Different Methods Of Interpretation Research Articles

JUDICIAL ACTIVISM AND METHODS OF INTERPRETATION

A distinct characteristic of the judicial activity of integration courts is that it is aimed not only at resolving legal conflicts, but also at interpreting the law in order to fill the existing gaps. Filling legal gaps may be described as a key function of an integration court. This special characteristic leads to the phenomenon of judicial activism. The study of the case law of integration courts reveals the possibility to formulate activist legal findings using different methods of interpretation. The possibility to use the teleological method of interpretation, which is the most suitable in order to eliminate legal gaps, stems directly from the provisions of the Vienna convention on the law of international treaties. The analysis of the acts of the Court of Justice of the European Union allows to establish a strong correlation between activist approaches and the use of the teleological method of interpretation. However teleological interpretation does not necessarily mean the choice of the most progressive available options. Often the activism manifests itself in the search of a balance between the interests of the integration organization and its Member States. The Court of the Eurasian Economic Union develops activist approaches by using both traditional methods of interpretation and teleological interpretation as well as having recourse to constitutional traditions of the Member States.

Continuous remote monitoring of a motorway section using geophones

Pavement monitoring has been a widespread area of research. Monitoring pavements using embeddable sensors and a data acquisition system is an active research topic, with important questions about the selection of appropriate sensors and data acquisition systems, and interpretation of data. This work presents results of the instrumentation of a French motorway section, using geophones and temperature probes. The sensors are connected to a remote monitoring system which is compact, has a low power consumption, and real-time data processing capabilities. This system performs continuous monitoring, under a heavy motorway traffic and transmits the data wirelessly to a remote server. This work focuses on the treatment and analysis of the sensor signals. It indicates a good reliability of the system and embedded sensors, and presents different methods of interpretation of the data, to monitor pavement deflections, but also traffic composition and traffic loads, which could be used for pavement management, for detection of pavement damage and preventive maintenance.

Two New Methods for Defining Shut-In Pressure in Hydraulic Fracturing Tests

Hydraulic fracturing is one of the most common methods to determine in situ rock stress. The interpretation of the shut-in pressure to determine the minor principal stress is an important element of this method, and many different methods to interpret shut-in pressure have been studied and developed throughout the years. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages. With more than 50 years of research and development within the rock stress measurement field, especially in HF, SINTEF has established two practical ways of defining shut-in pressure. These methods are independent and termed zero flow and water hammer. The zero flow method has been used by SINTEF in more than 130 projects over the last 30 years. The methods clearly differ from the other methods as they are based on singular events in the development of pressure/flow versus time which enables us to read the shut-in pressure directly during testing. In this paper, a comparison is made between different methods for interpretation of shut-in pressure, including 12 existing methods and the 2 SINTEF methods. Comprehensive laboratory tests were performed, and a field test was selected from SINTEF’s database for demonstration and comparison of the methods. The SINTEF methods have been developed mainly for use in hard rock environment where the rock is a jointed aquifer and with low permeability. The application of the two methods has traditionally been hydroelectric power development, different types of tunnel, and cavern projects, and also in mineral mining. The methods have not been used in deep petroleum applications such as oil wells or offshore in porous rock types.

The three theological approaches to St. Joseph: John Paul II, Benedict XVI, Francis

The study presents three images of St. Joseph included in selected writings of the last three popes: John Paul II, Benedict XVI and Francis. It notes that despite the same data from Scripture, the analysed images are different. Their diversity results from different sources used in theological reflection as well as from different methods of interpretation. John Paul II interprets the figure of the Guardian of the Redeemer in the light of God revealing Himself, carrying out His eternal plan. The emphasis was placed on God’s eternal plan that was actualized in earthly history and in human events. This made it possible to show both the realization of the divine plan in concrete terms, as well as the cooperation, faith and obedience of the carpenters of Nazareth in this work.
 In turn, Cardinal Ratzinger shows the figure of Joseph based on the message contained in a Baroque relief of a Portuguese altar. The symbolic language of the anonymous sculptor and the message contained in the Baroque relief allowed the theologian to draw attention to certain aspects that are difficult to see in the Gospels of Childhood.
 On the other hand, the image of Joseph presented by Pope Francis emphasizes the paternity of the Patriarch, expressing a certain analogy to the paternity of God towards Israel and the paternity of God to His Son. From this perspective, Joseph’s paternity appears to be a shadow of God’s paternity. This term refers to the title of a novel by Jan Dobraczyński, the message of which influenced the content of the theological icon in the document of Pope Francis.
 This study found that, despite the limited data on Joseph in Scripture, thanks to the theological sources used and the new interpretative methods used, it was possible to show new, original images of the Guardian of the Redeemer, which allow future generations of Christians to better understand the role and place of St. Joseph in the history of salvation and in the life of the Church.

Impact of Comorbidities on Health-related Quality of Life in Nontransplant Eligible Patients With Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma.

Impact of Comorbidities on Health-related Quality of Life in Nontransplant Eligible Patients With Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma.

A Narrative Review of Medical Interpretation Services and their Effect on the Quality of Health Care.

Half of the foreign-born population in the United States speaks English "less than very well." The extant literature suggests that low-English-proficient (LEP) patients experience poorer healthcare outcomes than do language-concordant patients. It remains unclear which methods of interpreter services are best for communicating effectively and achieving positive health outcomes for LEP patients. This review examines interpretation methods to compare their effectiveness and frequency of use and identifies the remaining gaps in our knowledge. The evidence suggests that any type of professional language service is superior to untrained interpreting and vastly better than not using an interpreter at all. Even with this knowledge, use of interpreter services is unacceptably low and gaps remain. Further research is needed to isolate and examine different methods of interpretation and measure objective health outcomes. In addition, education is needed for interpreters and healthcare providers to ensure the most effective communicative strategies for LEP patients.

Significance of Simultaneous Use of Different Methods for Interpretation of Internal Quality Control Data An Experience of a Tertiary Care Hospital

Background: Quality control is an essential part of quality management in medical laboratory. Various methods are available for the analysis of laboratory quality control data, common ones are Levey Jennings chart and Westgard rules. Westgard multi-rules are a set of rules based on combination of criteria to decide whether an analytical run is acceptable or unacceptable. CUSUM uses the cumulative sum of deviations from a target, however, it is rarely used in current medical laboratory practice. We share our experience of using Westgard rules and CUSUM in the analysis of laboratory quality control data. Material and methods: Internal quality control values of 2-year period was included in the present study. Data for platelet count values of normal level control material run on a fully automated haematology analyser (Sysmex XT-2000i) were analysed. A total of 1825 data points were obtained. The data was interpreted by Westgard rules as well as cumulative sum method. The out of control events was analysed. Results: There was 9 incidence of control value outside 3SD (Westgard Rule 13s) which was picked on Levey Jennings chart but missed by CUSUM method. There were 22 instances of shift in mean (bias) which were only picked by CUSUM method. Conclusion: CUSUM was more sensitive for detection of bias whereas random error was picked-up early by Westgard rules. In conclusion we recommend the use of more than one method for analysis of quality control data.

Plato’s Phaedrus in Middle-Platonism: Some interpretations

Discuter de leurs propres doctrines selon une méthode “scolaire”, qui consiste à retrouver les doctrines de Platon afin de construire par ce moyen leur propre pensée, est une caractéristique commune aux médio-platoniciens. Un tel procédé est donc conditionné par l’exégèse de Platon ; d’ailleurs, l’exégèse elle-même devient un objet de discussion durant le moyen-platonisme, où surgit le problème très controversé de la meilleure interprétation de Platon. Une enquête sur la présence du Phèdre – qui était l’un des dialogues les plus lus de Platon – chez ces philosophes doit prendre en compte diverses méthodes d’interprétation mise en place, notamment l’interprétation grammaticale, l’interprétation physique et l’interprétation épistémologique, que cet article s’efforce de mettre en lumière.

Combined Visual and Semiquantitative Evaluation Improves Outcome Prediction by Early Midtreatment 18F-FDG PET in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma.

The purpose of this study was to assess the predictive and prognostic value of interim FDG PET (iPET) in evaluating early response to immunochemotherapy after 2 cycles (PET-2) in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) by applying 2 different methods of interpretation: the Deauville visual 5-point scale (5-PS) and a change in SUV (ΔSUV) by semiquantitative evaluation. Methods: In total, 145 patients with newly diagnosed DLBCL underwent pretreatment PET and PET-2 assessment. PET-2 was classified according to both 5-PS and percentage ΔSUV. Receiver-operating-characteristic analysis was performed to compare the accuracy of the 2 methods for predicting progression-free survival. Survival estimates, based on each method separately and combined, were calculated for iPET-positive (iPET+) and iPET-negative (iPET-) groups and compared. Results: Both with 5-PS and with ΔSUV-based evaluations, significant differences were found between the progression-free survival of iPET- and iPET+ patient groups (P < 0.001). Visually, the best negative predictive value (NPV) and positive predictive value (PPV) occurred when iPET was defined as positive if the Deauville score was 4-5 (89% and 59%, respectively). Using the 66% ΔSUV cutoff reported previously, NPV and PPV were 80% and 76%, respectively. ΔSUV at the 48.9% cutoff, reported for the first time here, produced 100% specificity along with the highest sensitivity (24%). The 5-PS and a semiquantitative ΔSUV of less than 48.9% for each PET-2 gave the same PET-2 classification (positive or negative) in 70% (102/145) of all patients. This combined classification delivered NPV and PPV of 89% and 100%, respectively, and all iPET+ patients failed to achieve or remain in remission. Conclusion: In this large consistently treated and assessed series of DLBCL patients, iPET had good prognostic value interpreted either visually or semiquantitatively. We determined that the most effective ΔSUV cutoff was 48.9% and that when combined with 5-PS assessment, a positive PET-2 result was highly predictive of treatment failure.

Slavery and Public History at the Big House

Abstract This article considers the public history of slavery at plantation museums in the US South and at country houses in Britain. Drawing on original research, the authors critique recent and current efforts to bring connections between these “Big Houses” and the history of slavery to the fore through different methods of interpretation. These elite residences are argued to have largely obscured such connections historically through distancing, distortion, and denial. However, some notable efforts have been made in recent years to diversify public history narratives and more fully represent histories of enslavement. Comparing these American and British house museums, this article contextualizes public history work at these sites and proposes possible lessons from this research, presenting some points to be taken forward which emerge from this transatlantic comparison.

Prediction of outcome in pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma based on interpretation of 18FDG-PET/CT according to ΔSUVmax, Deauville 5-point scale and IHP criteria.

Minimizing side effects by using response-adopted therapy strategies plays an important role in the management of pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma (HL); however, the criteria for the definition of adequate or inadequate response are controversial. The aim of this study is to compare different methods of interpretation of 18F-FDG-PET/CT (PET) in the prediction of disease outcome in order to determine the optimum method in this regard. Baseline, interim and post-treatment PET scans of 72 children were interpreted according to revised International Harmonization Project criteria (IHP) and Deauville criteria. Cut-off values for changes in interim and post-treatment FDG uptake (ΔSUVmax) in the prediction of progression-free survival (PFS) were measured using ROC analysis. Quantitative and visual data were compared with each other in the prediction of PFS. Mean interim and post-treatment ΔSUVmax of the primary lesions were 77.4±19.5 and 68.8±30.4% and respective cut-off values were 82 and 73%. However, only post-treatment ΔSUVmax yielded statistically significant results in the prediction of 3-year PFS (p=0.043). Interim ΔSUVmax was further analyzed according to the values reported in the literature (66 and 77%) yet statistically significant results were not reached (p=0.604 and 0.431). For interim evaluation, IHP criteria was correlated to Deauville criteria (p=0.002 and p=0.001) and ΔSUVmax (p=0.03), whereas for post-treatment evaluation, significant correlation with ΔSUVmax (p=0.04) but marginally significant (p=0.055 and p=0.058) correlation with Deauville criteria were achieved. Overall, 1, 3 and 5-year PFS were 95.7±0.2, 89.6±0.4 and 80.8±0.7%, respectively. All methods demonstrated comparable performance in the prediction of 3-year PFS; however, interim PET using Deauville criteria and post-treatment PET using IHP criteria were statistically significant. All methods demonstrated high negative-predictive value but substantially low positive-predictive value. Deauville criteria are superior to other methods in the prediction of pediatric HL outcome using interim PET data. On the other hand, quantitative evaluation and visual evaluation by IHP can be used reliably at the end of the treatment. In this regard, we report the optimal cut-off value of SUVmax reduction as 73%.

The Legal Reasoning of the Andean Court of Justice in Comparative Context

The Andean Court of Justice (ACJ), the judicial arm of the Andean Community, has emerged as one of the more active of a recent wave of newly created international or regional courts with jurisdiction over a regional trading and integration bloc. The ACJ is one of several such courts in South America, and the European Court of Justice (ECJ) can be understood as a model in terms of its jurisdiction and procedure. The ACJ has dealt with many of the same issues as the ECJ, especially what can be considered ‘constitutional’ issues. This paper is part of a larger study mapping legal reasoning in international courts, examining both the practice and the articulation of legal reasoning by these courts. First this paper examines the brief period of practice of the Central American Court of Justice (CACJ), the first modern international court, as to how the CACJ approached legal reasoning. A relatively small number of ACJ judgments are then selected and discussed in some detail on the basis of a qualitative criterion: their ‘constitutional’ and precedential importance in establishing fundamental principles operative in the legal system of the Andean Community. These principles relate to: supremacy of Andean Community law over the law of its Member States, the direct effect of Andean Community law in the courts of its Member States, and the external relations of the Andean Community. It is concluded that there is a superficial similarity of approach of the ACJ to the ECJ in their approach to legal reasoning, but there are substantial differences. The differences are that the ACJ has tends to be more explicit and does not argue for the specificity of Andean system to the same extent and it appears to accept the universalisability of interpretation. On the other hand, as with the ECJ, neither does it articulate the issue of levels of generality or the substantive reasons for different methods of interpretation. Influences across different regional integration blocs are likely to become a stronger feature of international judicial practice.

Why Do Uniform Rules Not Always Deliver Uniform Outcomes? A Closer Look at Article 4(a) CISG and the Issues of Validity

The task to come up with a uniform and comprehensible body of international law is never an easy one. Most international instruments have only a limited scope as the instances at which their drafters manage to agree are also limited. The borders which are imposed on the uniform application of contract law create their own complications, mostly based on the need to specify the nexus between the uniform rules of the instrument and the various domestic laws of its signatories. The need to create an instrument which is able to provide for uniformity in the business practices of parties located in different countries called for the adoption of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG). The Convention particularly deals with the formation of contract of sale as well as with the rights and duties of the sellers and the buyers. Nevertheless, the drafters of the CISG left some issues outside the scope of the Convention and this has become a source of some controversies among the contracting states. In this paper the question why the uniform rules do not always produce uniform results will be discussed. For this reason the effect which the existing loopholes have on the fragmentation of the CISG will be looked at. The question of validity excluded from the scope of application of the Convention by means of article 4 will be particularly tackled. Furthermore, an analysis of the different methods of interpretation will be presented and, as a means of example, reference to case law will be made.

A New Approach for Interpretation Strength Sensitivity to Po in Pressuremeter Testing

The pressuremeter testing received a great application in site investigation and foundation design. One major development of pressuremeter testing devoted to the methods of interpretation the undrained shear strength (Cu) of the tested soil, also the horizontal at rest pressure was evaluated using different methods of interpretation. In the present research it is intended to focus on the different theories for interpretation of the pressuremeter testing and the discrepancies in the values of undrained shear strengths when using different methods for evaluating the horizontal at rest pressure (Po). The results of Menard Pressuremeter tests that been conducted in sandy silt soil been evaluated using three methods for interpretation the undrained shear strength and five methods of analysis for deducing the horizontal at rest pressure (Po). The values of the deduced undrained shear strength of the soil showed great discrepancies between the three methods of analysis (Gibson and Anderson, Palmer and Ladanyi method). The new approach presented in this research, showed that when using different values of the horizontal at rest pressure (Po) evaluated from the five methods, a great differences in the values of the undrained shear strength obtained. The sensitivity of the undrained shear strength (Cu) to the evaluated values of the horizontal at rest pressure (Po) examined extensively. These new findings may need a great investigation to predict the represented undrained shear strength of the soil from pressuremeter testing.

A new method for interpreting pressuremeter data to estimate in situ horizontal stress

The widely used horizontal at rest pressure in designing the common foundations for different structures and to determine the friction on the sides of deep foundations is extensively investigated in present paper. It is demonstrated that this coefficient can be derived successfully from the pressuremeter tests. The results of Menard pressuremeter tests that have been conducted in Abu Dhabi have been evaluated using different methods for interpretation the horizontal at rest pressure. The soil can be described as sandy silt soil. The results showed distinctive discrepancies in the values of the horizontal at rest pressure that deduced from different methods of interpretation. This paper provides a new method for interpretation of the values of the horizontal at rest pressure. The method named as stress relief method, in which the effect of disturbance taken into account when stress relief occurred at the borehole wall. Five methods were used to evaluate the horizontal at rest pressure that deduced from the pressuremeter tests, some of these method has no theoretical basis while the other tried to compensate for the effects of disturbance. In the present study, the values of the horizontal at rest pressuremeter obtained from different methods of evaluations showed good agreements while the others showed vital differences.

Different Results in Pressuremeter Theories

The limit pressure that evaluated from pressuremeter tests has been shown to represent a key constitutive relationship for bearing capacity and shallow foundation design. The theoretical and the conventional limits pressure have been evaluated from different methods of interpretation using different theories. This paper provides a new method for interpretation the conventional limit pressure, the new method showed very good agreements with other methods used for evaluating the conventional limit pressure. The new method named as conventional limit pressure. The results of Menard pressuremeter conducted in Abu-Dhabi site been analyzed in five methods of interpretation for conventional and theoretical limit pressure. The deduced results from different methods showed some discrepancies for the same tests. The tested soil can be described as poorly graded sand with silt.

Enhancing Adolescents' Responses to Projection Plates through a Dynamic Assessment Technique of Questioning

The value of projected storying in assessment is widely recognised, perhaps nowhere more than when working with children and adolescents. Yet the technique has its pitfalls, including the way the stories produced may be influenced by digressing from standard instructions, using different methods of interpretation, and administering the instrument cross-culturally. Psychologists presenting projection plates to adolescent clients in South Africa frequently obtain little more than one-liners from standard procedures, raising doubts about viability and reliability of the technique. Questioning needs to be enhanced without compromising the projective value of responses. In this research we aimed to determine the effects of a dynamic assessment (DA) technique of questioning when using projection plates with adolescents in cross-cultural situations. Applying the test-mediate-retest principle of DA, the assessor explained to participants the relevance of her (strictly non-directive) verbal and non-verbal responses to their storying, as encouragement to elaborate on their responses. A multiple case-study was undertaken with three participants. Instrumentation consisted of two TAT plates and four non-standard plates, self-selected to accommodate possible cultural differences. Data-analysis and interpretation took two forms, projection analysis (using the Bellak TAT Analysis Blank and Haworth's analysis of defences) and structural analysis (with categories such as word-count, formulation, number of statements, prompts, hesitations, repetitions and increasing/deepening projection). Possible cross-cultural influences were considered. Results suggest a deepening and broadening of adolescents' projections in the form of richer stories when utilising a DA technique of questioning.

Modernizing the Property Laws That Bind Us: Challenging Traditional Property Law Concepts Unsuited to the Realities of the Oil and Gas Industry

Practitioners deal primarily with two different methods of interpretation in oil and gas cases: the strict method of interpretation and the liberal method of interpretation. However, in recent decisions such as Bank of Montreal v. Dynex Petroleum and Taylor v. Scurry-Rainbow Oil, the courts refused to apply the common law, instead upholding long-standing industry practices that could not be easily classified into proper legal categories. Following a review of the strict interpretation and liberal interpretation methodologies currently used in interpreting oil and gas cases, this article looks more closely at the method of interpretation used by the courts in Dynex and Taylor. This method of interpretation will be referred to as the challenging method of interpretation. The article discusses the key analytical aspects of the challenging method interpretation, and examines its possible impact on the existing methods of interpretation used in oil and gas cases. Finally, this article concludes with some thoughts about the implications of these cases on oil and gas law.

TP53 and gastric carcinoma: a review.

In this article, we survey the major p53 (TP53) alterations identified in gastric carcinomas and their precursors. These include p53 expression, mutations, and loss of heterozygosity (LOH). Not only are the various abnormalities summarized, but in addition there is a survey of the literature with respect to the impact of these changes on patient prognosis and treatment response. The majority of published studies involve the immunohistochemical detection of the protein. These use different antibodies, different detection techniques, and different methods of interpretation. Therefore not surprisingly, the results of many of the studies are contradictory with one another. Overall, however, it appears that p53 alterations occur early in the development of gastric carcinoma, being present even in the nonneoplastic mucosa and they increase in frequency as one progresses along the pathway of gastric carcinoma development. p53 immunoreactivity is seen in 17%-90.7% of invasive gastric carcinomas. p53 alterations occur much more commonly in proximal lesions than in distal ones, suggesting that the molecular events leading to the development of gastric carcinoma may be very different in proximal vs. distal tumors. p53 mutations occur in 0%-77% of gastric carcinomas. The mutations are distributed widely across the gene from exons 4-11 with hot spots of mutation at codons 175, 248, 273, 282, 245, and 213. G:C>A:T transitions at CpG sites are the commonest type of mutation. At least 60% of carcinomas with mutations also exhibit p53 LOH.

Analysis of aerosol distribution inside the object "shelter" at the Chernobyl nuclear reactor site.

Results of the aerosol sampling inside the Object Shelter at the Chornobyl nuclear reactor site are considered in the work. The results show a consistent and significant contribution of submicron fraction to the total aerosol activity. Different methods of interpretation of impactor data series are compared in order to indicate and detect in the most effective way the submicron fraction as a separate component of the distribution. The methods used are as follows-method of probabilistic-logarithmic scale, method of likelihood function, non-linear approximation by sum of several log-normal distributions, and restoration of the initial distribution using passage functions of impactor cascades. Practically all the collected data on aerosol distribution inside the Shelter show a distinct submicron component. The contribution of the submicron component into the total aerosol activity is about 35%. Influence of the actual aerosol distribution on the dose coefficients is analyzed.