclusion of local people from policy making and decline in social services.    Key words: new districts, district local government, participation.

Establishing Degrees of Responsibility: Modes of Participation in Article 25 of the ICC Statute

As the International Criminal Court is handing down its first trial chamber judgments, the debate on modes of participation continues. It appears that there is growing skepticism shown towards the control-of-the-crime-theory that has guided the Court’s approach on Article 25 of the ICC Statute so far. This article argues that before an assessment of the merits and demerits of the control-of-the-crime-theory can be made, one needs to determine the role of modes of participation in general. In this regard, it will be shown that Article 25 establishes a four level hierarchy of individual criminal responsibility where modes of participation are relevant for sentencing purposes. Only on the basis of such a systematic understanding can one reach a consistent definition of the different modes of participation and Article 25 as a whole. Ultimately, instead of starting anew, the ICC should continue following the path it has chosen, albeit with refinements.

Collective academic supervision: a model for participation and learning in higher education

Supervision of graduate students is a core activity in higher education. Previous research on graduate supervision focuses on individual and relational aspects of the supervisory relationship rather than collective, pedagogical and methodological aspects of the supervision process. In presenting a collective model we have developed for academic supervision of Danish master students, we seek to fill these gaps. The underlying pedagogical rationale for the model is that students’ participation and learning are interconnected. The model provides possibilities for incorporating a progressive and systematic interaction between master students in their individual writing processes. In the article, we investigate the potentials and challenges of the model and draw on analyses of six individual interviews with master students and one focus group interview with five supervisors. Our findings show that students learn core academic competencies in collective academic supervision (CAS), such as the ability to assess theoretical and practical problems in their practice and present them to peers. The analysis reveals that interaction between divergent projects and voices in CAS can be highly productive in academic learning. However, the model also challenges both students and supervisors because both parties are used to a one-to-one supervisory relationship and not prepared for different modes of participation and learning. According to both supervisors and students, the majority of supervisors need better training in the facilitation of collective supervision processes.

The Emotionality of Participation

This article explores methodological issues as a prominent subject in ethnographic fieldwork conducted on a specific group of private security officers, namely, armed response officers, in Durban, South Africa. Through analyzing several experiences from the field, this article highlights the dialectic between emotions and participation in the field and its imperative role in analysis of the research setting. This article explores three different modes of participation, namely, active participation, reluctant participation, and passive participation. As a heuristic device, such a typology allows us as researchers to analyze our position, as participants, in relation to other research participants. This exemplifies the importance of the emotionality of field experiences in researching violence (and the perpetrators of violence).