Different Levels Of Water Supply Research Articles

Peculiarities of water exchange of Quercus robur and Acer campestre in an oak-field maple forest

We studied the physiological and biochemical parameters of water exchange of two broadleaf forest species, Quercus robur L. and Acer campestre L., which grow under different levels of water supply. The study was conducted in the lower third of the northern slope and the middle third of the southern exposure slope in the “Viyskovyi” ravine. It was established that the content of total water in the leaves of Q. robur is higher than that of A. campestre under both mesophilic and xerophilic conditions. In A. campestre, the gradual dehydration of leaves during the growing season is more pronounced. The water-holding capacity of the leaves increases in both species, especially in July and August on the southern exposure slope, which is consistent with changes in the content of hydrophilic colloids. This can be considered as an adaptation of plants against rigorous hydrothermal conditions. The leaves of A. campestre retain water better and are characterized by a greater number of hydrophilic colloids compared to the leaves of Q. robur at different levels of water supply. Under xerophilic growth conditions, the suction power of the cellular junctions of leaves is more significant than under mesophilic conditions. At both experimental sites, this indicator is always higher in case of A. campestre, while the difference is greater only under xerophilic conditions. The increase in suction force in leaf cells occurs in parallel with the increase in soil dryness. The leaves of A. campestre have a greater water deficit and suction power, better water-holding capacity due to a greater content of hydrophilic colloids, and a lower intensity of transpiration. The leaves of Q. robur have a lower water deficit and a lower water-holding capacity, which is based on the ability to resist the lack of moisture by the development of a deep root system that allows water to be absorbed from its deep horizons. The obtained data make it possible to clarify the peculiarities of the water regime of tree species during their simultaneous growth in forest phytocoenoses and adaptation to different levels of soil moisture.

BRS Paiaguás e BRS Piatã: potencial para uso sob irrigação em ambiente semiárido

ABSTRACT This work aimed to evaluate the physiological parameters, the biomass flow, and the productive characteristics of the grasses BRS Piatã and BRS Paiaguás at different levels of water supply in the semi-arid region. The experiment was carried out in the dry season, in Sobral, Ceará State, Brazil. The following irrigation depths were used: 30, 60, 90, and 120% of ETo. The experiment was carried out in pots with a capacity of 7.5 dm3 at field level, using a 0-0.2m layer of argisol soil as substrate. As a result, the photosynthetic rate was not affected in the largest water treatments. In the biomass flow, the responses of grasses to treatments 90 and 120% of ETo were similar for the variables number of live leaves and phyllochron. Regarding the productive characteristics, pseudo-culm biomass was effective only in the treatment of 120% of ETo, while, for the efficiency of water use, in treatments 60 and 90% of ETo, the difference was effective. In conclusion, in the treatments of 60 and 90% of the ETo, it was possible to maintain good morphological characteristics of the grasses and to increase the biomass production during the dry season in the semi-arid region.

Agronomic characteristics of carrot cultivars under water stress

The objective of the study was to evaluate the agronomic performance of carrot cultivars subjected to different levels of water supply. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, in a split-plot scheme with four replicates. Five irrigation depths were used in the plot, one to replace 100% of the crop’s evapotranspiration (ETc), two in deficit (50% and 75% of ETc) and two in excess (125% and 150% of ETc). Four carrot cultivars were used in the subplots: Brasília, Alvorada, Esplanada, and Nantes. Two carrot cultivation cycles were carried out, the first lasting 121 d and the second lasting 103 d after sowing. The following variables were evaluated: total fresh mass of the plant, fresh carrot mass, carrot length, length of the aerial part, average carrot diameter, carrot volume, green shoulder, crop productivity, water productivity, and water potential of the plants. The Brasília carrot cultivar had better development and the Esplanada cultivar was less adapted to the studied environment. All carrot cultivars were affected by stress caused by excess and lack of water. Carrot irrigation must be carried out with a depth equal to 100% of the crop’s evapotranspiration for the region and conditions similar to those of the present study.

Effect of some irrigation systems on water stress levels of Washington navel orange trees

BackgroundThis experimental study was conducted during two successive seasons 2021–2022 on 10-year-old Washington navel orange trees (Citrus sinensis) budded on sour orange rootstock (Citrus aurantium) under sandy loamy soil conditions in Belbeis district, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. This experimental study was conducted to compare some irrigation systems with different water stress levels on Washington navel trees and to determine the best system in terms of irrigation water use efficiency using different irrigation systems (drip and micro-sprinklers) under different levels of water supply (100, 80, and 60% of ETc, i.e., the estimated water requirements of crops).ResultsThe included data demonstrated that irrigation water amounts can be reduced by 20% for Washington navel trees, while maintaining production, with the possibility of increasing by using micro-sprinkler irrigation systems. In summary, water use efficiency increased with micro-sprinkler irrigation systems under ETc 80%, which resulted in 2.57 and 2.67 kg of fruit per cubic meter of irrigation water in the first and second seasons, respectively.ConclusionThe results of the present study showed that using ETc 80% combined with micro-sprinklers irrigation system had a high economic return through increasing total yield, water use efficiency, and water unit return (WUR) which reached to 10.26 EGP/one cubic meter of irrigation water and using less water irrigation amount by 20% at the same time. Thus, we recommend applying the treatment of ETc 80% combined with micro-sprinklers irrigation system to Washington navel orange trees budded on sour orange rootstock to gain a high economic return.

Key role of phenol enzymes metabolism in the legume-rhizobial symbiosis under different water supply regimes

The legume-rhizobium interaction induces formation of specific reactions that take metabolism in the host plant up to a new functional level, increasing its tolerance to unfavourable cultivation conditions. Our objective was to study the participation of key enzymes – phenylalanine ammonia lyase, guaiacol peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidases – in the phenol-metabolism processes and synthesis of a broad spectrum of secondary metabolites in soybean plants that have established symbiotic interactions with rhizobia of varying effectiveness during optimal and insufficient water supplies. In our studies, we used symbiotic systems of soybean and rhizobia (Bradyrhizobium japonicum) that varied in efficiency and virulence. In the period of active nitrogen fixation by soybean, from the third-true-leaf stage until budding, we created different water-supply regimes for the plants, including optimal watering at the level of 60% of full field capacity (control) and insufficient, at the level of 30% (drought). When the soybean was flowering, we recovered the optimal level of water supply (resumed watering). In the studies, we employed microbiological, biochemical, and physiological approaches. We determined the specificity of how key enzymes of the phenol metabolism such as phenylalanine ammonia lyase, polyphenol oxidase and guaiacol peroxidase in the nodules, roots, and leaves of the soybean reacted to different levels of water supply, depending on the functional efficiency of the symbiotic system involving strains of B. japonicum, varying in effectiveness and virulence. In the effective soybean-rhizobium symbiosis, there occurred insignificant changes in the activity of phenol-metabolism enzymes in the nodules, roots, and leaves during drought and after action of the stress. This evidence is that in symbiosis with effective rhizobia B1-20, soybean could realize its own defensive systems that regulate optimal functioning of phenol metabolism in dehydration conditions. In the low-effective 107 and ineffective 604k symbiotic systems of soybean, there was observed unstable dynamics of the activity of enzymes in leaves and roots, manifested in intensification or inhibition of their activity levels during drought or post-stress period. This indicates malfunctioning of the processes associated with phenol metabolism in the soybean plants. We concluded that tolerance of legume-rhizobium symbiosis to water deprivation depends on mutual involvements of the both symbiotic partners – host plant and rhizobia, their ability to fully realize the defensive systems for activation of the key enzymatic complexes taking part in regulation of phenol metabolism in plants.

Sewage Sludge and Phosphorus Increase Seed Yield, Oil and Protein Concentrations and Water Use Efficiency of Sunflower Under Different Levels of Water Supply

Sewage Sludge and Phosphorus Increase Seed Yield, Oil and Protein Concentrations and Water Use Efficiency of Sunflower Under Different Levels of Water Supply

Grain and Oil Yields of Safflower (Carthamus Tinctorius L.) Affected By Water Deficit and Growth Regulators

Abstract In order to evaluate the effects of growth regulators on yield parameters and oil content of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), a field experiment was conducted under different irrigation intervals in 2019. All plots were irrigated regularly until the seedling establishment and thereafter irrigation intervals were applied after 70, 100, 130, and 160 mm evaporation from class A pan, as normal irrigation and mild, moderate, and severe water deficits, respectively. Foliar sprays of water (control), putrescine (60 µg/L), and 24-epibrassinolide (25 µg/L) at a rate of 1,000 L/ha were applied slightly before flowering. The results revealed that means of plant biomass, grains per capitol, grains per plant, grain yield, harvest index, oil percentage, and yield were decreased under limited irrigations, but 1,000-seeds weight was only reduced under severe water deficit. However, fo-liar sprays of growth regulators, particularly putrescine, increased grains per plant, grain yield, and harvest index, leading to an improvement in oil yield per unit area under different levels of water supply. These results suggest that foliar application of putrescine is a superior treatment for improving the productivity of safflower plants under normal and stressful conditions.

Fuzzy multi-objective modelling for managing water-food-energy-climate change-land nexus towards sustainability

Water, food, energy, climate change and land subsystems are closely intertwined, and play remarkable roles in regional resources management system. Quantification of connections, synergies, and tradeoffs across these subsystems is needed in a more integrated and comprehensive manner, which is challenging due to the complexities and uncertainties involved therein. This paper proposed an inexact optimization approach from a novel water-food-energy-climate change-land (WORLD) nexus perspective, which has potential to promote social-economic development, guarantee livelihood security, and achieve low-carbon target. The approach is capable of (1) helping decision makers identify optimal policy alternatives among water, land, and energy, balancing economic benefit, water supply guarantee rate, hydroelectric generation, water-land utilization, crop yield, and greenhouse gas emission, via a multi-objective non-linear optimization model; (2) providing decision makers insights into in-depth analysis of optimal water-land resources allocation strategies associated with different levels of water supply, optimistic-pessimistic attitude, and climate change and where the effort could be made towards regional sustainability; (3) dealing with fuzzy uncertainties simultaneously occurring in objective functions and constraints as well as tracking fluctuating attitudes of decision-makers. The effectiveness of proposed model was verified in a real-world case in Zhanghe Irrigation District, Hubei Province, China. The changing range of economic benefit, crop yield, energy production, and environmental impacts were obtained based on optimal water-land resources allocation under different confidence levels and risk attitudes. Results under climate change scenarios show that climate change exacerbated local water shortage, especially in RCP 8.5, which requires 4.24 × 108 m3 of compensatory external water. Results also show that CO2 emission contributed 94.9% of GHGs emission, while fertilizers application contributed to 58% of total CO2 emission amount, calling for effective fertilizer utilization management. Compared with single objective models, proposed model performs better on providing coordinated policy solutions. The proposed approach can help manage resources in WORLD nexus system in a sustainable way, and is portable to other similar regions to promote sustainable development.

Efficient irrigation water allocation and its impact on agricultural sustainability and water scarcity under uncertainty

Agriculture is a key economic sector in developing countries that are facing challenges of low efficiency of water resources utilization and of shrinking water supply. This study develops an optimization model for the allocation of agricultural irrigation water to improve irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), considering uncertainties of fluctuating water supply. Then, it assesses the impact of efficient water allocation on the sustainability and water scarcity under different levels of water supply. This study can help answer questions as to how to optimal allocate limited water supplies to different crops and different subareas under uncertainty to improve IWUE, how water shortage affects economic, social, and environmental aspects, and what the relationship between system sustainability and water shortage is. To demonstrate its feasibility, the proposed models are applied to an irrigation district in northeastern China. These models can also be applied to other regions that suffer from water scarcity. Results of application are found to be satisfactory for explaining the impact of agricultural irrigation water allocation on net economic benefit, water resources allocation equity, total greenhouse gas emissions, and water scarcity footprint under different water supply conditions. This study provides insights into tradeoffs amongst resources, economy, society, and environment in irrigated agricultural systems under uncertainty.

Beltéri saláta termesztés lehetőségének vizsgálata természetes erdőtalajon limitált öntözéssel

Indoor farming in the global vertical farming market has been growing by more than 8% annually since 2010 and 31.6% growth is expected by 2025. It promises to be a possible future form of agricultural practices producing local, fresh, high quality, lower-carbon food year-round. Indoor farming experiment was designed to using LED and neon lights and water source of a dehumidifier. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata) was grown for 12 weeks in a naturally available forest surface soil, including its native biodiversity and biological activity. Two different levels of water supply were used, full- at 66%- and half- at 33% of the total water-holding capacity (WHC100%) of soil. Some of the physical-chemical, and soil-biological parameters, such as dehydrogenase- (DHA) and fluorescein diacetate (FDA) enzyme activities and the most probable number (MPN) of fungi and bacteria were assessed prior to and after lettuce cultivation. Although the abundance of countable microorganisms decreased appreciably by the end of the lettuce experiment, the growth of plants could result in an enhanced soil-biological enzyme activity of the used natural soil. DHA increased 4.2-fold at drought condition, and 2-fold at the optimal water supply. One can conclude that used natural forest soil with great fertility and biodiversity potential can provide a good facility for the indoor lettuce cultivation. Reduction of water supply can be further optimized with the required biomass-production of lettuce.

Coupling Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Data with a Crop Model to Study Winter Wheat Water Demand

Accurate information of crop growth conditions and water status can improve irrigation management. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of SAFYE (simple algorithm for yield and evapotranspiration estimation) crop model for simulating winter wheat growth and estimating water demand by assimilating leaf are index (LAI) derived from canopy reflectance measurements. A refined water stress function was used to account for high crop water stress. An experiment with nine irrigation scenarios corresponding to different levels of water supply was conducted over two consecutive winter wheat growing seasons (2013–2014 and 2014–2015). The calibration of four model parameters was based on the global optimization algorithms SCE-UA. Results showed that the estimated and retrieved LAI were in good agreement in most cases, with a minimum and maximum RMSE of 0.173 and 0.736, respectively. Good performance for accumulated biomass estimation was achieved under a moderate water stress condition while an underestimation occurred under a severe water stress condition. Grain yields were also well estimated for both years (R2 = 0.83; RMSE = 0.48 t∙ha−1; MRE = 8.4%). The dynamics of simulated soil moisture in the top 20 cm layer was consistent with field observations for all scenarios; whereas, a general underestimation was observed for total water storage in the 1 m layer, leading to an overestimation of the actual evapotranspiration. This research provides a scheme for estimating crop growth properties, grain yield and actual evapotranspiration by coupling crop model with remote sensing data.

Combining phosphorus placement and water saving technologies enhances rice production in phosphorus-deficient lowlands

Lowland rice production in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is often limited by water supply and low phosphorus (P) availability and efforts are needed towards more efficient management of both resources. Field and pot experiments were set up to evaluate combinations of water saving technologies and micro-dose P placement methods (i.e. the localized application of a small P dose to a sub-surface area, often combined with seeds into the planting hole) with due attention to treatment effects on root architecture. A two-year field experiment was set up in a lowland rice field in Tanzania with factorial combinations of different levels of water supply (field capacity, alternating wetting drying, permanent flooding) and P application (no P; 3.45 and 6.90 kg ha−1 placement versus 25 kg ha−1 broadcast), thereby testing residual effects in year 2. A trial in pots (10.5 L) was additionally performed with equivalent treatments and allowing measurements of soil solution composition, apparent fertilizer efficiency, and root density versus depth. Rice grain yields ranged 0–5 ton ha−1 and mainly responded to P application. The P placement at the lowest P rate resulted in higher grain yield at field capacity (2.0–2.5 ton ha−1) than in flooded rice (1.2–1.6 ton ha−1), whereas these differences were absent at higher P rates. Lower water supply at field capacity enhanced root growth and rooting depth, decreased nodal root thickness and enhanced root P uptake efficiency compared to flooded condition. Modelling P diffusion outwards the granules showed more restricted P diffusion under reduced water supply and, therefore, less P immobilization in the soil under field capacity. These differences between water treatments were more pronounced at lower than at higher P supply. This study shows that both root responses and P diffusion outwards placed granules explain rice development and yields under micro-dose P placement and water saving technologies. P placement can contribute to intensify rice production while countering soil P decline in P deficient lowlands when resources are limited.

Stochastic multi-objective decision making for sustainable irrigation in a changing environment

Agricultural water scarcity is a global problem and effective management of limited water resources for irrigation to meet socioeconomic demands for sustainable development is a huge challenge. A stochastic multi-objective non-linear programming (SMONLP) model is developed for the identification of sound irrigation water allocation schemes. The SMONLP model improves upon previous methods by tackling contradictions of society-economy-resources as well as reflecting uncertainty expressed as probability distributions in an agricultural irrigation system. The SMONLP model permits in-depth analyses of various water allocation policies that are associated with different levels of water supply and climate change. The developed SMONLP model is applied to optimal irrigation allocation in a semi-arid river basin in China. Results reveal that the model coordinates the regulation of interactions of society-economy-resources by balancing the targets of water productivity, allocation equity, profit, economic benefit risk, blue water utilization, and leakage loss. Moreover, surface water availability associated with different violation risk probabilities can lead to the changes in comprehensive benefit of society-economy-resources and irrigation shortages. Nearly each of the 17 irrigation regions suffers from water deficit, because water is insufficient to satisfy the requirement of crops, however, the degree of water shortage is gradually weakened when flow level ranges from low to high. The coordination degree is also used to evaluate the sustainability of water allocation and the results of comparison show that the irrigation water allocation under RCP 4.5 presents lower coordination of society-economy-resources which are mainly attributed to the aggravated contradiction between water supply and demand. A real world study demonstrates the practicability of the developed model, allowing the river basin authorities to determine irrigation water allocation strategies in a changing environment, thus promoting sustainable development of agricultural irrigation systems.

Integrated effects of cattle manure-derived biochar and soil moisture conditions on soil chemical characteristics and soybean yield

ABSTRACTA greenhouse experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of 0, 25, 50 and 100 ton ha−1 of cattle manure-derived biochar (BC) and soil moisture conditions (SMC) of 100%, 70% and 55% of water-holding capacity (WHC) on soybean production. Most of the macro and micronutrient, soil chemical characteristics and yield production of soybean were significantly affected by BC. Under drought, BC was more effective than that of the non-stressed conditions. Interaction effect of SMC and BC on soil iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) concentrations was also significant indicating that different levels of water supply might show different impact under different levels of BC. Under drought, the higher BC applied, the higher grain yield obtained. Application of 0 to 75 ton BC ha−1 under WHC caused a high grain yield but 100 ton BC ha−1 significantly decreased it as compared with the other levels of BC. Positive impacts of BC may be more pronounced under drought. High level of BC in non-stressed conditions may reduce grain yield as occurred in this study. The statistical techniques indicated that higher content of macro and micronutrients negatively associated with yield production of soybean.

English

There are few studies that demonstrate the influence of water stress in biometric variables and cotton growth. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate different levels of water supply in the BRS 2 cotton growth, in the field of Campus Rio Verde - GO, in 2015. Experimental design used was randomized blocks, with three replications in a split-plot scheme of 5 x 4 with five water replacements (WR) (25, 50, 75, 100 and 125%) of evapotranspiration, and four times of evaluation (ET) during the growth cycle (40-60, 61-80, 81-100 and 1-20 days after emergence). The variables analyzed were plant height (PH), leaf area (LA), dry phytomass stem (DPS), dry phytomass of leaves (DPL), dry phytomass of reproductive organ (DPRO), dry phytomass of aerial part (DPAP), absolute growth rate (AGR), relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR) and leaf area ratio (LAR). The behavior of PH and LA under the influence of water levels revealed that for a better performance of studied variables, it is important to consider the irrigation management, besides the crop coefficient. Water replacement influenced the cotton growth. Low cotton growth rate was caused by the reduction of water supply until the end of growth cycle. Key words: Gossypium hirsutum L., dry phytomass, drip irrigation, crop evapotranspiration.

Genetic variability and expression of agro-morphological traits among genotypes of Coffea arabica being promoted by supplementary irrigation.

The use of supplementary irrigation to sustain the plantation during moments of severe water stress or moments of high water demand is becoming almost a norm to keep sustainable crops, especially due to the climate changes and the high frequency in which climate extremes are occurring lately. The objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic performance and expression of genetic variability among genotypes of Coffea arabica L. cultivated in farming systems with different levels of water supply, focusing on rainfed or supplementary irrigated systems. The experiment was developed in competition field, testing 8 genotypes of C. arabica L. in rainfed or supplementary irrigated systems. The growth and production were evaluated during 2 consecutive cycles (2014-2015 and 2015-2016). Among the growth gains, it was observed large gains in coffee yield, but the magnitude of the gains varied among genotypes. For crop yield, for example, Paraíso MG/H 419-1 presented 136% gain, while Oeiras MG-6851 was capable of yielding as much more coffee in rainfed conditions than in irrigated system. The expression of variability for some agronomic traits (such as coffee yield, canopy size, growth rate, and number of new buds) may be intensified by the supplementary water supply, which promotes gains in production and growth, increases the magnitude of variation among genotypes and allows to identify different patterns for selection, which may not be observed in the rainfed systems.

Expression of Heterosis, Gene Action and Relationship among Morpho-physiological and Yield Characters in Sunflower under Different Levels of Water Supply

Expression of Heterosis, Gene Action and Relationship among Morpho-physiological and Yield Characters in Sunflower under Different Levels of Water Supply

Leaf:Fruit Ratio and Vine Water Status Effects on Grenache Noir (Vitis vinifera L.) Berry Composition: Water, Sugar, Organic Acids and Cations

Seasonal variation in the water, sugar, organic acid and cation contents of developing grape berries (Vitis vinifera L. ‘Grenache noir’) under different levels of water supply (with and without deficit irrigation) and leaf:fruit ratios (18, 10 and five leaves per primary shoot, with one bunch per shoot), were investigated over two successive years in Mediterranean conditions (South of France). Fourteen shoots per vine were left for each leaf:fruit ratio level, and each vine was considered as having homogeneous primary shoots. The growth rate of the berries was increased with irrigation. Total dry matter content of the berry was not affected by leaf:fruit ratios, but the sugar loading decreased during berry development with a lower leaf:fruit ratio (five leaves per bunch). Treatments had little effect on organic acid contents and pH. Berry cation accumulation depended on vine water status and not on the total leaf area of the vine. Under irrigated conditions, calcium continued to accumulate in the berries after veraison. This confirms a partial functioning of the berry xylem during the post-veraison period. The seasonal variation in berry composition was less dependent on the leaf:fruit ratio than on the water status of the vine (mainly cations and sugar). This study provides evidence for the importance of plant water status effects on berry composition, irrespective of the leaf:fruit ratio. Vine water status is a major regulating factor for source-sink relationships.

Using whole-plant chambers to estimate carbon and water fluxes in field-grown grapevines

There are limited studies available that have investigated the effects of different levels of water supply on the whole-plant gas exchange dynamics. The latter is related to the difficulty in measuring whole-canopy carbon fixation and water consumption, especially in field conditions. Whole-plant chambers can measure these fluxes, therefore the aims of this work were (i) to determine the relationship between whole-plant gas exchange compared to single leaf gas exchange; (ii) to validate whole-canopy chamber measurements using sap flow probes; (iii) to measure the effect of soil water availability on water use efficiency calculated from gas exchange measured using whole-plant chambers. For these purposes, an experiment was carried out during the 2014 season in an experimental vineyard using six-years-old plants of cv. Grenache. Two irrigation regimes were established, moderate irrigation (50 % ETo) and non-irrigation. Carbon fixation and transpiration were measured using whole-plant chambers at veraison and pre-harvest. Simultaneously, leaf gas exchange was measured at different canopy positions during the day in order to compare those measurements with the whole-plant chamber data. In parallel, sap flow measurements were continuously recorded using heat balance probes. Results showed that CO2 fixation measured at noon in sun exposed leaves oriented to the south presented the highest correlation coefficient with whole plant chamber data. Whole-plant transpiration measured with whole-plant chambers was slightly higher compared to the estimated from sap flow data in both irrigated and non-irrigated plants. In general intensive leaf-level measurements do not completely reflect the whole plant physiology, due to variability of leaf to leaf environmental conditions and plant regulation of gas exchange.

Infrastructure Development, Residential Growth and Impacts on Public Service Expenditure

This paper documents the use of geographic information science based planning support systems to evaluate the effects of infrastructure development on residential growth and resulting public service expenditure. The case example presented here investigates the impacts associated with a large water infrastructure development project. The effect of infrastructure on residential development is evaluated by comparing growth trends within areas of different levels of water supply and sewerage services. The effect of changing residential development patterns on public services expenditure is evaluated with a spatially explicit model linking urban form with revenues, expenditures and fiscally efficient areas of service provision for a delivery-based public service, police. Results confirm that the development of water infrastructure leads to residential growth and also indicate this growth in some locations leads to fiscally efficient provision of a public service. A primary recommendation from this research is that, in anticipation of growth, water planning should be comprehensive rather than single issue focused. Planning support systems are indicated to be useful tools supporting policy refinement for land-use and water planning.