Different Methods For Conversion Research Articles

Fuel economy raising of alternative fuel converted diesel engines

As a result of the theoretical research, calculations of the theoretical indicated specific fuel consumption for different methods of conversion of diesel engines to gas were carried out. The traditional method of derating in the conversion of diesel engines to gas by installing additional gaskets between the cylinder head and block was considered and the method of derating due to late intake valve closing was proposed.As a result of in vitro experimental research with different methods of conversion of the Opel X17DTL diesel engine, it was found that using the traditional method of engine derating by installing additional gaskets between the cylinder head and block, the indicated specific consumption increased, on average, by 8–9 %. But with a decrease in the compression ratio of the engine by the proposed method due to late intake valve closing, the experimental value of the indicated specific consumption not only did not increase, but decreased, on average, by 7–8 %. The reduction of the compression ratio of the engine due to late intake valve closing by the proposed method was carried out by changing the shape of the camshaft cams. To this end, the cams of the intake valves were fused and then ground to the desired profile, with which late intake valve closing occurred within the predetermined limits.The results obtained allow optimizing the processes of conversion of diesel engines to gas and reducing the fuel consumption of converted engines, on average, by 15–17 % compared to gas engines converted in a traditional way.

Intrathecal immunoglobulin M production: A promising high-risk marker in clinically isolated syndrome patients.

Markers predicting the course of patients with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) toward multiple sclerosis (MS) are urgently needed. We evaluated the predictive values of intrathecal immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgM production with different methods for conversion to definite MS according to revised McDonald 2010 criteria in a cohort of 126 CIS patients. Intrathecal IgM production showed the highest likelihood ratio for the conversion of CIS patients to definite MS at 6.3, whereas it was 1.4 for oligoclonal IgG bands. We conclude that the determination of intrathecal IgM is a valuable tool to predict the disease course of patients with CIS. Ann Neurol 2018;83:1032-1036.

Disassembly of old radium sources and conversion of radium sulfate into radium carbonate for subsequent dissolution in acid

In this work details of safe radium source disassembly which were previously used in brachytherapy are described and different methods for conversion of RaSO4 into aqueous solution are reviewed. The method of choice included three cycles of RaSO4 heating in 1.5 M Na2CO3 up to 85 °C, cooling and subsequent removal of supernatant. X-ray diffraction study showed that the method allows the synthesis of, presumably, amorphous RaCO3, which can be dissolved in mineral acid. Gamma spectrometric measurements showed that most of the initial RaSO4 was converted into solution and that 7 ± 1 % of the initial 210Pb was co-precipitated with RaCO3.

Simulation of Biomass Gasification

This paper deals with the modeling and analysis of drying of biomass in gasification. Biomass is a potential alternative for fossil fuels like coal, oil etc., to sustainably meet the increasing energy needs of the world. The different methods of conversion of biomass are anaerobic and thermo chemical conversion. Since, thermo chemical conversion is a reliable one we opted to choose it. The paper deals more with the analysis of the biomass drying and heat transfer towards the inlet air for combustion. The proposed work increases the efficiency of the drying chamber by increasing the temperature of the inlet air and also it analyses on increasing the effectiveness of the heat exchanger by changing the input values by simulation. Simulation is the initiation of the real world process or system overtime. It is also used with the scientific modeling of human system to gain insight. Here simulation is carried out using MATLAB. It is user friendly and adds real time values in coding.The results are plotted in the graph shows the comparative performance before and after preheating.

Preparation and properties of niobia- and tantala-doped orthorhombic zirconia

The authors investigated the coprecipitation as hydroxides from aqueous solutions to facilitate the production process and different methods of conversion to the oxides. The sintering behaviour of these precursors and the properties of the sintered ceramic samples are reported.

Comparative Costs of Converting Shelf List Records to Machine Readable Form

A study at Michigan State University Library compared the costs of three different methods of conversion: keypunching, paper-tape typewriting, and optical scanning by a service bureau. The record converted included call number, copy number, first 39 letters of the author's name, first 43 letters of the title, and date of publication. Source documents were all of the shelf list cards at the Library. The end products were a master book tape of the library collections and a machine readable book card for each volume to be used in an automated circulation system.

The Operation of Frequency Converters and Mixers for Superheterodyne Reception

This paper presents a general picture of superheterodyne frequency conversion followed by a detailed discussion of the behavior of tubes used with different types of oscillator injection. The general picture shows that the different methods of frequency conversion are basically similar for small signals. A strong local-oscillator voltage (which may be a pure sine wave) causes a periodic variation (which is usually nonsinusoidal) of the signal-electrode transconductance. The coefficient of each Fourier component of the transconductance-versus-time relationship is just twice the conversion transconductance at the corresponding harmonic of the local-oscillator frequency. For most tubes the conversion transconductance g c at the oscillator fundamental is approximately 28 per cent of the maximum transconductance. At the second harmonic, g c is about 14 per cent, and at the third harmonic it is about 9 per cent of the maximum transconductance. Fluctuation noise and input resistance at high frequencies of the different methods of conversion may be found from the time average over the oscillator cycle. Using these general concepts, we discuss the detailed behavior of three conversion methods. In the first method, signal and local-oscillator voltages are impressed on the same electrodes. This method gives best signal-to-noise ratio, but has the disadvantage of bad interaction between signal and local-oscillator circuits. In the second method, the local-oscillator voltage is impressed on an electrode which precedes the signal electrode along the direction of electron flow.