Different Levels Of Unemployment Research Articles

The Impact of Financial Development on Unemployment: The Case of the People’s Republic of China (PRC)

Research Originality: As a populous country with a population of 1.4 billion, China faces the imperative issue of employment. This paper focuses on the impact of financial credit and financial deposits on different levels of unemployment in an attempt to analyse the unemployment problem in China.Research Objectives: The paper explores the impact of financial development on unemployment in China.Research Methods: Using panel data from 31 provinces and cities in China (spanning from 2007 to 2021), categorizing unemployment situations, employing quantile regression models to assess the impact of financial development on different levels of unemployment in China.Empirical Results: The findings indicate a negative correlation between financial development and unemployment levels in China. The study reveals that financial credit significantly impacts unemployment in provinces where the economy is higher than average GDP. However, in regions where the economy is lower than average GDP, the impact of financial deposits on unemployment is significant.Implications: This study establishes that the adoption of financial expansionary policies by the government can reduce unemployment and help guide the formulation of more precise and effective economic policies.JEL Classification: G21, E24, C33, O53How to Cite:Yixin, L., Radzi, N.A.M., Ma, M., & Saidi, N.A., (2024). The Impact of Financial Development on Unemployment: The Case of the People’s Republic of China (PRC). Etikonomi, 23(2), 353 – 368. https://doi.org/10.15408/etk.v23i2.37997.

Variation in unemployment scarring across labor markets. A comparative factorial survey experiment using real vacancies

Unemployment may severely impede access to (good) jobs. We focus on the effects of unemployment scarring on the chances of young workers to get hired and evaluate the extent to which they are affected in labor markets with different levels of unemployment. Drawing on Goffman’s work on stigmatization and on queuing theory, we derive two potentially complementary micro-level explanations with opposing macro-level implication. We address the variation in unemployment scarring across 20 labor markets in four European countries based on factorial survey experiments embedded in real hiring situations. The results suggest that in labor markets with persistently low levels of unemployment, stigmatization, as proposed by Goffman, is the main source of unemployment scarring. We find no evidence that unemployment scarring is weaker when unemployment and the number of job seekers are low, as we inferred from queuing approaches. Our study contributes to expanding knowledge of context variability in unemployment scarring.

STUDY ON LABOR INTEGRATION OF GROUPS OF PEOPLE, FACING SERIOUS DIFFICULTIES IN GAINING EMPLOYMENT IN THE LABOR MARKET OF BULGARIA

The survey aims to identify the factors influencing the different levels of unemployment in Bulgaria through the use of statistical methods and official statistical information regarding the labor market for the period 2015-2019. To achieve the research goals, a regression model was developed, disclosing the relationship between a dependent variable (total unemployment rate) and a system of independent variables reflecting the influence of factors for the analyzed period. The nature of the dependencies is established, statistically significant factors are selected and ranked, the degree of influence for each of them is determined, the adequacy of the model is checked and the results obtained are fully analyzed. Based on the findings achieved, conclusions are formulated and measures are proposed aimed at a general reduction of the unemployment rate in the country, as well as to increase the opportunities for employment of various categories of unemployed persons with disabilities.

“Last Hired, First Fired”: The Effect of the Unemployment Rate on the Probability of Repeat Offending

Research examining the connection between the unemployment rate and the aggregate crime is inconclusive. One explanation for the inconsistent findings is that the unemployment rate influences the criminal activity of repeat and first-time offenders in different ways. Results support this thesis by revealing an inverted U-shaped association between the unemployment rate and the probability of repeat offending. The curvilinear relationship likely results from repeat offenders and those lacking a criminal record entering and exiting the labor force at different levels of unemployment. Our findings highlight the role that the unemployment rate plays in affecting repeat offending and underscore the importance of distinguishing between repeat and first-time offending when analyzing the effect of the unemployment rate on crime.

A register-based study on excess suicide mortality among unemployed men and women during different levels of unemployment in Finland

BackgroundSuicide mortality is high among the unemployed, but the role of causation and selection models in producing employment status differences remains to be understood. This study analyses the association between...

The relationships between perceived stress for the future and coping strategies in times of social uncertainty: A study of Italian adolescents

Rapid social and economic changes in most industrialized countries have increased the level of uncertainty and precariousness to which young people are exposed. Adolescents are increasingly preoccupied with their future in terms of education, jobs, and career. The current study was aimed at investigating: 1) the stress for the future and the coping styles; 2) gender, age, and living place differences in stress and coping; 3) the relationships between coping styles and future-related stress. 916 Italian adolescents of both sexes, ages 11 to 20, attending public middle and high schools in two living places with different levels of unemployment (lower in Turin, higher in Naples) participated in the study. Adolescents completed the questionnaires “Coping Across Situations Questionnaire” and “Problem Questionnaire”. Main findings showed that: 1) the adolescents perceive the future as the most stressful domain and they use active and internal coping more than withdrawal; 2) stress is higher among girls than boys; younger use coping strategies more than older; c) stress is higher in Turin and internal coping and withdrawal is higher in Naples; 4) stress is: a) positively related to active coping and negatively related to withdrawal (especially in Naples where there is also a negative relation with internal coping); b) withdrawal moderates the effect of active coping. When the context offers too few opportunities for the future, active coping seems ineffective in reducing perceived stress. Key words: Societal uncertainty, stress for the future, coping strategies, adolescents.

A theory of efficiency wage with multiple unemployment equilibria: how a higher minimum wage law can curb unemployment

This paper uses efficiency wage theory and the existence of community-based sharing to hypothesize that labor markets in developing countries have multiple equilibria – the same economy can be stuck at different levels of unemployment with different levels of wages. The model is meant for developing economies where wage-productivity links are discernible and income-sharing among the poor is prevalent. It seems reasonable to posit that in such an economy more unemployment leads to more income sharing. The main results are generated combining this claim with a theoretical demonstration of the fact that more sharing increases unemployment rates. As corollaries, we show that (1) within the same society, two different racial groups that may be ex ante identical can have different levels of unemployment and wages in equilibrium and (2) the imposition of a legal minimum wage can raise employment.

Imperfect competition, general equilibrium and unemployment

We analyze whether different learning abilities of firms with respect to general equilibrium effects lead to different levels of unemployment. We consider a general equilibrium model, where firms in one sector compete à la Cournot and a real wage rigidity leads to unemployment. If firms consider only partial equilibrium effects when choosing quantities, the observation of general equilibrium feedback effects will lead to repeated quantity adjustments until a steady state is reached. When labor is mobile across industries, unemployment in the steady state is higher than when all general equilibrium effects are incorporated at once. The opposite result is true if labor is immobile.

Mortality in relation to employment status during different levels of unemployment

The aim of this study was to estimate whether the risk for total and cause-specific mortality was related to employment status, and whether mortality in different non-employed groups differed during high and low levels of unemployment. Structured interviews were used from the Swedish Survey of Living Conditions in 1984-89 and 1992-97, including women and men aged 18 to 64, classified as unemployed (n = 2,067), retired or on temporary disability pension (n = 2,674), economically inactive for other reasons (n = 1,373), and employed (n = 38,293). Data were linked to death certificates, as registered in the Cause of Death Register. Cox proportional hazards models were performed for the mortality risk up until eight and a half years following the interview. Being unemployed (OR = 1.43), retired, or on temporary disability pension (OR = 2.28) or being economically inactive for other reasons (OR = 1.63) was related to a risk for total mortality, after considering the level of unemployment, sociodemographic factors and longstanding illness. The risk of death due to external causes was excessive among the unemployed and among those retired or on temporary disability pension, and resulted to a large extent from suicide. The interaction between employment status and level of unemployment was not significant. The level of unemployment seems to have no major influence on the mortality risk. Future interventions for the non-employed groups should focus on preventing avoidable mortality, such as injury and suicide.

Learned helplessness, discouraged workers, and multiple unemployment equilibria

Unemployment varies strongly between countries with comparable economic structure. Some economists have tried to link this to institutional differences in the labour market. Instead, this paper focuses on a model with multiple equilibria so that the same socioeconomic structure can give rise to different levels of unemployment. Unemployed workers’ search efficiency is modelled within an equilibrium search model and lay behind these results. Learned helplessness causes a pro-cyclical behavior of the aggregate search efficiency, also known as the discouraged worker effect. The model also offers an explanation of why unemployment seems to move more easily up than down.

Crime, Inequality, and Unemployment

There has been much discussion of the relationships between crime, inequality and unemployment. We construct a model where all three are endogenous. Introducing crime into otherwise standard models affects the labor market in several interesting ways. For example, we show how the crime rate affects the unemployment rate and vice-versa; how the possibility of criminal activity can lead to wage inequality among homogeneous workers; and how the possibility of crime can generate multiple equilibria in natural but previously unexplored ways. In particular, two fundamentally identical neighborhoods may easily end up with different levels of unemployment, inequality, and crime. The model can be used to study the equilibrium effects of anti-crime policies, such as changes in apprehension rates or jail sentences, as well as more traditional labor market policies such as unemployment insurance.

Mental Health and Social Exclusion among Unemployed Youth in Scandinavia. A Comparative Study

Although there has been considerable research on the relationship between mental health problems and unemployment among youth in a national context, there have been few comparative studies involving countries with different cultures and different levels of unemployment. Surveys in the five Nordic countries (Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Denmark) of nearly 8,000 young unemployed people enable us to study young peoples’ experience of unemployment in a comparative perspective. Representative samples of unemployed youth were drawn from the national unemployment registers. In Sweden the sample consisted of 3,998 young people with a response rate of 63%, in Finland 2,386 (response rate 73%), Iceland 2,280 (response rate 60%), Denmark 1,540 (response rate 76%) and Norway 2,000 (response rate 56%). The data were later coupled to data from the unemployment register in the respective countries. The populations were interviewed 6 to 12 months after they were registered as unemployed.

Imperfect Competition, General Equilibrium and Unemployment

We analyze whether different learning abilities of firms with respect to general equilibrium effects lead to different levels of unemployment. We consider a general equilibrium model where firms in one sector compete a la Cournot and a real wage rigidity leads to unemployment. If firms consider only partial equilibrium effects when choosing quantities, the observation of general equilibrium feedback effects will lead to repeated quantity adjustments until a steady state is reached. When labor is im mobile across industries, unempolyment in the steady state is lower than when all general equilibrium effects are incorporated at once. The opposite result is true if labor is mobile.

Some models for simulating canadian manpower flows and related systems

The paper reports on a series of models designed for computer simulation of Canadian manpower flows at different levels of unemployment, either alone or in conjunction with related population flows. The models are disaggregated macromodels of the state-transition variety. One relates to annual flows, the others to monthly flows. The models have been used for various purposes, including simulation analyses of the effects of changes in economic conditions and government policy variables on two government programs, namely unemployment insurance and manpower training. Other applications are possible and, in general, the basic approach underlying the models is considered to have much potential for manpower policy analysis.