Different Means Of Expression Research Articles

The Prosthetic Imagination: A History of the Novel as Artificial Life by Peter Boxall

Reviewed by: The Prosthetic Imagination: A History of the Novel as Artificial Life by Peter Boxall Sandra Guardini Vasconcelos The Prosthetic Imagination: A History of the Novel as Artificial Life. By Peter Boxall. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2020. xi+ 411 pp. £29.99. ISBN 978-1-108-83648-7. Mimesis meets prosthesis meets the novel genre. The natural self encounters the artificial or automated self. The organic comes up against the mechanic. The expansive and the contractive drives oppose one another. These are some of the sets of forces that run through and operate in Peter Boxall's most recent book—a fine achievement that recasts the history of prose fiction from the perspective of the relationship [End Page 119] between the living and the non-living, the human and the natural, the natural and the artificial. From Thomas More's Utopia to the twenty-first century, Boxall covers a long history (that of the novel in particular) in order to answer questions that underlie the whole book but are ultimately spelt out in the last chapter: how do we picture the world and 'what amalgam of abstract idea and thrown being, of fact and imagination, of blind circumstance and structured forethought, constitutes the experience of enworlding' (p. 319)? While the former has always been the concern of the novel genre—the novel has invariably endeavoured to picture the world (real or imaginary)—the latter reveals Boxall's specific approach. His contribution is to re-evaluate the novel from a philosophical and political standpoint that takes into account the forms that connect the mind with the world. In a move very much in accordance with the genre's pliability, he believes that the present requires us to reread the novel so as to discover in it 'a new set of aesthetic and political possibilities' (p. 21). It is thus that he retraces the novel back to its origins and explores the dialectic between reality and imagination with the novel as mediator between mind and matter, life and death. Boxall suggests that imagination is a prosthetic device and that the novel itself, throughout its history, has also been a prosthetic device—an extension of the self, its task having been to transform inanimate into living material. In different works, the non-living is brought to life, erasing the distinction between the living and the dead, the real and the artificial—for example, hand, glasses, puppet, radio, wig, whalebone leg as tropes, or tools that enhance interior life and are attached to it. The prosthetic condition, therefore, brings together interiority and material extension and finds different means of expression in a wealth of novelists such as Daniel Defoe, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Jane Austen, Herman Melville, Charles Dickens, George Eliot, Henry James, Virginia Woolf, Don Delillo, to reach a certain climax in the discussion of Samuel Beckett, Toni Morrison, and Margaret Atwood. Through a careful choice of novels and writers, Boxall makes a strong case for the way prosthetic materials have been mobilized to deal in the relation between thought and world. Engaging just in passing with canonical theorists such as Georg Lukacs, Ian Watt, or Mikhail Bakhtin, this study privileges an original take on the novel and on how the prosthetic imagination has amalgamated idea and material throughout novelistic history. Its five parts provide a strict chronological account of the body and the way it establishes new connections with its prosthetic extensions. Boxall's timeline has a target and a culmination in his last chapter, the most interesting and challenging of all, in my view. As Chapter 9 presents a round-up of the discussion carried out throughout the book, it also makes a projection into the future by imagining what prosthetic worlds could or would look like in the twenty-first century. It is an intellectual and imaginative exercise as well as a serious and brave attempt to think of our own contemporary times and the future of this literary form that has been with us for centuries now. Even though artificial life has been a feature of the genre since its beginnings, it seems to be more than ever a contemporary phenomenon, posing new challenges to the...

Kamerna opera Kšištofa Nitela i muzičko pozorište Agnješke Stulginske - primeri novog sinkretističkog medija u savremenoj poljskoj muzici

This essay analyses and interprets the scores, recordings, and media used in Knittel and King's The Heart Piece - Double Opera (1999) and Stulgińska's Three Women for three women and ten instruments (2017), two semi-improvised Polish operas using performance art and interaction between sound, text, choreography, lighting, theatrical form and electronic medium. In Stuglińska's modern music theatre, the listener follows different sound sources and the setting: choreography, performers' and speakers' arrangement on stage, props and lighting, whose intensity dictates the form. The Heart Piece chamber opera is a two - Polish and American - composers' take on Müller's play Herzstück, with separate movements in their native languages. Music and text create an interactive setting, and their notation and semantics make music both seen and heard. These works use the concept of hybridization and, in Wolf's terminology, intracompositional intermediality, where different means of expression create an intermedial discourse, a complementary whole and a new syncretistic medium.

Лексическая типология в ошибках изучающих русский как иностранный: анализ глагола падать в текстах инофонов

This paper investigates the use of the Russian verb padat’ ‘to fall’ and its quasi-synonyms. Padat’ is dominant in the system of Russian predicates of falling —and therefore should be suitable for describing any type of uncontrolled downward motion. However, in a number of contexts a diff erent means of expression is required. These contexts are not easily detected because they normally render the meanings which are peripheral in the semantic domain of falling. In this study, we attempt to fi nd such contexts with the help of the Russian Learner Corpus, which contains texts produced by heritage speakers and learners of Russian with various dominant languages. The corpus enables search by error tags and gives valuable data for the analysis of learners’ interlanguage. Lexical and grammatical violations found in the free production of foreign learners of Russian are used to uncover cases where the dominant verb padat’ ‘to fall’ yields to its quasi-synonymous counterparts. In this paper we are aiming at detecting specific limitations in the distribution of the dominant lexeme and, based on the data coming from the Russian Learner Corpus (for this study examples from learners dominant in English and Korean are taken), we focus on the initial point of the falling motion, precipitation subframe and aspectual characteristics of the dominant verb upast’ and its quasi-synonym vypast’. The latter issue is investigated through the scope effect that the verbs of falling demonstrate in combination with the Russian proximative adverb počti ‘almost’. For each case we give a possible explanation of the learner’s error and make an attempt to establish the rules of standard Russian that make the use of the dominant lexeme unacceptable. The results of the study significantly contribute to typological analysis of dominant systems across languages and have implications for synchronic and diachronic studies of domain lexemes.

Flood Descriptions and Reflections in Art

Mitoloji bilinmeyen bir zamanda ve yerde yaşanan, olağanüstü varlıklar ve olayların anlatımıdır. Manevi dünyayı ve dış dünya ile ilişkileri de yansıtmaktadır. İnsanın varoluşundan bugüne kadar bazı büyük olaylar meydana gelmiştir. Heraklitus, Platon ve Aristoteles, geçmişte insanlığın uğradığı en büyük olayları su ve ateş felaketleri olarak ifade etmişlerdir. Su bazen yaradılışın ilk aşaması, bazen insanların cezalandırılması olarak kabul edilir. Aristo’ya göre sanatçı, gerçekten olanı değil, olabilir olanı, yani, rastlantı ve mümkün olabileni anlatandır demiştir. Olan ve olabilir olan en büyük olaylardan su ile ilgili olan tufan efsanesi, mitolojinin, dinin ve sanatın olağanüstü özellikler taşıyan konusu olmuştur. Tufan’ın meydana gelmesi neden ve sonuçları irdelendiğinde, olağan ve sosyal nitelikler içermektedir. Tufan mitleri, bölgelere özgü anlatımlar içerse de genellikle bölgesel olmaktan çok bütün dünyayı etkileyen bir olay olarak anlatılmıştır. Tufan facialara neden olurken, düzene ve inanca meydan okumaktadır. Kültürel ve dinsel bir nitelik taşıyan Tufan’ın birçok psikolojik, sosyolojik, dini, tarihi ve sanatsal yansımalarının olması da kaçınılmazdır. Bu olayları ele alan sanat dalları, farklı anlatım araçlarını kullanarak dinsel, ahlaki ve politik mesajıyla toplumu ve evrenin minimal temsilini yansılayan bir araca dönüşmüştür. İnsanın inanışa, doğaüstüne, ruhani olana, hayal gücüne bağlılığı hep olacaktır. Toplumsal devamlılığı sağlayan mitoloji, felsefenin ön temsili gibi görünse de kendisini ifade ettiği en güçlü alan sanattır. Edebiyat ve sanat dünyasında tufan daha çok kavram olarak kullanılmıştır. Çok sayıda çağdaş roman ve filme konu olmuştur. İnsanın doğaya karşı üstün olduğu düşüncesi ve üstün davranışını ele almaktadır. Tufan mitolojisi sanatta, çok sık bir şekilde kullanmıştır, sanatçılar bu kaynaktan beslenmişlerdir. Bu çalışmada, sanata kaynaklık eden ve sanattın farklı dallarında konu alınan tufan efsanesi farklı kültürlerde görülmesi ve sanata dönemi bakımından önem arz eden örneklerle anlatılmaya çalışılmıştır.

Two Maps of Rainfall. Semiotic Analysis of Data Visualisation

The article offers a comparison of two visual texts, maps which use different means of expression to visualize a single phenomenon, namely the projected change in rainfall in Europe in the period from 2071 to 2100. These are projections of qualitative data that reflect the relation between a natural phenomenon and a particular geographic location. Rainfall described in figures is presented to the viewer via graphic, verbal, and even material means of expres-sion that help create the impression of the phenomenon’s exist-ence. Map 1 (fig. 1) is a visualisation of rainfall on a completely flat surface created mostly through abstract graphic means of expression. Map 2 (fig. 2, 3, 3a) is a three-dimensional installation consisting of a horizontal map, made of moss and their life-support infrastructure. The latter ensures proper dosage of water and light, thus creating a local ecosystem to control the growth of the moss.The semiotic method of analysis is used to disclose and compare the structure of maps of different expression, their plastic dimension as well as elements of the figurative level. Visual semiotic analysis has been employed here to detect the meaning effects created by different means of expression and identify their differences in the signifying process.The analysis opens up with an overview of the plastic dimension which discusses the chromatic, eidetic, topologic, and haptic characteristics of the map surface. Later, the analysis continues with the overview of the figurative level, focusing on the figures and their thematic values.The last stage of the analysis is dedicated to the generalization of the tensions and oppositions of the plastic level and thematic values of the figures as well as consideration and comparison of the peculiarities related to the perception of meaning.The overall analysis leads to the conclusion that in both maps at-tempts are made to represent the data-based natural phenomenon of rain by means of reinstating the rich sensual experience that was abandoned once the phenomenon was reduced to mathematic values. In addition, it is stated in the conclusions that Map 1 is an object where we can observe constructed signifying system, as meanings here are assigned “artificially”, whereas Map 2 consists of figures of the natural world, namely moss, therefore its language is the natural language.

Composition trends in polish vocal lyric. Musical language features in polish songs after the mid-20th century based on selected examples

The subject for analysis were works for voice and piano by selected Polish composers of the 20th and 21st centuries, e.g. Grażyna Bacewicz, Tadeusz Baird, Henryk Czyż, Henryk Mikołaj Górecki, Henryk Hubertus Jabłoński, Wojciech Kilar, Zygmunt Krauze, Szymon Laks, Witold Lutosławski, Juliusz Mieczysław Łuciuk, Wojciech Łukaszewski, Paweł Łukaszewski, Maciej Małecki, Paweł Mykietyn, Edward Pałłasz, Konrad Pałubicki, Krzysztof Penderecki, Witold Rudziński, Marian Sawa, Kazimierz Serocki, Tadeusz Szeligowski and Romuald Twardowski. An important matter for the author was to determine whether there are common features for this creative genre. She also attempted to find an answer to the question if the trends from the second half of the 20th century were reflected in songs. The scope of analysis covered the repertoire the author knew from her performance practice from the standpoint of a pianist. To the general characteristics of selected songs she added a review of famous trends, techniques and styles of composition, such as impressionism, neoromanticism, expressionism, dodecaphony, serialism, punctualism, minimalism, sonorism, spectralism, neoclassicism, vitalism, postmodernism, aleatoricism, bruitism, microtonality, electronic music, musique concrète, stochastic music, references to previous periods, to folklore and to popular music. She compared musical notation of the analysed works. She also confronted forms of songs with contemporary composition techniques. Interesting was the approach of composers to chamber relations in a duo and the way they made texts musical. Most composers distanced themselves from the avant-garde in works for voice and piano which had a specific poetic text because of the clarity of narration. Matching composers unequivocally to just one trend turned out impossible. Various techniques and phenomena may co-exist in one piece and in the same way one creator may search for different means of expression.

Popular Culture as Educational Space – Depictions of a Utopia in Pop Culture Texts

The aim of the text is to discuss the educational potential of popular culture. The firstpart focuses on theoretical opinions on the relationships of culture and education. Pedagogical thinking about culture is dominated by its humanistic understanding, in which a special sense of culture has been understood as one of the top of human achievement. In traditional pedagogical reflection,there is noticeable concentration on culture as “valuable for educational interactions”. In such a perspective, the space of popular culture is ignored. Perceived as a bad Mr. Hyde of cultural space, it is treated as an area of threats to the development of children and youth. But culture is not only a canon of the achievements of past generations. In the anthropological sense, these are simply the ways of living a life in a society. Popular culture is the space where various aspects are commented on. Popular art plays a special role here.The second part discusses the pop cultural texts that illustrate the characteristic elements of utopia: burial of the “old world”, establishing a “perfect” order, protection against external destruction and against destruction from inside. Formed at different times and based on different means of expression, they address the dilemmas associated with thinking about a “better world”. They present the mechanisms and consequences of building a new society “with their own language”.

Morphological encoding beyond slots and fillers: An ERP study of comparative formation in English.

One important organizational property of morphology is competition. Different means of expression are in conflict with each other for encoding the same grammatical function. In the current study, we examined the nature of this control mechanism by testing the formation of comparative adjectives in English during language production. Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded during cued silent production, the first study of this kind for comparative adjective formation. We specifically examined the ERP correlates of producing synthetic relative to analytic comparatives, e.g. angrier vs. more angry. A frontal, bilaterally distributed, enhanced negative-going waveform for analytic comparatives (vis-a-vis synthetic ones) emerged approximately 300ms after the (silent) production cue. We argue that this ERP effect reflects a control mechanism that constrains grammatically-based computational processes (viz. more comparative formation). We also address the possibility that this particular ERP effect may belong to a family of previously observed negativities reflecting cognitive control monitoring, rather than morphological encoding processes per se.

Quando o Mundo Some: reflexões sobre o futuro da(s) leitura(s)

Resumo: A partir de comparações entre diferentes suportes de expressão e de leitura, propõe-se uma reflexão sobre modos de ler e conhecer. Tomando como eixo reflexivo estudos sobre leitura e modos de enredamento subjetivo de diversos tempos cotejando-os com alguns autores e escritores modernos e contemporâneos, tematiza-se a fronteira entre mundo sensível e representação, com o objetivo de contribuir para uma crítica da apropriação de recursos midiáticos na educação. O argumento principal se estrutura a partir da premissa de que, diante do recobrimento da realidade pelas mídias contemporâneas, mais do que nunca cabe à educação preservar as possibilidades de aprender e de se apreender a partir dos incômodos do real.

Empowerment of Black Mother: Some Feminist Ideologies

Gender has always been a sensitive issue especially in writing. Today identity has become the most important term in every sphere of the world. Each person search for ‘who am I’ or ‘where I stand’; but women have faced more discrimination from time to time in the patriarchal societies. The inequality of sexes finds expression in writing also. Our society and culture have always discouraged women from writing and expressing themselves. But women's urge to talk about themselves through writing compels them to adopt different means of expression. Many post-structuralist feminists like Luce Irigaray, Helen Cixous and Julia Kristeva find woman's specificity buried in the present psycho-socio cultural set-up where language can represent men only. Therefore, women's specificity remains suppressed. Though the meaning, scope and significance of ‘gender’ has enlarged over the years, women studies in India have so far not indulged in these theoretical controversies for the mere reason that hierarchies of caste and class are so strong here, they do not escape anyone's notice, and the western feminists’ ideas regarding gender do not seem so important to woman writers in India.

De la pintura al cine, del cine a la pintura: historias de una imantación

<p>La historia de la representación está parcelada en provincias que estudian la imagen en virtud de su sedimentación en unos medios de expresión diferenciados. Sin embargo, la heterogeneidad audiovisual de nuestra contemporaneidad pone de manifiesto la extrema facilidad con que las imágenes transitan de un soporte a otro.</p><p>Se hace necesario por tanto construir otra historia de lo visual que reivindique la mixtura frente a la esencia, que rastree las circulaciones de las imágenes. En esa historia debería ocupar sin duda un lugar privilegiado la relación que vienen manteniendo durante más de un siglo el cine y la pintura.</p>

An Analytical Study of 2013 Cinematic Adaptation of <i>The</i> <i>Great</i> <i>Gatsby</i>

Comparative Literature is categorized among interdisciplinary studies and tries to bridge a gap between different and separated spheres of human studies. Adaptation studies is a subdivision of Comparative Literature that makes a bond between Literature and Cinema. Both Literature and Cinema are two different mediums or different means of expression. Each has its own language to convey meaning. While novel uses words, cinema uses visual and aural images to convey meaning. Linda Hutchean is a famous adaptation theorist and her theories are used by many critics. She categorizes four different parts for her theory. What? Who and Why? How? When and Where? Through these four main parts, she scrutinizes adaptation process. What, refers to the form, changes, gains and losses, using different tools to convey meaning. Who, refers to the adapter. She poses this question that in adaptation process who is the real adapter? Director, composer, screenplay writer or editor? Why, refers to the motivation of the adapter. She tries to find out different motivation of an adapter to adapt a work. When and Where, refers to the time and place of the adaptation process and its influence both during creation and reception process. In this thesis all of these four main parts of Hutcheon’s theory are scrutinized over 2013 adaptation ofThe Great Gatsbyby Buz Luhrmann. Similarities and differences between a novel and film are illuminated through this research. By determining differences between a film and a novel, hidden and unhidden aspects of the novel will be illuminated and this is a pleasure that a comparatist seeks.

Chronic pain map in the Internet: exploratory study

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Access to the Internet is progressively growing and it is considered major information source, even about health. The number of pain patients is increasing and the access to specialized assistance is still scarce. The web has the possibility of involving a large number of people, but there are still few studies exploring the relationship between pain and Internet. So, this study aimed at characterizing the universe faced by Brazilians when searching about pain in the Internet. METHODS: The study consisted of a documental analysis of the first Google web query page using eight keywords selected considering bibliographic references, Google Trends tool and different means of expression of the population (pain, chronic pain; I have pain; I feel pain; headache; pain; and low back pain). RESULTS: The search has resulted in 64 valid results, classified in websites and Virtual Settlement. Among websites, the following pages were found: health portals (19); developed by specialists or medical societies (14); online newspapers and journals (19); and virtual libraries (2). In the Virtual Settlement category most prevalent were blogs (1), forums (3), Facebook pages (1), You Tube videos (1) and Wikipedia pages (4). There were also portals allowing interaction between users and webmasters. CONCLUSION: Internet has plenty of information about pain, which calls the attention to the importance of health professionals using the Internet as a partner to promote their patients' health and to teach them how to cope with its disadvantages.

Advanced Marathi Sign Language Recognition using Computer Vision

Sign language is a natural language that uses different means of expression for communication in everyday life. As compare to other sign language ISL interpretation has got less attention by researcher. This paper presents an Automatic translation system for gesture of manual alphabets in Marathi sign language. It deals with images of bare hands, which allows the user to interact with the system in a natural way. System provides an opportunity for deaf persons to communicate with normal people without the need of an interpreter. We are going to build a systems and methods for the automatic recognition of Marathi sign language. The first step of this system is to create a database of Marathi Sign Language. Hand segmentation is the most crucial step in every hand gesture recognition system since if we get better segmented output, better recognition rates can be achieved. The proposed system also includes efficient and robust hand segmentation and tracking algorithm to achieve better recognition rates. A large set of samples has been used to recognize 43 isolated words from the Standard Marathi sign language. In proposed system, we intend to recognize some very basic elements of sign language and to translate them to text and vice versa in Marathi language. General Terms Image Capturing, Pre-processing, Feature Extraction, Classification, Pattern Recognition/Matching.

As divergências e as convergências entre o sistema temporal polaco e português

The aim of this study is to compare the temporal system of the Polish and Portuguese language that is to indicate common and distinguishing features between two above mentioned systems. Therefore firstly it shall be considered how both systems are functioning, secondly the most fundamental criteria of such comparison shall be established. Finally an analysis of temporal values of the particular verbal forms shall be conducted. Furthermore the purpose of this study is to compare means of expression of the temporal category in Polish with means of expression of the temporal category in Portuguese. As a result the study indicated that the temporal category together with category of aspect form interconnected grammatical categories which meet on the functional basis. While in Portuguese time and aspect are expressed by morphemes cumulating both functions, Polish has different means of expression of each of these categories. The study enabled to formulate conclusions regarding similarities and differences between both systems as well as to indicate specific features which emphasize uniqueness of each analyzed system.

Tirolesia: A Trans-Medial Art Project Bridging Two Regions

INTRODUCTIONAs a student at the Department of Development Studies, University of Vienna, and a journalist and artist interested in global social issues, my early passion for pencak silat1 grew into an intensive involvement with Indonesia - its people, social and cultural diversity, dynamic history, and current socio-political developments. In the course of traveling throughout the Indonesian archipelago, my passion for this country grew stronger and I decided in 2012 to channel my aspirations into a project, bridging my homeland Tirol and Indonesia.'Tirolesia' is a trans-medial art project aimed at enhancing the intercultural dialogue and artistic exchange between Tirol2 (Austria) and Indonesia (Java, Bali, Lombok). By using different means of expression (film, photography, and stencils) and presentation (exhibitions in both countries and virtual space), this dialogue transcends geographic borders. The participatory approach towards visual media encourages a profound communication between people from two regions that appear to be separated both geographically and culturally. The visual narratives show how people identify, perceive, create, and present their immediate surroundings. Based on photographs, people are encouraged to invent stories about this 'other' place and the conscious reception of these 'foreign' stories at home gives the opportunity to inquire into stereotypes, cliches, and prejudices regarding an often 'unknown' or remote reality. Interactive exhibitions in Yogyakarta, Jakarta, Innsbruck, and Vienna as well as virtual presentations offer an opportunity for the wide public to join the dialogue and continue the stories.Each place, image, or setting of a photograph - taken either in Tirol or Indonesia - is intimately connected with a story; and behind this story lies the narrative of a person. With a backpack of images taken in my homeland, Tirol, I made my way on a motorbike through the Indonesian archipelago in search of these stories and their narrators. I showed these pictures to people I met along the way and asked them to pick one that they associated a strong memory or an intensive experience with. Consequently, they told me stories that were as diverse as the people I met. At the end of this journey, I had gathered portraits - stories and captions - for a much larger composition which cast a light on Tirol from the eyes of Indonesians. I presented these stories and images at the art festival urban spricht kunst in Innsbruck, Austria, in September 2013.In order to continue this dialogue, I took the chance to invite the Indonesian street artist and musician, Digie Sigit, to change the perspectives. Digie Sigit was traveling on a motorbike through Tirol and inquired into the narratives and memories of Tirolean people as they looked at images taken in his homeland Indonesia. This photo essay illustrates the people, images, and stories that contributed to this project both in Tirol and Indonesia.In a next step, the entire project (TIROLESIA #1 and #2) will be presented at exhibitions and workshops in Austria as well as in Indonesia. The large variety of stories, thoughts, and perspectives will be made visible and accessible to a broad public in both regions. The exhibitions will take place throughout 2015 and will continue on the project's website (www.tirolesia.at).[Sidebar]Manhartsberger, H. (2014). Tirolesia: A trans-medial art project bridging two regions. ASEAS - Austrian Journal of South-East Asian Studies, 7(2), 243-260.Through landscape, we experience and create the culture in which we position ourselves. In it, we combine all those impressions, phenomena, and ideas that influence our own identity. As such, landscape is a communicative act, which is based on cultural and individual memories as well as meanings and experiences, which are bound to places. In the space we invent the landscape that offers us guidance. (Marcus Cordes, translation from German by the author) This quote inspired me to implement the project 'Tirolesia'. …

Usage des TIC dans la recherche en psychologie pour la realisation d’un recit de vie en bande dessinee: developpement de competences chez le chercheur

Cet article a pour objectif de proposer, à partir d’un exemple de recherche en psychologie interculturelle, une réflexion sur l’impact de l’utilisation d’un logiciel de création de bande dessinée en vue de la mise au point d'un outil composite de recueil et d'analyse des données conduisant au développement de compétences méthodologiques chez le chercheur en sciences humaines et sociales. L’utilisation d’un tel outil, faisant appel à des processus psychiques différents chez les sujets, semble permettre l'approche de publics et de problématiques d’accès difficile et la construction de données plus diversifiées que celles issues de méthodes classiques. L'introduction de contraintes techniques nécessite de compétences nouvelles que le chercheur doit développer. Cela induit corrélativement la possibilité de développer différents moyens d'expression chez les sujets participant à la recherche. Cet exemple a permis de soulever des questions concernant l’évolution des compétences du chercheur et l’utilisation de méthodes provenant de différents champs disciplinaires et des Techniques d'Information et de Communication.

Law and Literature: A Conjunction Revisited

A discussion on the relation between law and literature in coordinating conjunction, the 'AND' between the two is presented. The author opines that law and literature complement each other so well because, although they rely on different means of expression, they are both facets of a shared cultural wealth.

Influence of circulating GH levels on GH-binding capacity measurements in the hepatic membrane of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): importance of normalization of results

In fish, regulation of the growth hormone (GH) receptor has been mainly analyzed by binding studies, with some discrepancies in the results. The present work aims at determining whether circulating GH levels influence the measurement of hepatic GH-binding capacities. To do this, the effectiveness of the dissociation of the GH/GH receptor (GHR) complex by an MgCl2 treatment was assessed in rainbow trout, and data on GH-binding capacities under various physiological conditions were studied using different means of expression. Our results reveal that MgCl2 treatment dissociated the liver GH/GHR complex formed under in vitro conditions (85 ± 23 vs. 361 ± 16 fmol/g of liver; p<0.001) but not in vivo, showing such treatment in trout is not applicable. A comparison of fasted (3 weeks) and fed fish revealed that GH-binding capacities, expressed as femtomoles per milligram protein or femtomoles per gram of liver, were similar in both fed and fasted fish. However, when changes in liver and body size were taken into account, the total GH-binding capacities were lower in the fasted fish (0.026 ± 0.006 vs. 0.062 ± 0.009 fmol/cm3 liver; p<0.05). One day after hypophysectomy or GH injection, changes in the plasma GH levels increased or decreased GH-binding capacities, respectively. Five days later, GH-binding capacities increased in GH-injected fish (527 ± 38 vs. 399 ± 38 fmol/g liver; p<0.01). Our interpretation is that acute treatment modified GH-binding capacities through receptor occupancy and that GH stimulated the synthesis of its own receptor. On the other hand, long-term treatment through successive injections of GH lowered the total binding capacities (approx. 40%), which could result from receptor occupancy. We conclude that circulating GH levels strongly influence the measurement of GH-binding capacities in the liver, thereby limiting interpretation of the binding data and preventing accurate conclusions to be drawn on GHR regulation.

Colloquialisms in Translated Text. Double Illusion?

In contemporary Finnish literature informal and colloquial varieties of language are widely used for stylistic purposes. This study investigates the use of colloquialisms in translated Finnish fiction as compared to non-translated texts of the respective genres. Due to the corpus-based approach on a fairly large material, the primary emphasis is on quantitative aspects, but some attention is paid to qualitative differences as well. The study is descriptive in nature and is restricted to lexical manifestations of colloquialisms, i.e., non-standard spelling and vocabulary. Based on the presumption that translations are conservative in comparison to original texts, it is hypothesised that both the extent and the frequency of colloquialisms are greater in original fiction than in translated fiction. Colloquialisms are examined using 14 groups of words established with the help of corpus-based key word lists. The analysis reveals that the colloquial features represented by these groups of words generally appear more extensively (number of works) and more often (frequency) in the original Finnish than in the translated Finnish. There are also strategic differences between writers and translators in the utilization of different means of expression. Generally speaking, the authors of the original texts tend to make better use of the different levels of language in their colloquialisation strategy than the translators do.