Different Levels Of Maturity Research Articles

Natural Gas Geochemistry in Jambanan Area, Sidoharjo, Sragen, Central Java, Indonesia

Natural gas was encountered on PAMSIMAS well drilling in the Jambanan area. Geochemical studies are needed to determine gas genesis in this area. Geochemical studies were carried out using the GC gas composition method on gas samples located at three locations, namely SRG-01, SRG-02, and SRG-03. The three gas samples had a methane content of 47.61 - 87.97mol.%. All three have a low wettability level (0.03-0.05%) which indicates that the gas is very dry. GC-IRMS Method was also used on SRG-01 and SRG-02 gas sample. Those gas samples have δ13C Methane characteristics of -40.7‰ (SRG-01) and -45.6‰ (SRG-02) with δD methane values ​​of -171‰ (SRG-01) and -178‰ (SRG-02). This shows that the gas at those are thermogenic gas and it comes from different levels of maturity, where the gas at SRG-01 is more mature than the gas at SRG-02.

Variation in Soluble Sugars in Arabica Coffee Cherry Fruits.

The maturation of Arabica coffee fruits is influenced by both endogenous and external factors. The stage of fruit maturation affects the chemical composition of the beans, which in turn impacts the quality of the coffee beverage. During maturation, the fruit peel changes colour from green to red (cherry), signalling the optimal harvest time and suggesting high fruit quality. However, the degree of redness can vary, indicating different levels of maturity. This study aimed to explore the variation in soluble sugar accumulation in relation to the redness of coffee fruit tissues. We classified ripe fruits into six ripeness categories based on the intensity of the red colour of the epicarp, measured using a colourimeter. We analysed total soluble sugar, sucrose, and starch in three parts: coat (exocarp + mesocarp), coat juice (obtained by squeezing the coat), and beans. Our findings reveal that the variation in sugar in the endosperm does not correspond to changes in the coat, suggesting separate regulation of sugar accumulation, particularly sucrose, which is crucial for coffee quality. Our data indicate that there is no transfer of sucrose and reducing sugars from the red coat to the bean.

Usability and Feasibility Evaluation of a Web-Based and Offline Cybersecurity Resource for Health Care Organizations (The Essentials of Cybersecurity in Health Care Organizations Framework Resource): Mixed Methods Study.

Cybersecurity is a growing challenge for health systems worldwide as the rapid adoption of digital technologies has led to increased cyber vulnerabilities with implications for patients and health providers. It is critical to develop workforce awareness and training as part of a safety culture and continuous improvement within health care organizations. However, there are limited open-access, health care-specific resources to help organizations at different levels of maturity develop their cybersecurity practices. This study aims to assess the usability and feasibility of the Essentials of Cybersecurity in Health Care Organizations (ECHO) framework resource and evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats associated with implementing the resource at the organizational level. A mixed methods, cross-sectional study of the acceptability and usability of the ECHO framework resource was undertaken. The research model was developed based on the technology acceptance model. Members of the Imperial College Leading Health Systems Network and other health care organizations identified through the research teams' networks were invited to participate. Study data were collected through web-based surveys 1 month and 3 months from the date the ECHO framework resource was received by the participants. Quantitative data were analyzed using R software (version 4.2.1). Descriptive statistics were calculated using the mean and 95% CIs. To determine significant differences between the distribution of answers by comparing results from the 2 survey time points, 2-tailed t tests were used. Qualitative data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel. Thematic analysis used deductive and inductive approaches to capture themes and concepts. A total of 16 health care organizations participated in the study. The ECHO framework resource was well accepted and useful for health care organizations, improving their understanding of cybersecurity as a priority area, reducing threats, and enabling organizational planning. Although not all participants were able to implement the resource as part of information computing technology (ICT) cybersecurity activities, those who did were positive about the process of change. Learnings from the implementation process included the usefulness of the resource for raising awareness and ease of use based on familiarity with other standards, guidelines, and tools. Participants noted that several sections of the framework were difficult to operationalize due to costs or budget constraints, human resource limitations, leadership support, stakeholder engagement, and limited time. The research identified the acceptability and usability of the ECHO framework resource as a health-focused cybersecurity resource for health care organizations. As cybersecurity in health care organizations is everyone's responsibility, there is potential for the framework resource to be used by staff with varied job roles. Future research needs to explore how it can be updated for ICT staff and implemented in practice and how educational materials on different aspects of the framework could be developed.

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of periosteum-derived cells and iPSC-derived chondrocytes encapsulated in GelMA for osteochondral tissue engineering.

Osteochondral defects are deep joint surface lesions that affect the articular cartilage and the underlying subchondral bone. In the current study, a tissue engineering approach encompassing individual cells encapsulated in a biocompatible hydrogel is explored in vitro and in vivo. Cell-laden hydrogels containing either human periosteum-derived progenitor cells (PDCs) or human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived chondrocytes encapsulated in gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) were evaluated for their potential to regenerate the subchondral mineralized bone and the articular cartilage on the joint surface, respectively. PDCs are easily isolated and expanded progenitor cells that are capable of generating mineralized cartilage and bone tissue in vivo via endochondral ossification. iPSC-derived chondrocytes are an unlimited source of stable and highly metabolically active chondrocytes. Cell-laden hydrogel constructs were cultured for up to 28 days in a serum-free chemically defined chondrogenic medium. On day 1 and day 21 of the differentiation period, the cell-laden constructs were implanted subcutaneously in nude mice to evaluate ectopic tissue formation 4 weeks post-implantation. Taken together, the data suggest that iPSC-derived chondrocytes encapsulated in GelMA can generate hyaline cartilage-like tissue constructs with different levels of maturity, while using periosteum-derived cells in the same construct type generates mineralized tissue and cortical bone in vivo. Therefore, the aforementioned cell-laden hydrogels can be an important part of a multi-component strategy for the manufacturing of an osteochondral implant.

Impact of Psychosocial Factors on Sustainability of Stock Investors’ Inclination: A Case of the South Pacific Stock Market

Previous research has documented that psycho-cognitive resources and socioeconomic status have significant influences on investment behavior in financial assets. Drawing from the positive psychosocial perspective, I hypothesized that positive enterprising personality mediates the influence of individual characteristics on investment behavior. I tested this hypothesis in the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) framework using a purposive sample of potential stock investors in Fiji. The theoretical framework and analytical procedures, I introduce here, can also be used to discover additional factors influencing investment inclination and then estimate the predictors of stock market investments in other developing countries with similar socioeconomic contexts, for example, Sri Lanka. The results revealed that four latent factors (Intuition, Education and knowledge, Sociocultural norms, and Enterprising personality) are distinct dimensions of investment inclination together with the maturity factor (Age) towards stock investments. The findings could broaden our understanding about the direct and indirect impact of psychosocial characteristics on stock market participation through positive, personal resources such as an enterprising personality. The findings will be useful for financial service providers and regulators in designing educational programs for different levels of maturity, knowledge, and education, to enhance enterprising personality qualities amongst people generally, and inculcate positive attitudes towards stock investments in the young through high school curricula and mass-awareness programs.

Interpretable Artificial Intelligence in Information Systems: Status Review and Future Research Directions

Efforts to develop black-box artificial intelligence (AI) systems have become a phenomenon of emerging global interest in academia, business, and society, and have led to the development of the XAI research field. With its pluralistic perspective, information systems (IS) research is destined to contribute to this emerging field; thus, it is not surprising that the number of research publications at XAI has increased significantly. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of XAI research in public and electronic markets, specifically using a structured literature review. Based on a literature review of 180 research papers, this work examines the most receptive points, the development of academic debates, and the most important concepts and methodologies. In addition, eight research areas with different levels of maturity in e-markets are identified. Finally, guidelines for the XAI research agenda in IS are presented

Engaging with practice: Information literacy instruction as a part of developing reflective thinking and clinical judgement in nursing studies

This study examines how nursing students in their final year use skills in information literacy (IL) in clinical placements when working on an assignment in evidence-based practice. The IL instruction and the assignment were designed to give the students room for reflective thinking. Reflective thinking is crucial for developing good practice and adequate care in nursing. The study is qualitatively oriented and sets out to examine what kind of skills and knowledge the students demonstrate when doing an assignment that is practically oriented, and where IL is integrated in other tasks. The empirical material consists of written reflection notes from clinical placement. These notes have been analysed using a version of Bloom’s taxonomy. For educators it is important to focus on how to bridge the theory-practice gap and combine IL with practical work. In this study we have identified some factors that may need more attention when designing similar assignments for students. The conclusion drawn from the reflection notes is that the students are on different levels of maturity and that in designing assignments related to real-life contexts, this should be given more attention.

Сравнительный анализ вербальной оценки иллюзорных отрезков у детей и взрослых

<p>A comparative study of the strength of the Ponzo and Müller-Lyer illusions in preschool children, primary school children and adults was performed. Significant differences in the strength of the Ponzo and Müller-Lyer illusions were revealed between groups of children and adults. The results obtained indicate a higher degree of intensity of illusion in children. Meanwhile, no significant differences were found between the groups of primary school and preschool children. For the first time, the magnitude of the illusory effect in children with different levels of maturity of visual perception was compared. When comparing data on the level of maturity of visual perception using the M.M. Bezrukih methodic, we found significant differences in the strength of the Ponzo illusion between groups of children with high and low levels of maturity of perceptual constancy. The results suggest the magnitude of the Ponzo illusion is associated with the maturity level of the constancy of visual perception. Such a connection was not found for the Müller-Lyer illusion, which may indicate differences in the mechanisms of formation of the visual illusions under study.</p>

Analysis of Unconventional Oil and Gas Reservoirs using Well Logging, Geochemical and Seismic Data

Since conventional oil and gas is under a depletion phase, unconventional oil, and gas have become prime candidates for current and future oil and gas production. Based on this, investment and research have increased significantly related to unconventional oil and gas exploitation, especially in the North East Java Basin, one of the sedimentary basins producing oil and gas. The research was conducted in the form of well-logging, geochemical, and seismic data analysis to determine the quality and quantity of oil and gas reservoirs. The thickness and TOC value of the reservoir were determined using well-logging data using the Passey method, resulting in a thickness ranging from 900-954 ft and an average TOC value of 3.87 Wt% in the Kujung III Formation. Based on geochemical data analysis, the reservoir has type II kerogen with an immature-early mature maturity level (Ro and Tmax). Meanwhile, based on seismic data, the reservoir thickens to the northwest, ranging from 500-600 m. Unconventional oil and gas reservoirs in the research area have the potential to be developed because they meet several criteria, such as being rich in organic material and thick, even though the maturity level is still in the immature phase. It is estimated that deeper areas will produce different levels of maturity as pressure and temperature increase.

Funding and financing the zero emissions journey: urban visions from the 100 Climate-Neutral and Smart Cities Mission

Cities play a critical role in delivering emission-free futures, yet the financial capacities, together with the unprecedented estimated capital requirements represent substantial barriers to climate action. In this study, we use data collected through the European Mission on 100 Climate-Neutral and Smart Cities to investigate how 362 ambitious, yet differently prepared cities are fostering climate investment, under three aspects of (i) financial readiness, (ii) financial proactiveness, and (iii) financial innovation. On one hand, according to their self-assessment, over 70% of the cities have not yet estimated—not even roughly—the total investment needed to become climate neutral and the majority (i) have experience in financing only a few specific climate projects, (ii) are ill-equipped to tap capital markets, (iii) have developed only marginally co-financing with the private sector, and (iv) have taken no steps to establish an investor-ready pipeline of projects contributing to climate neutrality. On the other hand, cities are at the forefront of financial innovation, creating blueprints and business models that are being tested under a learning-by-doing approach, creating deep and long-lasting transformative change, and establishing coordinating mechanisms with new critical players. In this context, current financial management, regulation, and institutional arrangements are key barriers to unlocking access to financing and creating an enabling environment for investment at the city level. The different levels of maturity in terms of financial readiness and institutional arrangements are discussed as the catalysers of climate financing at the city level.

The interplay between the contextual conditions and the advancement of the technological maturity in inter‐organisational collaborative R&D projects: a qualitative study

This paper analyses the evolution of the contextual conditions during the advancement of the degree of technological maturity of innovative technical solutions and their interplay with the R&D processes in the setting of collaborative inter‐organisational publicly‐funded R&D projects. Extant literature investigated the role of contextual conditions for the development process of technologies across different settings, but the evolution of their role has not yet been analysed in detail during the same development process over different levels of maturity. It has also not been investigated how the inter‐organisational collaboration is affected by this interplay. To address this gap, we put in place exploratory qualitative research in the empirical setting of collaborative inter‐organisational R&D projects that were funded by the EU's Research and Innovation Framework Programmes. Such projects often advance the maturity of several new technical solutions in different constellations of partners within the same project and therefore provide rich data for our analysis. The research design is a comparative multiple case study. We studied 5 projects that developed 49 innovative technical solutions, adopting a grounded theory approach, through the analysis of the project documentation and semi‐structured interviews. The evolution of the non‐technical contextual conditions and their interplay with the R&D processes and the inter‐organisational collaboration were found to be similar across different technologies, but their role was significantly different at different stages of the advancement of maturity. Medium TRLs constituted a watershed for inter‐organisational cooperation, whereas when going to higher TRLs, the role of the intra‐organisational context became dominant. As a consequence, the changes of the contextual conditions should be anticipated by project planners and project managers to avoid that the R&D processes get stuck at medium technology readiness levels. We also discuss the implications for policy interventions when reaching higher TRLs is intended.

Upgrading to 3D cadastre in Morocco: Lessons learned from benchmarking of international 3D cadastral systems

Currently, there is a growing interest internationally in 3D cadastre thanks to its capability in efficient management of land properties and rights. However, there is no fully operational system yet. Notable developments in 3D cadastre have been conducted by several countries with different levels of maturity. However, some conceptual and technical challenges are still at the research and development fields. Morocco has not adopted a 3D cadastral system yet. Investigations in this domain are mainly academic. This has motivated us to bring a thorough analysis about upgrading to a 3D Moroccan cadastre. Therefore, this research aims to provide guidelines, reflections and recommendations for its implementation, supported by a benchmarking of some best practices around the world. In this paper, the importance of adopting a 3D cadastral system is highlighted, and an overview of the main concepts and approaches of 3D cadastre is presented. Besides, several milestones of 3D cadastre, namely legal, institutional and technical are analyzed. Then, the current status of the Moroccan cadastre with regards to the third dimension is deeply analyzed. In order to propose a suitable 3D cadastral system in the Moroccan context, a gap analysis between the benchmarked countries and the current Moroccan cadastre is performed, through which guidelines for adopting a future 3D cadastre for Morocco with regards to legal, institutional and technical aspects are proposed. Our research leads to the conclusion that Morocco has a good framework to evolve to 3D cadastre but work is needed to develop a collaborative approach to implement it.

Evaluation of Dynamic Changes and Regularity of Volatile Flavor Compounds for Different Green Plum (Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc) Varieties during the Ripening Process by HS-GC-IMS with PLS-DA.

Headspace gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry and partial-least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were adopted to analyze the rule of change in flavor substances for different varieties of green plums at different levels of maturity (S1-immature, S2-commercially mature, and S3-fully mature). The results showed that 68 kinds of volatile flavor substances were identified in all green plum samples. The types and contents of such volatile substances experienced a V-shaped trend with an increasing degree of green plum maturity. During the S1 and S2 stages, aldehydes, ketones, and a small amount of alcohols were the main volatile flavor substances in the green plum samples. During the S3 stage, esters and alcohols were the most important volatile flavor components in the green plum pulp samples, followed by terpenes and ketones. YS had the most types and highest contents of volatile flavor substances in three stages, followed by GC and DZ. By using the PLS-DA method, this study revealed the differences in flavor of the different varieties of green plums at different maturity stages, and it identified eight common characteristic volatile flavor substances, such as ethyl acetate, 3-methylbutan-1-ol, and 2-propanone, produced by the different green plum samples during the ripening process, as well as the characteristic flavor substances of green plums at each maturity stage (S1-S3).

Uterine activity modifies the response of the fetal autonomic nervous system at preterm active labor.

The autonomic nervous system of preterm fetuses has a different level of maturity than term fetuses. Thus, their autonomic response to transient hypoxemia caused by uterine contractions in labor may differ. This study aims to compare the behavior of the fetal autonomic response to uterine contractions between preterm and term active labor using a novel time-frequency analysis of fetal heart rate variability (FHRV). We performed a case-control study using fetal R-R and uterine activity time series obtained by abdominal electrical recordings from 18 women in active preterm labor (32-36 weeks of gestation) and 19 in active term labor (39-40 weeks of gestation). We analyzed 20 minutes of the fetal R-R time series by applying a Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) to obtain frequency (HF, 0.2-1Hz; LF, 0.05-0.2Hz) and time-frequency (Flux0, Flux90, and Flux45) domain features. Time domain FHRV features (SDNN, RMSSD, meanNN) were also calculated. In addition, ultra-short FHRV analysis was performed by segmenting the fetal R-R time series according to episodes of the uterine contraction and quiescent periods. No significant differences between preterm and term labor were found for FHRV features when calculated over 20 minutes. However, we found significant differences when segmenting between uterine contraction and quiescent periods. In the preterm group, the LF, Flux0, and Flux45 were higher during the average contraction episode compared with the average quiescent period (p<0.01), while in term fetuses, vagally mediated FHRV features (HF and RMSSD) were higher during the average contraction episode (p<0.05). The meanNN was lower during the strongest contraction in preterm fetuses compared to their consecutive quiescent period (p=0.008). The average autonomic response to contractions in preterm fetuses shows sympathetic predominance, while term fetuses respond through parasympathetic activity. Comparison between groups during the strongest contraction showed a diminished fetal autonomic response in the preterm group. Thus, separating contraction and quiescent periods during labor allows for identifying differences in the autonomic nervous system cardiac regulation between preterm and term fetuses.

ASSESSING PINEAPPLE MATURITY IN COMPLEX SCENARIOS USING AN IMPROVED RETINANET ALGORITHM

In China, low levels of accuracy in predicting when pineapple crops will reach maturity can result from environmental variation such as light changes, fruit overlap, and shading. Therefore, this study proposed the use of an improved RetinaNet algorithm (ECA-Retinanet) based on the ECA attention mechanism. The ECA attention mechanism was embedded into the classification subnet of RetinaNet to improve accuracy in detecting different levels of maturity in pineapples. A new pineapple dataset was collected comprising four different growth stages under mild and severe complex scenarios. The experimental results have shown that the mAP (Mean Average Precision) and F1 score (Balanced Score) of the ECA-Retinanet model were 97.69%, 94.75%, 93.2%, and 90% for identification in mild and severe complex scenarios. These values are 0.42%, 2%, 1.78%, and 1.5% higher than the original RetinaNet model which exceeds those of the six existing state-of-the-art detection models. The results have indicated that the proposed algorithm could be used for accurate identification of pineapple fruit and can detect fruit maturity using ground color images in the natural environment. The study findings provide a technical reference for automatic picking robots and early yield estimation.

Organisational capabilities for successful digital transformation: a global analysis of national football associations in the digital age

PurposeThe aim of this study is to identify organisational capabilities (OC) for a successful digital transformation (DT) and associated structures of internal teams to orchestrate and support DT.Design/methodology/approachAn explorative, qualitative study, comprising semi-structured interviews with 82 executives from 43 diverse National Football Associations (NFA) spread across five continents was conducted.FindingsThe results show that organisational culture, strategic sensitivity, up-to-date ICT-infrastructure, a digitally skilled workforce, leadership support, knowledge management and internal DT-teams are important capabilities to enable successful DT.Research limitations/implicationsDue to the different levels of maturity of digitalisation and the financial constraints, not every NFA intends or is able to assign a full-time staff member exclusively to digital issues. Therefore, the most appropriate person was interviewed in each NFA.Practical implicationsAdapting an organisational culture to the requirements of the digital age is one of the most important steps in implementing DT. It is equally important for the leadership to form the strategic framework and enable the necessary training of employees to improve the results of the digitalisation processes.Originality/valueThis is the first study investigating NFA's DT from a worldwide perspective, identifying the most important factors for successful DT-processes.

Survey Result for E-labeling Initiatives in Asia

Under the COVID-19 pandemic, various electronic labeling initiatives have accelerated worldwide in the healthcare and pharmaceutical fields as part of a wider digital transformation [1, 2]. Although there is no universal definition of electronic labeling (e-labeling) globally, it is widely understood that e-labeling refers to the product information that is distributed via electronic means. There are 5 factors to be considered in e-labeling, and these are discussed in this publication. APAC is an industry-driven initiative with 13 R&D-based pharmaceutical associations joining from 11 markets in Asia. e-labeling was discussed as a new topic starting in 2020, and a 22-question survey was conducted in November 2021 to understand the current e-labeling status. The survey results showed that e-labeling initiatives were at different levels of maturity in the Asian region, although most markets have started to discuss e-labeling initiatives. Various challenges exist around e-labeling initiatives due to a variety of different approaches being taken in the region. It would be advisable to develop regional guidance on how to proceed with e-labeling initiatives in the Asian region to have a consistent and efficient approach. The close collaboration between agencies, Health Care Professionals (HCPs), patients, and industry associations is important to move e-labeling initiatives forward in Asia.

A Noncooperative Game-Based Approach for Microgrid Planning Considering Existing Interconnected and Clustered Microgrids on an Island

This paper proposes a noncooperative game-based planning method for microgrid (MG) considering the interconnection between developing and developed privately-owned clustered MGs on an island. A noncooperative game with imperfect information is designed to regulate the decision-making in planning and operating strategies for rational MG owners. The optimization models for both developing and developed MGs are presented. Different levels of maturity of MG development are modeled by diverse objective functions and constraints, while the data privacy of privately-owned MGs is preserved through imperfect information and prior beliefs. To tackle the seasonality of renewable energy and load on an island, hydrogen storage is considered in the developing MG on the island. Diagonalization and realization are incorporated to develop an effective solving methodology in searching the mixed strategy equilibrium for each MG. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified using comprehensive case studies.

Chemical engineering and industrial ecology: Remanufacturing and recycling as process systems

AbstractClimate change and resource scarcity are just two of the planetary crises that make radical socio‐economic change essential if human society is to be sustainable. Chemical engineering is a skill‐set that can make a unique contribution to the socio‐economic transition, going beyond new technological processes to provide a system‐level understanding of economic activities from the perspective of industrial ecology. This paper provides an example by applying process system analysis to the use, re‐use, remanufacturing, and recycling of material products. Unlike the ‘circular economy’ approach, the analysis starts from the stock of goods and materials in use in the economy and models the flows required to build up, operate, and maintain the stock. Metrics are developed to account for the effect of stock growth on demand for materials. The significance of the analysis is illustrated for four metals whose industrial ecologies are at different levels of maturity: lead, copper, aluminium, and lithium. Extending product life through re‐use and remanufacturing is crucial for resource efficiency, using labour to reduce demand for energy and non‐renewable resources. If end‐of‐life products are processed to recover individual elements, the cost penalties increase rapidly with the decreasing concentration of valuable materials and increasing number of materials in the mixture. Thus, shifting from a linear economy (make−use−dispose) to closed‐loop use of materials involves rethinking product design to reduce the number of materials used. Material substitution to reduce demand for scarce materials needs to look beyond equivalence of function to consider changing patterns of use in the regenerative economy.

The difference of quality of citrus fruits on different levels of maturity during storage period

This research was conducted at farmers’ oranges field in Belantih Village, Kintamani District, Bangli Regency, Bali, and Laboratory of Agriculture Faculty of Warmadewa University. The aim of the study was to know the difference of quality of Siam citrus fruits at different fruit maturity levels during storage period. The experiment used randomized block design. The treatment was fruit maturity, consisting of 4 levels i.e FM1 = harvested 22 weeks after flowering (WAF) with physical appearance of green fruit skin, FM2 = harvested at 24 WAF with green yellowish fruit skin, FM3 = harvested at 26 WAF with yellow-greenish fruit skin, and FM4 = harvested at 28WAF with yellow fruit skin, each repeated 6 times. The results showed, the riper harvested fruit the sweeter the taste, which reflected by the higher total dissolved solids and sugar/acid ratio, but the shelf life was shorter because the fruits were rapidly shrinking and loss of weight and quickly damaged. However, if the fruits harvested too young (before the age of 26 WAF) the quality of the fruits were low reflected by lower of weight per fruit and fruit diameter and decreased the quality of the fruit during storage was faster. Based on the result of this research, to get good quality of Siam Citrus fruit and kept longer on storage the fruit harvest should be done at age 26 WAF with physical appearance characteristic of yellow green fruit skin.