Different Levels Of Urea Research Articles

Improving the Nutritional Value and Rumen Fermentation Profile of Oil Palm Fronds by Autoclaving and Ammoniation with Different Levels of Urea

Improving the Nutritional Value and Rumen Fermentation Profile of Oil Palm Fronds by Autoclaving and Ammoniation with Different Levels of Urea

Usage of Alfalfa hay stalks treated with different levels of urea and mo-lasses in fattening rations of Al-Naimi lambs

The experiment was conducted in the animal field belonging to the Department of Animal Production Techniques at the Technical College / Al-Mussaib for a period from 29/10/2021 to 21/1/2022 to study usage of Alfalfa hay stalks treated with urea and molasses in the productive performance of Al-Naimi lambs, which had initial weight of 20 ± 1 kg and at the age of 4-5 months, at a rate of 84 days, preceded by a preparatory phase for two weeks, and the lambs were randomly divided into five equal groups (5 lambs for each), and the individual feeding method was followed, as concentrated feed was provided at a rate of 2.5% of the live weight for each animal and fed on the five experimental rations,that the roughage feed Alfalfa hay stalks was given free, the first group (T1) was considered as a control without addition, (T2) and (T3) groups were treated with 4% urea with the addition of either 6% molasses or 12% molasses respectively, (T4) and (T5) groups were treated with 6% urea with the addition of either 6% molasses or 12% molasses respectively, and the results were as follows: Lambs of the fourth group (T4: 6% urea with 6% molasses) responded to fattening with a significant increase (P<0.05) and by 67.95% in weight gain and by 15.7% in consumption of concentrated and roughage feed compared with the control group (T1) and the other groups, which may indicate the efficiency of digestion and benefit of the diet treatment with 6% urea and 6% molasses added to free-fed Alfalfa hay stalks of Al-Naimi fattening lambs.

Urea overdose causes pathological injury and activates necroptosis in lung of Jianzhou Da’er Goat (Capra hircus)

Urea, as a feed additive, causes poisoning in excessive dosage. In this study, we explored the mechanism of lung damage in urea poisoning on Jianzhou Da'er goat by adding different levels of urea. We used pathological histological analysis and Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR to investigate the extent of lung damage. 9 Jianzhou Da’er goats of similar age and body condition were selected and equally randomized into three groups: 0 % urea group with 0 urea diet, 5 % urea group with 5 % urea diet and 10 % urea group with 10 % urea diet. Equal feeding was used 3 times daily (8:00 a.m., 2:00 p.m., 8:00 p.m.) in 7-d pre-feeding stage and 21-d formal experiment. After the experiment, we found the lungs of 5 % urea group and 10 % urea group both had collagen fibrosis proliferation and hemosiderin production. The nuclei of alveolar epithelial cells in the 5 % urea group were constricted and the mitochondria swelled; the alveolar epithelial cells in the 10 % urea group were necrotic and disintegrated. The expressions of RIP3 (Receptor interacting protein kinase 3) and TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α) mRNA in the lung of the 5 % urea group and 10 % urea group were increased significantly (P < 0.01) while the mRNA expressions of cIAP2 (cellular inhibitor of apoptosis 2) and TRADD (TNFR1-associated death domain) in the 10 % urea group were significantly decreased (P < 0.01); the mRNA expression of NEMO (NF-κB essential modulator) and Caspase-8 (cysteine aspartate protease-8) in lung of the 5 % urea group and 10 % urea group were significantly decreased (P < 0.01) and the mRNA expression of HMBG-1 (High mobility group box-1) and HSP70(Heat Shock Protein 70) were significantly up-regulated (P < 0.01). The expression of RIP3 protein in 5 % urea group and 10 % urea group were increased significantly (P < 0.01). In summary, evidence of lung damage from urea feeding includes disruption of alveolar structure, lysis of organelles, and a significant rise in genes associated with necroptosis. We expect to provide scientific value for the study of necroptosis and lung injury caused by urea toxicity.

Erratum to: The effect of different levels of urea and planting density on the phytochemical characteristics, alkaloids, and yield of the medicinal plant jimsonweed (Datura stramonium L.)

Erratum to: The effect of different levels of urea and planting density on the phytochemical characteristics, alkaloids, and yield of the medicinal plant jimsonweed (<i>Datura stramonium</i> L.)

The effect of different levels of urea and planting density on the phytochemical characteristics, alkaloids, and yield of the medicinal plant jimsonweed (Datura stramonium L.)

AbstractDatura stramonium L. (jimsonweed) from the Solanaceae family is widely used in traditional medicine due to its medicinal properties. This paper investigated the effect of three levels of urea fertilizer (60, 120, and 180 kg ha–1) and three levels of planting density (6, 10, and 14 plants m−2) on the grain alkaloids, chlorophylls a and b content, carotenoids, anthocyanins, and grain and biological yields. A factorial experiment as a randomized complete block design was carried out at the Research and Education farm of Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources and Training Center in IRAN in 2018 and 2019. Significant differences were detected between urea levels and plant density for leaf chlorophyll content, carotenoids, and anthocyanins at the 1% probability. Also, hyoscyamine alkaloid levels and scopolamine content are affected by the urea levels at the 1% probability. Moreover, the relationship between phytochemical characteristics and alkaloids with the grain and biological yields in D. stramonium is investigated by path analysis. The results showed that grain yield, hyoscyamine alkaloid levels and scopolamine content is significantly improved by 6 plants m−2planting density and 180 kg ha–1 urea.

Effect of different levels of urea and herbicide application on the yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum) in competition with Sinapis arvensis and Avena ludoviciana Durieu

Understanding the interaction between crop-weed competition and herbicide doses may, in many cases, result in a recommendation to reduce the consumption of the herbicide, which is both environmentally and economically important. Nitrogen fertilizer also influences the competitive balance through changes in weed density and biomass, and also contributes to environmental pollution. Hence, the evaluation of the interaction of herbicide doses and nitrogen fertilizer application is necessary for proper management of weeds and achieving acceptable economic yield along with minimizing environmental negative impacts.Therefore, in order to Quantify wheat-weed competition to levels of urea and reduced dose of herbicide (mesosulfuron methyl + iodosulfuron methyl sodium + diflufenican + mefenpyr-diethyl) brand (othello OD) this experiment was conducted during 2019–20 at Khuzestan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran. The experiment was laid out in split plots under randomized complete block design wherein urea fertilizer included five levels of 0, 45, 90, 180 and 330 kg/ha as the main plot and the herbicide dose of “othello OD” in six levels of 0, 0.32, 0.64, 0.96, 1.28 and 1.6 L/ha (1.6 L/ha the recommended dose) was considered as the sub plot. The results showed that wheat grain yield and weed biomass response to herbicide doses of sigmoid response and response dosage models, and developed in response to an increase in urea fertilizer consumption. Based on the prediction of the combined model, The achieving a yield of about 500 g/m2 with the application of 140 kg of urea fertilizer per hectare with 1.04 L/ha of Othello OD herbicide or the application of 265 kg of urea fertilizer per hectare and 0.64 L/ha. Hectare of herbicide or application of 330 kg urea fertilizer per hectare with 0.72 L/ha of herbicide was possible.

Effects of Different Levels of Urea as Nitrogen Source on Chemical Composi- tion of Marine Microalgae Nannochloropsis oculata

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Microalgae breeding media must be cost-effective, enable high growth, meet exact re- quirements and be readily available. The effect of different levels of urea [25, 50, 75, and 100%] in the growth medium on the biochemical constituents (protein, carbohydrates, lipids, fatty acids, and amino acids) of the Nannochloropsis oculata, was assessed compared to the F/2 Guillard standard medium. The obtained results revealed that the chemical constituents of N. oculata were influenced by the different levels of urea. The highest total protein was obtained by A4 medium (100% urea) (26.44%) and A3 medium (75% urea) (25.84%). The maximum percentage of essential amino acids (EAA) (51.54%) was obtained by using the A4 medium (100% urea) as compared to the control (100% F/2). The highest total lipid content was achieved by using the A1 medium (25% urea) pro- ducing (17.33 %) and A4 medium (100% urea) (16.98%). Accordingly, the highest total saturated fatty acids percentage (TSFA) of N. oculata was recorded by the A3 medium. In conclusion, the addition of urea is an excellent policy to increase chemical composition and lipid accumulation. The present study recommended taming results for aquaculture feeding through using the proposed A1 medium as a lipid promoter or A4 medium as a protein promoter.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Effect of slow-release urea microencapsulated in beeswax and its inclusion in ruminant diets

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of including slow-release urea microencapsulated in beeswax in the diet of adult sheep on intake, digestibility, and nitrogen (N) balance. Two microencapsulated system formulations were developed with ratios (wt/wt) of 1:2 (UME1:2) and 1:2 + sulfur (UME1:2+S) between the core (urea) and encapsulant (beeswax). The UME1:2 formulation had greater yield values, microencapsulation efficiency and thermal stability than UME1:2+S. The most efficient formulation (UME1:2) was added to the diet of twenty-four uncastrated male sheep, adult, crossbred Santa Inês, 9 months old with an average body weight of 28.2 kg ± 0.6 kg. The experimental arrangement was a completely randomized design in which the animals were distributed into four treatments that included different levels of urea microencapsulated in beeswax, UME1:2 without S (0, 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5% in total dry matter (DM)), and six replicates in a total experimental period of 19 days, with 14 days for adaptation. The inclusion of urea microencapsulated in beeswax did not affect (P > 0.05) DM, crude protein, ether extract, ash, total carbohydrate or crude energy intake or digestibility. In addition, the nonfibrous carbohydrate (NFC), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) intake, N intake, N excretion (urinary and fecal), N absorbed, N retained, N retention/N intake and N retained/N absorbed were not affected (P >0.05) by the inclusion of urea microencapsulated in beeswax. However, there was a linear increase in NDF (P = 0.031) and ADF (P = 0.004) digestibility as the inclusion level of encapsulated urea increased from 0 to 4.5%. The NFC digestibility showed a quadratic increase (P <0.001) with the greatest digestibility at 3.0% microencapsulated urea. Beeswax was shown to be an efficient microencapsulant to obtain microparticles containing urea, and the formulation of UME1:2 without the addition of S is recommended since it showed better yield and efficiency than the formulation with S. The inclusion of up to 4.5% urea microencapsulated in the lipid matrix of beeswax is recommended to improve NDF and ADF digestibility without affecting intake and N balance.

Inhibition of renin-angiotensin system enzymes by leafy vegetables polyphenol extracts related to fertilizer micro-dosing and harvest time

Increase in human population coupled with continuous rise in oxidative stress-related diseases requires availability of healthier foods like vegetables, which are polyphenol-rich sources. Polyphenols are able to inhibit angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) and renin, thereby regulating blood pressure but this ability can be influenced by nutrient management during plant growth. Fertilizer micro-dosing is a valuable nutrient management option, which increases crop productivity with minimal expenditure of resources. This study assessed the effects of fertilizer micro-dosing and harvest times on inhibition of ACE and renin activities by aqueous polyphenol extracts from Amaranthus cruentus, Ocimum gratissimum and Solanum macrocarpon leaves. Different levels of urea (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg ha(-1)) with cow manure (5 t ha(-1)) or without manure (80 kg ha(-1)) were used to grow the leafy vegetables before they were harvested three times at two (A. cruentus) and four weeks intervals (O. gratissimum and S. macrocarpon). Polyphenols were extracted from leaf powders using water (1:20 ratio) and total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC), ACE and renin inhibition were assayed according to standard protocols. Two-way analysis of variance and Duncan's test (p<0.05) revealed that TPC (605.70±39.51 to 1024.83±102.89 mg g(-1); gallic acid equivalent) and TFC (149.02±29.12 to 276.19±63.30 mg g(-1); rutin equivalent) were not affected by fertilizer doses and harvest times except TPC from O. gratissimum. Inhibitions of ACE (0.25±0.01 to 8.46±0.42 mg mL(-1)) and renin (-95.41±2.25 to 36.42±0.22%) activities by each specie were significantly affected by fertilizer dose and harvest time. Production with cow manure combined with low or medium doses of urea (20 or 40 kg ha(-1)) followed by collection at the first two harvests are recommended for polyphenol extracts with potential inhibition of renin-angiotensin system enzymes.

Perbedaan kadar ureum, natrium, kalium dan klorida pra dan pasca hemodialisa pada pasien dengan penyakit ginjal kronik

Background: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive and irreversible damage to kidney function (GFR &lt; 60 ml / minute / 1.73 m2). The function of the kidneys is to maintain stability, electrolyte level, osmolarity of extracellular fluid and excrete products such as urea, uric acid, and creatinine. CKD disrupts electrolyte fluid balance and uremia, thus requiring renal replacement therapy in the form of dialysis or kidney transplantation. Different levels of urea, sodium, potassium, and chloride pre- and post-hemodialysis can be a consideration for the management of hemodialysis in CKD patients. This study aimed to determine the difference in urea, sodium, potassium, and chloride pre- and post-hemodialysis in CKD patients.Method: This was a cross-sectional analytical observational study of pre- and post hemodialysis conducted from September to October 2018. Normally distributed data were analyzed using the paired t-test, while data that were not normally distributed were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test. It was considered significant when the p-value was &lt; 0.05.Results: There was a total of 50 patients consisting of 30 males (60.0%) and 20 females (40.0%). The mean age of the patients was 51.10 ± 7.48 years. The level of pre-hemodialysis urea (161.96 ± 53.80 mg / dL) was significantly different from post-hemodialysis (120.70 ± 40.84 mg / dL). The level of pre-hemodialysis sodium (134.5 mmol / L) was significantly different from post-hemodialysis (140 mmol / L). The level of pre-hemodialysis potassium (5.6 mmol / L) was significantly different from post-hemodialysis (4.6 mmol / L). The level of pre-hemodialysis chloride (100 mmol / L) was significantly different from post-hemodialysis (96 mmol / L). Conclusion: There was a significant difference in urea, sodium, potassium, and chloride between pre- and post-hemodialysis (p &lt; 0.05).

Response of Four Species of Tropical Timber Seedlings to Urea and Folivert Fertilisers in Nursery.

This study explores the effects of different levels of urea and folivert (composite fertilizer) on seedlings growth and chlorophyll concentration of Albizia zygia, Blighia welwitschii, Lophira alata and Pterocarpus soyauxii. The rate of fertilizer application per 5.87kg pot with topsoil was 3, 6, and 9g of both urea and composite fertilizer and a control (top soil only) and it was a complete randomized design. Results indicated that plants treated with 3g of urea produced the highest number of leaves in Albizia zygia seedlings only while 9g of composite fertilizer had the best growth performance in all the other growth variables. Albizia zygia and Blighia welwitschii, seedlings had the best results in soil treated with 6g of composite fertilizer, while Lophira alata and Pterocarpus soyauxii seedlings showed best growth in soils treated with 9g of composite fertilizers for all other parameters. Seedlings of species supplied with 9g of urea gave poorest growth performance. Low root/shoot ratios were obtained for all seedlings except for those of Albizia zygia treated with 6 and 9g of urea that had root/shoot ratios greater than 1.0. The effect of fertilizers on chlorophyll concentration was significantly different only for L. alata (P=0.05). This study therefore brings to light the need to fertilize timber tree seedlings in order to improve on their early growth performances in the field and high doses of nitrogen should be discourage.

Site and extent of digestion of nitrogen compounds and organic matter in steers fed a finishing diet with dried distillers grains plus solubles supplemented with urea

Four Holstein steers (266 ± 13 kg) with ruminal and duodenal cannulae were used to evaluate the effect of inclusion of different levels of urea (0%, 0.4%, 0.8% and 1.2%) in a steam-flaked, corn-based finishing diet containing dried distillers grains plus solubles (DDGS) on the site and extent of N compounds and organic matter (OM) digestion, and on the ruminal N-NH3 and blood concentrations of urea nitrogen. Increasing the urea levels linearly decreased the OM flow to the duodenum ( P <0.04) and increased the total N and non-ammoniacal N flow to the duodenum ( P <0.01), which resulted from linear increases in the flow of microbial N and NH3-N ( P <0.01) without affecting the feed residual N flow ( P ≥0.47). Increasing the urea levels linearly increased ruminal digestion of OM and dietary N (P≤0.03), and decreased protein efficiency ( P <0.01) without affecting microbial efficiency. The urea supplementation did not affect post-ruminal digestion. Urea supplementation linearly increased ( P <0.01) total tract digestion of N compounds without affecting total tract digestion of OM. Ruminal pH averaged 6.09 ± 0.03 and was not affected ( P ≥0.97) by the inclusion of urea. Ruminal NH3-N concentration increased with urea supplementation (linear component, P<0.01). The same effect was observed for blood urea concentrations and plasma urea ( P <0.01). On the basis of the results observed here, urea can be incorporated in finishing corn-based diets that include DDGS. However, this must done carefully to avoid exceeding the RDP concentration in the diets in order to optimise ruminal fermentation and reduce the risk of high N excretion in the faeces. This is relevant when higher levels of DDGS are included in the diets (i.e. 30%). Key words : fermentation, ruminal nitrogen solubility, DDGS, plasmatic ureic nitrogen

Effects of urea addition on the fermentation of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) silage

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of urea addition on fermentation characteristics, losses and chemical composition of silage of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) ‘BRS Ponta Negra’. The sorghum plant was chopped and treated with different levels of urea (0.1756, 0.3512, 0.7024 and 1.4048 g per 10 kg fresh forage for the respective proportions of 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0% and 4.0% of forage (dry matter [DM] basis), and packed into quintuplicate experimen- tal silos to determine its effects on fermentation, losses and chemical composition of sorghum silages. Addition of urea increased lactic acid bacteria up to the level of 60 g kg−1 (DM basis). Compared with control silage, the addition of urea (p < 0.05) reduced DM losses. Urea-treated silages linearly increased (p < 0.05) the ammoniacal nitrogen and crude protein contents, and linearly reduced (p < 0.05) the ethanol content. The pH in urea-treated silages indicated better preservation of substrates obtained from fermentation. The intermediate level of 2.0% urea additive can be used to improve fermentation, reducing losses in sorghum silage without compromising lactic acid production. However, the addition of 0.5% and 1.0% urea to sorghum silage is sufficient to improve aerobic stability.

Effect of Different Levels of Urea Super Granule and Prilled Urea on the Crop Quality, Nutrient Uptake and Soil Nutrient Status of Broccoli

A field experiment was conducted at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur during the period 2010-2011 to assess the effect of urea super granule (USG) and prilled urea (PU) on the quality attributes (Compactness coefficient, Vitamin C, β-carotene and chlorophyll contents) of broccoli, to assess the comparative performance of USG and PU on nutrient uptake and uptake efficiency of broccoli plant, to assess the effect of different forms and levels of urea N on the post harvest soil nutrient status of broccoli field and to select the better doses of USG and PU for quality broccoli production in Shallow Red-Brown Terrace Soil under Madhupur Tract (AEZ-28). The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications having 17 treatments constituted with different levels of urea super granule (USG) and prilled urea (PU) as- T1: N-control, T2: PU-N80, T3: PU-N100, T4: PU-N120, T5: PU-N140, T6: PU-N160, T7: PU-N180, T8: PU-N200, T9: PU-N220, T10: USG-N80, T11: USG-N100, T12: USG-N120, T13: USG-N140, T14: USG-N160, T15: USG-N180, T16: USG-N200, T17 and USG-N220 kg ha-1. Results revealed that the comparative performance of USG in relation to head quality (compactness coefficient, ascorbic acid, β-carotene and chlorophyll content), nutrient (NPKS) uptake and N uptake efficiency was found better as compared to PU. The compactness coefficient, β-carotene and chlorophyll contents were increased with increasing rate of N as well as USG and PU, but ascorbic acid content was slightly decreased with increasing rate of USG and PU. The maximum compactness coefficient (18.61) was found from the treatment USG-N180 that was followed by USG-N160 (18.24) and the highest β-carotene content (0.401 mg/100gFW) was found from USG-N160 followed by PU-N180 (0.40 mg/100gFW). Similarly the highest chlorophyll-a content (0.818 mg/100gFW) was found from USG-N180 followed by USG-N160 (0.814 mg/100gFW) and the highest chlorophyll-b content (1.141mg/100g FW) was recorded from USG-N180. The higher nutrient uptake and N uptake efficiency (108.531%) was obtained from USG treated plots over that of the PU. But N uptake efficiency was decreased with increasing rates of N fertilizer. But post harvest soil nitrogen status did not show any systematic trend although it was found higher in USG over PU. Similarly no remarkable changes were observed in post harvest soil P, K, S and B status for the crop. However, USG @ 160 kg N ha-1 (USG-N160) followed by USG-N140 and PU @ 180 kg N ha-1 (PU-N180) with other recommended doses of fertilizer could be suggested as USG and PU based fertilizer recommendation for a good quality broccoli production in terms of yield and quality in Silty Clay Loam Soil of Madhupur Tract.The Agriculturists 2017; 15(2) 24-39

Growth and yield of garlic as influenced by foliar application of urea and micronutrients

A field experiment was conducted during Rabi season of 2014–15 to study the effect of foliar spray of different levels of urea (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0%) in combination with micronutrients such as ZnSO4, MnSO4, FeSO4 each at 0.5% and CuSO4 at 0.2%. Urea and micronutrients along with sticker were applied at 30, 45 and 60 days after planting. Total seventeen treatment combinations including control were laid out in randomized block design with three replications. The cloves of garlic cv. HG-17 were planted at a spacing of 15×10 cm in a plot size of 3.0×3.0 m. Foliar feeding of 0.5% zinc sulphate in combination with 1.5% urea three times at 15 days interval gave superior results with respect to measured parameters. The maximum plant height (36.38 and 53.80 cm) at 30 and 60 days after planting, leaf length (28.17 cm), neck thickness (9.47 mm), number of cloves per bulb (37.17), clove length (25.05 mm), fresh and dry weight of individual clove (0.95 and 0.46 g), total plant biomass (44.40 g) and total bulb yield (155.51 q/ha) was registered with foliar application of 0.5% zinc sulphate in combination with 1.5% urea, followed by 2.0% urea application in combination with 0.5% zinc sulphate.

Assessment of direct carbon dioxide emission factor from urea fertilizer in temperate upland soil during warm and cold cropping season

Urea [(NH2)2CO] is synthesized by combining ammonia (NH3) and carbon dioxide (CO2). The consumption of atmospheric CO2 for urea production was considered carbon (C) removal by the Industrial Processes and Product Use sector. Based on this evaluation, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change proposed a default value (0.2 kg C per kg urea) for the CO2 emission factor from urea, which is equivalent to the mass percent of C in urea. However, all the C in urea might not be discharged to the atmosphere during the cropping season because some bicarbonates can be released from agricultural fields. To estimate the direct CO2 emission factor, different levels of urea were applied to cultivate red pepper and garlic during the warm and cold seasons, respectively, and CO2 emission rates were monitored during the cropping seasons. The seasonal CO2 fluxes increased significantly with increasing urea application levels, reaching maximum values of 268–273 and 233-250 kg N ha−1 for red pepper and garlic, respectively, and clearly decreased thereafter. Calculated by linear regressions between urea application levels and seasonal 13CO2 fluxes originating from 13C-urea, the direct CO2 emission rates from urea were projected to be 0.062–0.063 and 0.050–0.052 kg C per kg urea for red pepper and garlic cultivation, respectively. Thus, we suggest revising the current IPCC default value (0.2 kg C per kg urea) for the CO2 emission factor from urea to be approximately 0.06 and 0.05 kg C per kg urea for warm and cold cropping seasons, respectively, in temperate upland soils.

Effects of different levels of urea and magic growth spray solution on the yield and yield attributes of BRRI dhan29

Magic growth solution along with prilled urea in the rice leaf as foliar spray may save urea compared to soil application of urea alone. In this regard, an experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University during Boro Season (December-April, 2015) to evaluate the effects of urea and magic growth spray solution on the yield and yield attributes of BRRI dhan29. The experiment consisted of ten treatments viz.,T1 = Control, T2 = 99 kg urea ha-1, T3 = 63 kg urea ha-1 + 2.16L ha-1 magic growth spray solution, T4 = 99 kg urea ha-1 + 5.66L ha-1 magic growth spray solution, T5 = 117 kg urea ha-1 + 1.44L ha-1 magic growth spray solution, T6 = 117 kg urea ha-1 + 5.66L ha-1 magic growth spray solution, T7 = 126kg urea ha-1 + 5.66L ha-1 magic growth spray solution,T8 = 132 kg urea ha-1, T9 = 132 kg urea ha-1 + 5.66L ha-1 magic growth spray solution, T10= 132 kg urea ha-1+ 2.16L ha-1 magic growth spray solution and laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The results revealed that urea and magic growth spray solution exerted significant influence on the yield contributing characters and yield of BRRI dhan29 except panicle length, sterile spikelets and 1000-grain weight. The highest grain and straw yields (6.16 and 9.33 t ha-1, respectively) were obtained from T7 treatment which could be the resultant effect of highest number of effective tillers hill-1, highest number of grains panicle-1 and lowest number of sterile spikelets panicle-1. Grain yield was significantly and positively correlated with plant height, effective tillers hiil-1, panicle length and grains per panicle. Economic analysis showed that net return and benefit cost ratio (BCR) was the highest (1.41) in T7 treatment. Thus the overall results suggest that farmers may be advised to apply 126 kg urea along with 5.66L magic growth solution per hectare to produce economically highest grain yield of BRRI dhan29, under the agro-climatic condition of Bangladesh Agricultural University.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.3(2): 271-278, August 2016

The effect of different levels of diet total volatile nitrogen on performance, carcass characteristics and meat total volatile nitrogen in broiler chickens

Abstract. This study was conducted to determine the effect of different levels of diet total volatile nitrogen (TVN) on performance, carcass characteristics and meat TVN in broiler chickens. A total of 400 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks was used in this study. On the first day, male and female chicks were separated by feather sexing. In the first week, all chicks were reared together and fed with a basal diet without urea. At the beginning of the second week, the male and female chicks were weighed so that the average body weight of chicks was approximately equal in each cage. Then the male and female chicks were allocated to 25 floor pens in a completely randomized design with five treatments, five replicates and 16 chicks in each replicate (eight males and eight females) throughout the experimental period, which lasted for 42 days. Dietary treatments consisted of zero (control), 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 % of urea in the diets. Before starting the experiment, the TVN levels in all diets were measured after adding different levels of urea, and TVN levels were 13.30, 14.95, 17.26, 23.26 and 27.47 mg 100 g−1 and 16.66, 15.02, 17.81, 24.66 and 26.25 mg 100 g−1 in starter and grower diets, respectively. Feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG) and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) were measured. Carcass characteristics as well as TVN in breast meat, thigh meat and the whole carcass and in left tibia and toe ash were measured. The results showed that FI levels were significantly different between the groups at different weeks except for the second week (P &lt; 0.05). The BWG significantly differed among treatments (P &lt; 0.05). In the second and sixth weeks, FCR was affected by increasing TVN in the diet (P &lt; 0.05). Increasing TVN in broiler diets had a significant effect on the carcass characteristics (P &lt; 0.05). Increasing TVN to more than 15 mg 100 g−1 linearly reduced left tibia and toe ash (P &lt; 0.05). In addition, increasing TVN in the broiler diets affected the TVN of breast meat, thigh meat and the whole carcass of broilers (P &lt; 0.05). These results suggest that increasing diet TVN to more than 15 mg 100 g−1 reduces performance traits, carcass characteristics, and left tibia and toe ash and increases the TVN amount of breast meat, thigh meat and the whole carcass.

Digestibility of pelleted rations containing diverse potato flour and urea

The aim of this study was to evaluate ruminal in situ degradability and in vitro digestibility of dry matter (DM) in concentrate supplements containing diverse potato flour pelletized with urea (0%, 4%, 8%, and 12% DM). Samples of feeds were incubated for 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48h in the rumen of four fistulated sheep. Level of urea added had no significant effect (P&gt;;0.05) on the soluble fraction (a) or potentially degradable fraction (b) of the pellets and ranged from 2.1% to 12.2% and 72.9% to 87.5%, respectively. Quadratic effects (P=0.03) of the rate of degradation of fraction "b" ranged from 4.75% h-1to 7.39% h-1; the estimated maximum value at 7.4% h-1was obtained when 5.9% urea was added to the pellet. Quadratic effects (P≤0.02) of the level of urea added to the pellets on the effective degradability (ED) of DM were evaluated after considering rumen passage rates of 2.5% h-1and 8% h-1; the maximum values of ED calculated under these rumen passage rates were estimated at 6.3% to 7.3% urea in the pellets. The in vitro digestibility of DM of the pellets showed a quadratic effect (P=0.02) at different levels of urea, with a maximum value of 96.9% achieved when 7.9% urea was added to the pellets. Our results suggest that the addition of 6-8% urea to pelleted feed promotes an increase in the in vitro digestibility and ED of DM.

NUTRIENT CONSUMPTION AND DIGESTIBILITY OF SUGAR CANE DIETS SUPPLEMENTED WITH SOYBEAN MEAL OR UREA

&lt;p&gt;The present work was developed aiming to verify the effect on intake and digestibility of diets based on sugar cane, whose CP levels were supplemented with concentrate based on soybean meal or different levels of urea, fed to dairy cows. Twelve Holstein dairy cows were used, arranged in three 4 x 4 Latin squares distributed according to the lactation period. After analysing the variance, we proceeded to compare the non-orthogonal contrasts. There was no difference (P&amp;gt;0.05) for the consumption of dry matter/material (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), total carbohydrates (CHO), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and DM (g/kg &lt;sup&gt;0.75&lt;/sup&gt;) between diets. Between different levels of urea, a linearly decreasing effect for the consumption of NDF kg/day and NDF (% body weight) was verified. There was no difference (P&amp;gt;0.05) for apparent digestibility coefficients of DM, OM, CP, EE, NDF, and NFC when comparing different diets. There was linear increase between treatments of urea for CHO digestibility and total nutrient digestive. The soybean meal in the concentrate is not necessary in diets based on sugarcane supplemented with urea. The inclusion of urea is not necessary in diets based on sugar cane supplemented with a base concentrate of soybean meal for dairy cows producing 20 kg/day.&lt;/p&gt;