Different Measures Of Depression Research Articles

Association of the Dietary Inflammatory Index with Depressive Symptoms among Pre- and Post-Menopausal Women: Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2010.

During their lifetime, 20% of US women experience depression. Studies have indicated that a high Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) score is associated with high C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and depression. No previous study has compared the association of the DII with different measures of depression (e.g., somatic, cognitive) among pre- and post-menopausal women. We used data from 2512 pre-menopausal and 2392 post-menopausal women from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005–2010 database. We ran linear and logistic regression models to compare the association of the DII with survey-measured depression among pre- and post-menopausal women. We further assessed the mediation effect of CRP on the association of the DII and depression, using structural equation modeling. The odds of experiencing depression among pre-menopausal women was higher for all DII quartiles compared to the reference group (i.e., DII Q1), with an odds ratio (OR) of 3.2, 5.0, and 6.3 for Q2, Q3, and Q4, respectively (p < 0.05). Among post-menopausal women, only Q4 had 110% higher odds of experiencing depression compared to Q1 (p = 0.027). No mediation effect of CRP was found between DII and any of our depression outcome measures. Our findings suggest that lifestyle habits, such as diet, may have a stronger influence on mental health among pre-menopausal women than post-menopausal women.

Sadder and Less Gullible?—Investigating Depressive Realism Effects in Judgments of Veracity

Introduction: Depressive realism literature suggests that depressed individuals’ negative self-view is correlated with less self-serving positivity bias. Also, research suggests some social cognitive advantages for individuals with subclinical levels of depression (dysphoria), especially in identifying negative emotions. This study tested the hypothesis that individuals with dysphoric symptoms show less of a truth bias and are more accurate at detecting deception. Moreover, this effect was expected to be stronger in positive statements (I like) than in negative (I dislike) statements. Finally, a lower judgment confidence and a more accurate assessment of their lie detection ability were expected to be found in individuals with dysphoric symptoms. Methods: Two hundred-sixty-nine participants judged the veracity of 24 video statements. Analyses tested the hypotheses with three different measures of depression: the IPIP-240 Depression Subscale, the PHQ-9, and the DESC-I. Results: In contrast to the assumptions, results found no evidence that individuals with dysphoric symptoms were better at identifying false and true messages in general. While higher scores of the DESC-I were negatively correlated with accuracy in lie detection, the IPIP-240 and the PHQ-9 were found to be not significantly correlated with lie detection accuracy. While for like statements individuals with dysphoric symptoms and individuals without (measured with the DESC-I) were not different in accuracy, individuals with dysphoric symptoms had lower accuracy scores in dislike statements than individuals without. Moreover, the PHQ-9 found lower measures of judgment confidence in individuals with dysphoric symptoms compared to individuals without, while the other depression measurements showed no significant differences. Furthermore, no evidence for a more accurate assessment of lie detection ability in individuals with dysphoric symptoms was found. Discussion: Results and directions for future research are discussed.

Diagnostic Performance of the 4-Item Geriatric Depression Scale for Depression Screening in Older Patients with Cancer: The ELCAPA Cohort Study.

In older patients with cancer, depression is difficult to assess because of its heterogeneous clinical expression. The 4-item version of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-4) is quick and easy to administer but has not been validated in this population. The present study was designed to test the diagnostic performance of the GDS-4 in a French cohort of older patients with cancer before treatment. Our cross-sectional analysis of data from the Elderly Cancer Patient cohort covered all patients with cancer aged ≥70 years and referred for geriatric assessment at two centers in France between 2007 and 2018. The GDS-4's psychometric properties were evaluated against three different measures of depression: the geriatrician's clinical diagnosis (based on a semistructured interview), the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, and a cluster analysis. The scale's sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) were calculated. In a sample of 2,293 patients (median age, 81 years; women, 46%), the GDS-4's sensitivity and specificity for detecting physician-diagnosed depression were, respectively, 90% and 89%. The positive and negative likelihood ratios were 8.2 and 0.11, and the AUROC was 92%. When considering the subset of patients with data on all measures of depression, the sensitivity and specificity values were, respectively, ≥90% and ≥72%, the positive and negative likelihood ratios were, respectively, ≥3.4 and ≤ 0.11, and the AUROC was ≥91%. The GDS-4 appears to be a clinically relevant, easy-to-use tool for routine depression screening in older patients with cancer. Considering the overlap between symptoms of cancer and symptoms of depression, depression is particularly difficult to assess in older geriatric oncology and is associated with poor outcomes; there is a need for a routine psychological screening. Self-report instruments like the 4-item version of the Geriatric Depression Scale appears to be a clinically relevant, easy-to-use tool for routine depression screening in older patients with cancer. Asking four questions might enable physicians to screen older patients with cancer for depression and then guide them toward further clinical evaluation and appropriate care if required.

Measures of depression and incident type 2 diabetes in a community sample

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to estimate associations between distinct measures of depression and incident type 2 diabetes. MethodsOur sample consisted of 30,360 community-dwelling adults aged 40 to 69 in Canada. Depression was defined as elevated depressive symptoms using the Patient Health Questionnaire 9, diagnoses of depression in administrative data, or antidepressant use from a medication inventory. Type 2 diabetes was ascertained in administrative data over up to 7 years of follow-up. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate associations between different measures of depression and incident diabetes. ResultsIn separate models, elevated depressive symptoms were associated with a 17% increased risk of type 2 diabetes (hazard ratio (HR) 1.17, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02–1.34), diagnoses of depression were associated with a 20% increased risk (HR 1.20, 95% CI 0.94–1.52), and antidepressant use was associated with a 19% increased risk (HR 1.19, 95% CI 1.01–1.41). When examining combinations of measures in the same model, depressive symptoms paired with antidepressant use and depressive symptoms paired with diagnoses of depression were associated with the highest risk of type 2 diabetes. ConclusionsVarious measures of depression and combinations of measures can be used to identify older adults at higher risk of type 2 diabetes in research and public health.

Memory-Related Emotion Regulation and its Relation to Internalizing Symptoms

Memory-related emotion-regulation is the emotion-regulation strategies employed in response to the retrieval of specific autobiographical memories. We propose that memory-related emotion-regulation may facilitate the link between a memory’s centrality to an individual’s identity and internalizing symptoms as identified in previous work. In two studies (Ns = 229 and 199), Amazon MTurk workers reported the use of five emotion regulation strategies in relation to recent memories that were judged to be either highly central or less central to their identity. Further, participants completed different measures of depression and anxiety symptoms. Across both studies, high-centrality memories were associated with greater employment of emotion regulation strategies than low-centrality memories. Brooding over high-centrality memories (but not low-centrality memories) predicted depressive symptoms. For anxiety, in Study 1, emotion regulation for both high- and low-centrality memories was associated with higher generalized anxiety disorder symptoms (i.e. worry). In Study 2, emotion regulation of high-centrality memories (but not low-centrality memories) predicted fear and panic symptoms. Highly central memories were associated with a distinct emotional experience and emotion regulation strategies. Brooding, when remembering highly central events, was robustly associated with all types of internalizing symptoms. Other emotion regulation strategies showed less consistent patterns, and emotion regulation for low centrality memories was related only to worry. Overall, the findings underscore the importance that memory centrality has for understanding emotion regulation when experiencing elevated depressive and anxiety symptoms.

Examining parent and child agreement in the diagnosis of adolescent depression.

The diagnosis of depression in adolescents relies on identifying the presence of specific core and additional symptoms. Symptoms can be identified using structured or unstructured interviews and a range of questionnaire measures, which are completed by the young person and by a parent or carer. The aim of this research was to examine the inter- and intra-rater reliability of parent report and adolescent self-report of depression symptoms. In a sample of parent-child dyads, where young people aged 13-17 were referred to a mental health service for depression, we examined adolescents' (n=46) and parents' (n=46) independent responses to the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia in School-Age Children (Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 1997, 980) and the Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27, 1988, 726). In the clinical interview, diagnostic criteria were more often met based on the adolescent's report, and adolescents endorsed more symptoms of depression than their parents. Tentative results also suggest that parent-child agreement about specific symptoms was low. Comparing different measures of depression revealed that adolescent report on the questionnaire and interview was significantly correlated. However, there was no significant correlation between parent questionnaire and interview report. These results suggest that relying solely on parents to identify depression in their children may result in young people with depression being missed and therefore untreated. Young people themselves should be encouraged and enabled to recognise the symptoms of depression and have an established pathway to services that offer assessment and treatment. Key Practitioner Message Diagnosis of depression in adolescents requires the identification of specific symptoms and can be identified using interviews or questionnaires. Previous research has suggested that parents and young people provide differing reports regarding symptoms of adolescent depression. Results indicated that diagnostic criteria were more often met based on young person report and that parents reported significantly less symptoms. Parent-child agreement about specific symptoms was found to be low. Assessment of adolescent depression should not rely solely on parental report. Young people should be encouraged and enabled to recognise symptoms of depression and be able to access mental health services.

The association between different measures of depression and subsequent major cardiovascular events

Introduction Associations between depression and cardiovascular disease (CVD) have been reported in a number of studies. However, in many of these, the results have not been adjusted for potentially important confounding factors. As a result, some researchers argue that the observed association is primarily due to residual confounding. With the large amount of data collected, the UK Biobank offers a unique opportunity to assess to what extent the association between depression and CVD may be due to residual confounding. We investigated whether different measures of depression remain independent risk factors for major cardiovascular events (MCVE) after controlling for a number of potential confounding factors. Methods We used data from 275,759 UK Biobank participants without a history of cardiovascular disease and major mental disorders other than depression who had complete data available. In primary analyses, depression was defined as one or more of self-reported depression, antidepressant use, or hospital admission for depression. In secondary analyses, the effects of each of the subcategories of depression were analyzed separately. MCVE were defined as first-ever fatal or non-fatal stroke or myocardial infarction ascertained from hospital admission and cause of death records. We performed Cox Proportional Hazards models to estimate the risk of MCVE among participants with depression compared to those without depression. We obtained hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for unadjusted models, age, sex, ethnicity, education, income and area-based deprivation adjusted models, and fully adjusted models. Fully adjusted models additionally included measures of body mass index, alcohol intake, physical activity, smoking, homeownership, fruit and vegetable consumption, oily fish intake, and family history of stroke, heart disease, hypertension and/or depression. Results We identified a total of 21,842 (7.9%) participants with depression at baseline of whom 64.1% had a self-reported depression diagnosis, 7.4% had a history of hospital admission for depression, and 76.6% reported using antidepressants. The proportion of people who were previous or current smokers, obese, physically inactive, or reported having diabetes or high cholesterol levels was higher among participants with depression than participants without depression. During a median of 6.7 years of follow-up, an incident MCVE occurred among 326 participants with depression and 3,718 participants without depression. In fully adjusted models, hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for MCVE were 1.13 (1.01–1.27) for participants with any indication of depression, 1.14 (1.00–1.31) for participants with self-reported depression, 1.60 (1.18–2.17) for participants with history of a hospital admission with depression, and 1.12 (0.99–1.27) for participants reporting antidepressant use. In all analyses, hazard ratios increased after adjustment for age, sex, ethnicity, and socioeconomic factors but were attenuated after full adjustment. Similar patterns were observed when stroke and myocardial infarction were used separately as outcomes. Conclusions All measures of depression remained independent risk factors for MCVE after adjustment for a variety of potential confounding factors and effect estimates were similar for all sub-categories of depression. The adjusted hazard ratios should only be interpreted causally if one assumes that the covariates are common sources of depression and MCVE. This assumption remains controversial. Some argue that lifestyle factors such as body mass index, smoking, and physical activity are mediators in the relationship between depression and cardiovascular events. Future studies should apply more advanced statistical methods in order to determine the effect of lifestyle factors as potential mediators and explore potential for interactions.

Two-Year Impact of Prevention Programs on Adolescent Depression: an Integrative Data Analysis Approach.

This paper presents the first findings of an integrative data analysis of individual-level data from 19 adolescent depression prevention trials (n = 5210) involving nine distinct interventions across 2years post-randomization. In separate papers, several interventions have been found to decrease the risk of depressive disorders or elevated depressive/internalizing symptoms among youth. One type of intervention specifically targets youth without a depressive disorder who are at risk due to elevated depressive symptoms and/or having a parent with a depressive disorder. A second type of intervention targets two broad domains: prevention of problem behaviors, which we define as drug use/abuse, sexual risk behaviors, conduct disorder, or other externalizing problems, and general mental health. Most of these latter interventions improve parenting or family factors. We examined the shared and unique effects of these interventions by level of baseline youth depressive symptoms, sociodemographic characteristics of the youth (age, sex, parent education, and family income), type of intervention, and mode of intervention delivery to the youth, parent(s), or both. We harmonized eight different measures of depression utilized across these trials and used growth models to evaluate intervention impact over 2years. We found a significant overall effect of these interventions on reducing depressive symptoms over 2years and a stronger impact among those interventions that targeted depression specifically rather than problem behaviors or general mental health, especially when baseline symptoms were high. Implications for improving population-level impact are discussed.

Cross-Measure Equivalence and Communicability in the Assessment of Depression

All measures of depression yield a global summary scale indicating the severity of depressive symptoms, implicitly conceptualized as a homogeneous construct. However, depression is a heterogeneous construct, with different presentations, subtypes, correlates, and responses to interventions. In response, the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) has suggested changes in the way depression is assessed, moving the focus to specific factors, such as cognitive, somatic, or affective symptoms. Still, there is little factor overlap between measures, and shared factors are weighted differently. To help fulfill NIMH's strategic plan, this study used canonical correlation analysis (CCA) to explore shared latent variables and redundancy across the measures. It also analyzed the psychometric properties of factor-based subscales in the Beck Depression Inventory-2nd edition (BDI-II), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES-D), Inventory for Depression and Anxiety Symptoms (IDAS), and Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (IDS). Using a diverse sample of 218 students who reported at least mild depressive symptoms, this study found that the IDAS was best aligned with NIMH's strategic plan; it has complete DSM-IV/DSM-5 symptom coverage and content-valid, psychometrically sound subscales. The BDI-II, CES-D, and IDS did not have consistent subscales, nor had incomplete or incongruent coverage of DSM criteria. Furthermore, CCA revealed low redundancy across measures (23% to 41% shared variance). These results suggest that different measures of depression do not measure the same construct. As a partial solution, empirical conversion tables were provided for researchers and clinicians to empirically compare total scores from different measures.

Genetic risk profiles for depression and anxiety in adult and elderly cohorts

The first generation of genome-wide association studies (GWA studies) for psychiatric disorders has led to new insights regarding the genetic architecture of these disorders. We now start to realize that a larger number of genes, each with a small contribution, are likely to explain the heritability of psychiatric diseases. The contribution of a large number of genes to complex traits can be analyzed with genome-wide profiling. In a discovery sample, a genetic risk profile for depression was defined based on a GWA study of 1738 adult cases and 1802 controls. The genetic risk scores were tested in two population-based samples of elderly participants. The genetic risk profiles were evaluated for depression and anxiety in the Rotterdam Study cohort and the Erasmus Rucphen Family (ERF) study. The genetic risk scores were significantly associated with different measures of depression and explained up to ∼0.7% of the variance in depression in Rotterdam Study and up to ∼1% in ERF study. The genetic score for depression was also significantly associated with anxiety explaining up to 2.1% in Rotterdam study. These findings suggest the presence of many genetic loci of small effect that influence both depression and anxiety. Remarkably, the predictive value of these profiles was as large in the sample of elderly participants as in the middle-aged samples.

Deliberate self-harm and suicide attempt in custody: Distinguishing features in male inmates' self-injurious behavior

Self-injurious behavior involving deliberate self-harm and suicide attempts by inmates while under custodial authority is a major problem for prisons and jails (prevalence, legal obligation for suicide prevention, and stress for officers). The differentiation of “serious” vs. “non-serious” and often manipulative suicide attempts as distinct phenomena, each with its own clinical features, is controversially discussed in current literature and a challenge for every diagnostician. If distinct clinical presentations and histories can be observed, an estimation of the seriousness of each act of self-injurious behavior can be simplified, whereby appropriate treatment of the individual case becomes possible. The aim of the study was to find differences between self-injurious behavior of “low seriousness” (i.e. low lethality and low suicidal intent) and of “high seriousness”. Therefore, inmates showing self-injurious behavior were divided into subgroups of deliberate self-harm and suicide attempters on the basis of the act's intent and lethality. This was followed by a comparison of the clinical presentations of the individual inmates constituting the subgroups. Hence, 49 inmates showing self-injurious behavior were interviewed and tested with a variety of instruments (SCID-I and II, PCL-R, BDI-II, BHS, BSS, SIS, etc.), and their prison and health files were examined. The results indicate significant correlations between seriousness and some demographic, prison-related variables as well as different measures of depression. Negative, but nonsignificant correlations could be observed with regard to cluster B personality disorders. The PCL-R total score as well as PCL-R factor 1 showed a statistical trend for negative correlations with measures of seriousness. Inmates showing deliberate self-harm and suicide attempters seem to differ in a number of ways. Implications on how the individual prisoner should be treated are discussed.

How to screen for depression and emotional problems in patients with diabetes: comparison of screening characteristics of depression questionnaires, measurement of diabetes-specific emotional problems and standard clinical assessment

We compared the screening performance of different measures of depression: the standard clinical assessment (SCA); the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI); the Center of Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D); and the Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID) questionnaire, which assesses diabetes-specific distress. We also studied the ability of these measures to detect diabetes-related distress. A total of 376 diabetic patients (37.2% type 1; 23.9% type 2 without insulin treatment, 38.8% type 2 with insulin) completed the BDI and CES-D; patients who screened positive participated in a diagnostic interview, the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Also, all patients completed the PAID questionnaire. Results of the SCA that related to depression diagnosis were reviewed to correct for false negative screening results. The prevalence of clinical depression was 14.1%, with an additional 18.9% of patients receiving a diagnosis of subclinical depression. Sensitivity for clinical depression in SCA (56%) was moderate, whereas BDI, CES-D and the PAID questionnaire showed satisfactory sensitivity (87, 79 and 81%, respectively). For subclinical depression, the sensitivity of the PAID questionnaire (79%) was sufficient, whereas that of SCA (25%) was poor. All methods showed low sensitivity for the detection of diabetes-specific emotional problems (SCA 19%, CIDI 34%, BDI 60%, CES-D 49%). The screening performance of SCA for clinical and subclinical depression was modest. Additional screening for depression using the PAID or another depression questionnaire seems reasonable. The ability of depression screening measures to identify diabetes-related distress is modest, suggesting that the PAID questionnaire could be useful when screening diabetic patients for both depression and emotional problems.

Population attributable risk of major depression for suicidal ideation in a random and representative community sample

Background: The importance of depression in suicidal behaviour and suicidal ideation is usually determined on clinical samples. However, public health planning also requires population data. This study utilised the population attributable risk statistic in determining the importance of major depression as a contributing factor to suicidal ideation in a random and representative sample of the population. Method: Major depression and suicidal ideation as well as demographic and clinical data were delineated in a random and representative population sample of 3010 subjects. The population attributable risk statistic was used to determine the contribution of major depression to suicidal ideation. Results: Multivariate analysis demonstrated that major depression was the major contributor to the risk for suicidal ideation with a population attributable risk of 56.6%. Conclusions: These results, utilising different measures of depression and suicidal ideation to those few previous population attributable risk studies examining this issue, confirm the overwhelming importance of major depression as a contributing factor to suicidal ideation in the community.

Depression in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review of the literature with meta-analysis.

This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the strength of association between rheumatoid arthritis and depression. In addition, we investigated the extent to which sociodemographic characteristics, level of pain, and method of assessing depression might affect the degree of depression. CD-ROM databases and bibliographies were searched to identify all studies comparing depression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and control subjects using standardized assessments. Effect sizes (Pearson's r) and probabilities were combined across studies. We examined the extent to which the association between rheumatoid arthritis and depression could be attributed to level of pain (using contrasts), sociodemographic differences between groups (combining methodologically restricted studies), and methods of assessing depression (examining heterogeneity across studies). Twelve independent studies comparing depression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis with depression in healthy control subjects were found. Effect sizes for depression were small to moderate (r =.21, p <.0001; heterogeneous). This effect was not reduced in studies controlling for sociodemographic characteristics (r =.27, p <.0001). The effect sizes did vary in a linear manner in proportion to the effect size for pain (z = 2.67, p =.0064). The effect sizes produced by different measures of depression were heterogeneous (chi(2) for Fisher's Z = 24.6, p =.0002), with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale giving effect sizes most dissimilar to those of other measures. Depression is more common in patients with rheumatoid arthritis than in healthy individuals. This difference is not due to sociodemographic differences between groups, but it may be attributable, in part, to the levels of pain experienced. Variation in the methods of assessing depression partly accounts for the differences among studies examining the levels of depression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

An inventory to measure helplessness, hopelessness, and haplessness.

Using a sample of 69 undergraduates, scales were devised to measure helplessness, hopelessness, and haplessness and shown to have good reliability. Briefer scales were also developed whose scores were independent of one another in a factor analysis. Scores for 19 male and 50 female undergraduates on the 4-item scales of Helplessness and Hopelessness were associated with two different measures of depression, but scores on Hopelessness provided the stronger correlate.

Correlation between scores on the Beck Depression Inventory and the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale.

The Beck Depression Inventory and the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale were administered to a stratified sample of 78 college students. The two measures of depression were significantly correlated .54. In addition, Beck scores were influenced by an interaction of year and college variables, and Zung scores were different for males and females. It is concluded that these two scales offer somewhat different measures of depression.

Child, mother, and father evaluations of depression in psychiatric inpatient children.

The agreement among children and their parents in evaluating the children's depression was examined in 48 families. Newly admitted inpatient children (ages 6-13) and their mothers and fathers independently completed self-report and interview measures to assess severity and duration of the children's depression. The results indicated that different measures of depression completed by the same rater (child, mother, or father) were highly intercorrelated. Yet there was little or no relationship between child-mother and child-father ratings of the children's depression for the same or related measures of depression. Children independently diagnosed (DSM III) as depressed rated themselves and were rated by their parents as more depressed than nondepressed children. Even so, children consistently rated themselves as less depressed across the measures than did their parents. Parent ratings of the children's depression and the correspondence of child-parent ratings varied as a function of several child and family variables, including child IQ, gender, race, and family welfare status.

Assessment of Childhood Depression: Correspondence of Child and Parent Ratings

The present investigation evaluated the correspondence of child and parental reports of the children's depression. One-hundred-four children (ages 5–13) hospitalized on a psychiatric intensive care service, 101 mothers, and 47 fathers independently completed several measures to assess severity and duration of the children's depression. To validate the depression instruments, measures of hopelessness and self-esteem (completed by the children) and somatic complaints and internalizing (completed by the parents) were also included. The results indicated that different measures of depression completed by the same rater (child, mother, or father) were highly intercorrelated. However, there was little or no relationship between mother-child and father-child reports of the children's depression for the same or different measures of depression. Children's ratings of depression were positively correlated with hopelessness and parent ratings of somatic complaints and negatively correlated with self-esteem. Children independently diagnosed as depressed (DSM-III) were higher in severity of depression than nondepressed children on child and parent completed measures. The implications of the present results for further evaluation of child self-report and factors that may contribute to correspondence with parental report are highlighted.

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The present investigation evaluated the correspondence of child and parental reports of the children's depression. One-hundred-four children (ages 5–13) hospitalized on a psychiatric intensive care service, 101 mothers, and 47 fathers independently completed several measures to assess severity and duration of the children's depression. To validate the depression instruments, measures of hopelessness and self-esteem (completed by the children) and somatic complaints and internalizing (completed by the parents) were also included. The results indicated that different measures of depression completed by the same rater (child, mother, or father) were highly intercorrelated. However, there was little or no relationship between mother-child and father-child reports of the children's depression for the same or different measures of depression. Children's ratings of depression were positively correlated with hopelessness and parent ratings of somatic complaints and negatively correlated with self-esteem. Children independently diagnosed as depressed (DSM-III) were higher in severity of depression than nondepressed children on child and parent completed measures. The implications of the present results for further evaluation of child self-report and factors that may contribute to correspondence with parental report are highlighted.