Different Modes In Order Research Articles

PECVD OBTAINED SiNx FILMS FOR THE PASSIVATION OF AlGaN/GaN HEM

In this paper we study the process of using PECVD to obtain SiNx films, which serve as a dielectric passivation layers for AlGaN/GaN structures. Aim of this study was to determine the methods of controlling the properties of the films. The deposition of SiNx films was carried out in a Plasmalab System 100 ICP180 featuring an ICP source, which makes possible to form a high-density plasma without a significant increase in ion bombardment of substrates, and to use nitrogen instead of ammonia as one of the precursors, which reduces the hydrogen concentration in the film. The deposition of SiNx films was carried out in different modes in order to determine the influence of various deposition parameters on the shift of C-V characteristics, and to either eliminate the shift or make it positive. It was shown that this goal can be achieved by significantly increasing the nitrogen flow into the chamber during the deposition of SiNx films.

A switchable dual‐mode fully‐differential common‐source low‐noise amplifier in 0.18‐μm CMOS technology

AbstractA highly‐integrated switchable dual‐mode low‐noise amplifier (LNA) is proposed and implemented in standard 0.18 μm complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (CMOS) technology for ultra‐high frequency‐radio‐frequency identification (UHF RFID) reader receivers. This dual‐mode LNA can be controlled to operate in two different modes in order to meet the requirements for the listen‐before‐talk mode and the normal mode of the UHF RFID reader receiver, respectively. The fully‐differential common‐source cascode topology with perfect input impedance matching, capacitive cross‐coupling, and common‐mode feedback techniques are employed to improve its performance. Measurement results show that, from a single power supply of 1.8 V, the LNA achieved the power gain (S21) of 9.1 dB, the input power reflection (S11) of −20 dB, the minimum noise figure (NF) of 3.6 dB, and the P1dB of −5 dBm in high‐gain mode. In high‐linearity mode, S21 of 3.2 dB, S11 of −17 dB, NF of 5.2 dB, and P1dB of −1.3 dBm were obtained.

Time Stable Reduced Order Modeling by an Enhanced Reduced Order Basis of the Turbulent and Incompressible 3D Navier–Stokes Equations

In the following paper, we consider the problem of constructing a time stable reduced order model of the 3D turbulent and incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. The lack of stability associated with the order reduction methods of the Navier–Stokes equations is a well-known problem and, in general, it is very difficult to account for different scales of a turbulent flow in the same reduced space. To remedy this problem, we propose a new stabilization technique based on an a priori enrichment of the classical proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) modes with dissipative modes associated with the gradient of the velocity fields. The main idea is to be able to do an a priori analysis of different modes in order to arrange a POD basis in a different way, which is defined by the enforcement of the energetic dissipative modes within the first orders of the reduced order basis. This enables us to model the production and the dissipation of the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) in a separate fashion within the high ranked new velocity modes, hence to ensure good stability of the reduced order model. We show the importance of this a priori enrichment of the reduced basis, on a typical aeronautical injector with Reynolds number of 45,000. We demonstrate the capacity of this order reduction technique to recover large scale features for very long integration times (25 ms in our case). Moreover, the reduced order modeling (ROM) exhibits periodic fluctuations with a period of 2 . 2 ms corresponding to the time scale of the precessing vortex core (PVC) associated with this test case. We will end this paper by giving some prospects on the use of this stable reduced model in order to perform time extrapolation, that could be a strategy to study the limit cycle of the PVC.

A green intermodal service network design problem with travel time uncertainty

In a more and more competitive and global world, freight transports have to overcome increasingly long distances while at the same time becoming more reliable. In addition, a raising awareness of the need for environmentally friendly solutions increases the importance of transportation modes other than road. Intermodal transportation, in that regard, allows for the combination of different modes in order to exploit their individual advantages. Intermodal transportation networks offer flexible, robust and environmentally friendly alternatives to transport high volumes of goods over long distances. In order to reflect these advantages, it is the challenge to develop models which both represent multiple modes and their characteristics (e.g., fixed-time schedules and routes) as well as the transhipment between these transportation modes. In this paper, we introduce a Green Intermodal Service Network Design Problem with Travel Time Uncertainty (GISND-TTU) for combined offline intermodal routing decisions of multiple commodities. The proposed stochastic approach allows for the generation of robust transportation plans according to different objectives (i.e., cost, time and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions) by considering uncertainties in travel times as well as demands with the help of the sample average approximation method. The proposed methodology is applied to a real-world network, which shows the advantages of stochasticity in achieving robust transportation plans.

Application of impedance spectroscopy to study oxidized powders of titanium hydride

Results of studies of current-conducting properties of titanium hydride powders oxidized by air oxygen at different modes in order to form oxide and oxohydride coatings at the particles surface which enhance heat resistance of the hydride are presented. Method of impedance spectroscopy is used to determine contribution of resistance of the formed coatings and contribution of resistance of the grains of titanium hydride powders into the powder impedance. Method aspects of conducting measurements of the impedance of powder materials by stepwise sample compression are discussed. General approach to experimental data processing related to study of metal hydrides which contain shielding films of various chemical compositions at the particle surface is described.

Conceptual design of hybrid scooter transmissions with planetary gear-trains

This paper presents an approach for designing hybrid scooter transmissions with planetary gear trains. The basic concept is to combine two planetary gear trains into a split-power system; so, by incorporating clutches and brakes when engaged, the system becomes a hybrid scooter transmission. The transmissions combine the power from two power sources, a gasoline engine and an electric motor. The systems use four different modes in order to maximize the performance and reduce emissions: electric-motor mode; engine-mode and engine/charging mode; power-mode; and regenerative-braking mode. Kinematic and power flow analyses are performed. According to the analysis results, formulae for the speed ratio of the transmission are derived and a procedure for identifying the arrangements with no internal recirculation of the split power system is developed. Sixteen possible configurations of hybrid scooter transmission satisfying the design requirements are presented. A design example is used to illustrate the design procedure and operation principle of the transmission.

ANALYSIS OF EXHAUST GAS COMPOSITION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES USING LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS

The problems of implementation of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) supply systems are related with the fact that they are alternative systems used in engines constructed and optimized for work with other kinds of fuel. So assemblers of the systems have to evaluate power losses and at the same time ecological requirements. The experiment is devoted to the analysis of gas composition of engines working at different modes in order to specify the particularity of LPG system tuning and to obtain data for the evaluation of environmental pollution by numerical car dynamics models. It is estimated that the algorithms of current LPG systems balance between ecological requirements and optimization of external characteristics of engines, and the gas systems are characterized by a great inertia. Also, it is determined that more precise tuning algorithms must be constructed, and more tuning points and tuning, when an engine works in standard modes, must be foreseen.

Analysis of exhaust gas composition of internal combustion engines using liquefied petroleum gas

Abstract The problems of implementation of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) supply systems are related with the fact that they are alternative systems used in engines constructed and optimized for work with other kinds of fuel. So assemblers of the systems have to evaluate power losses and at the same time ecological requirements. The experiment is devoted to the analysis of gas composition of engines working at different modes in order to specify the particularity of LPG system tuning and to obtain data for the evaluation of environmental pollution by numerical car dynamics models. It is estimated that the algorithms of current LPG systems balance between ecological requirements and optimization of external characteristics of engines, and the gas systems are characterized by a great inertia. Also, it is determined that more precise tuning algorithms must be constructed, and more tuning points and tuning, when an engine works in standard modes, must be foreseen.

Design and implementation of a novel hybrid-electric-motorcycle transmission

This hybrid power system incorporates a mechanical type rubber V-belt, continuously-variable transmission (CVT) and chain drives to combine power of the two power sources, a gasoline engine and an electric motor. The system uses four different modes in order to maximize the performance and reduce emissions: electric-motor mode; engine mode; engine/charging mode; and power mode. The main advantages of this new transmission include the use of only one electric motor/generator and the shift of the operating mode accomplished by the mechanical-type clutches for easy control and low cost. Kinematic analyses and design are achieved to obtain the size of each component of this system. A design example is fabricated and tested.

Substitution of glutamine for arginine 1131. A newly identified mutation in the catalytic loop of the tyrosine kinase domain of the human insulin receptor

We studied a patient with severe insulin resistance and a remarkable decrease in the in vivo autophosphorylation of the insulin receptor. Using a polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism method and direct sequencing, we identified a heterozygous mutation substituting Gln for Arg1131 in the putative "catalytic loop" of the tyrosine kinase domain of the insulin receptor gene. The Gln1131 mutant receptor was expressed by transfection in Chinese hamster ovary cells and compared with cells expressing the wild-type insulin receptor. Both mutant and wild-type receptors were expressed on the cell surface and displayed similar insulin-binding affinity. The Gln1131 mutation impaired the activity of the receptor tyrosine kinase and inhibited the ability of insulin to phosphorylate the endogenous substrate insulin receptor substrate-I. In addition, the Gln1131 mutant receptor exhibited diminished tyrosine-phosphorylated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and myelin basic protein kinase activities compared with the wild-type cells. It also demonstrated a defective mediation of the insulin signal stimulating 2-deoxy-D-glucose transport and thymidine incorporation, resistance to endocytosis, and insulin-induced down-regulation. Unlike a previously described mutation in the putative catalytic loop of the receptor that substituted Glu for Ala1135, the Gln1131 mutation retained proteolytic cleavage of the proreceptor into separate subunits. Our results demonstrate that a naturally occurring mutation (R1131Q) in the putative catalytic loop of the insulin receptor results in severe impairment of the tyrosine kinase function in our patient. In addition, our results indicate that Arg1131 is important for receptor-mediated insulin action in vivo and suggest that the amino acids constituting the catalytic loop of protein kinases may possess different modes in order to retain kinase function.

Evaluation and discrimination of soy sauce by computer analysis of volatile profiles.

The relationships between gas chromatographic (GC) profiles and sensory data of 72 purely fermented soy sauce samples were analyzed by multiple regression analysis and principal component analysis (PCA). Prior to the analysis, GC data was transformed into 7 different modes in order to compare the fitting to a hypothetical linear model. The result from logarithmically transformed ratio of each peak to the sum of whole peaks showed the best precision of predictability for sensory score (R = 0.978). As the result of PCA, eigen values of 10 PCs were shown to be larger than 1.0 but the 5 major PCs could account for 66% of the variance in the total variance of 39 GC peaks. The first and second PCs showed great importance for aroma quality and similarity or dissimilarity in profiles of extracted PCs showed a similar trend with quality differences evaluated by sensory tests. These results showed the importance of the harmonious balance of each aroma compound to create a preferable soy sauce aroma.