Different Levels Of Lipid Research Articles

Blood metabolomic profiling reveals new targets in the management of psychological symptoms associated with severe alcohol use disorder.

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a global health problem with limited therapeutic options. The biochemical mechanisms that lead to this disorder are not yet fully understood, and in this respect, metabolomics represents a promising approach to decipher metabolic events related to AUD. The plasma metabolome contains a plethora of bioactive molecules that reflects the functional changes in host metabolism but also the impact of the gut microbiome and nutritional habits. In this study, we investigated the impact of severe AUD (sAUD), and of a 3-week period of alcohol abstinence, on the blood metabolome (non-targeted LC-MS metabolomics analysis) in 96 sAUD patients hospitalized for alcohol withdrawal. We found that the plasma levels of different lipids ((lyso)phosphatidylcholines, long-chain fatty acids), short-chain fatty acids (i.e. 3-hydroxyvaleric acid) and bile acids were altered in sAUD patients. In addition, several microbial metabolites, including indole-3-propionic acid, p-cresol sulfate, hippuric acid, pyrocatechol sulfate, and metabolites belonging to xanthine class (paraxanthine, theobromine and theophylline) were sensitive to alcohol exposure and alcohol withdrawal. 3-Hydroxyvaleric acid, caffeine metabolites (theobromine, paraxanthine, and theophylline) and microbial metabolites (hippuric acid and pyrocatechol sulfate) were correlated with anxiety, depression and alcohol craving. Metabolomics analysis in postmortem samples of frontal cortex and cerebrospinal fluid of those consuming a high level of alcohol revealed that those metabolites can be found also in brain tissue. Our data allow the identification of neuroactive metabolites, from interactions between food components and microbiota, which may represent new targets arising in the management of neuropsychiatric diseases such as sAUD. Gut2Behave project was initiated from ERA-NET NEURON network (Joint Transnational Call 2019) and was financed by Academy of Finland, French National Research Agency (ANR-19-NEUR-0003-03) and the Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (FRS-FNRS; PINT-MULTI R.8013.19, Belgium). Metabolomics analysis of the TSDS samples was supported by grant from the Finnish Foundation for Alcohol Studies.

Different levels of lipids, Hb1Ac and cytokines among patients with coronary artery disease

BackgroundDifferent risk factors are responsible for the occurrence of coronary artery disease (CAD). Among these, the main factors are dyslipidemia, dysglycaemia, and endothelial inflammation. The aim of the study was to analyze the levels of lipids, glucose, and cytokine in patients with different coronary heart diseases. MethodsA total of 2147 patients diagnosed with coronary atherosclerosis, stable angina, unstable angina, acute non-ST-segment elevation infarction (NSTEMI) and acute ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) at the Cardiovascular Center of Beijing Tongren Hospital from February 2022 to April 2023. The data were gathered from the medical record system.Nonparametric Wilcoxon test was used for statistical analysis of continuous variables, and chi-square test was used for statistical analysis of categorical variables among multiple groups. ResultsCompared with coronary atherosclerosis group, acute myocardial infarction group showed a significant increase in IL-6 level (p < 0.001). Compared with stable angina group, acute myocardial infarction group showed a significant increase in IL-6 and decrease in INF-γlevels (p < 0.001). Compared with unstable angina group, acute myocardial infarction group showed a significant increase in IL-6 level and decrease in IL-17, as well as INF-γlevels (p < 0.001). Compared with NSTEMI group, the proportion of younger, males, glycemic-lowering drugs, as well as the levels of TC, LDL-C in STEMI group increased significantly, while the proportion of hypertension, IFG/IGT/DM, hyperlipidemia and Hb1Ac level decreased significantly. STEMI group showed a significant increase in IL-2 and IL-6 levels (p < 0.05). ConclusionsThe levels of lipids, Hb1Ac, IL-2 and IL-6 were varying in patients with different stages of coronary heart diseases.The data would contribute to a deeper understanding of the roles of lipids, glucose, and inflammation in the occurrence and development of CAD.

Serum lipid and lipoprotein profiles and their association with intraocular pressure in primary open-angle glaucoma: an observational cross-sectional study in the Chinese population

BackgroundGlaucoma is a leading cause of vision impairment and permanent blindness. Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is a prominent type of primary glaucoma; however, its cause is difficult to determine. This study aimed to analyze the serum lipid profile of Chinese POAG patients and assess its correlation with intraocular pressure (IOP).MethodsThe study included 1,139, 1,248, and 356 Chinese individuals with POAG, primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG), and controls, respectively. Peripheral whole blood samples were collected at the time of diagnosis. Enzymatic colorimetry was used to determine serum levels of different lipids: high-density lipoproteins (HDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), triglycerides, cholesterol, and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL). Additionally, immunoturbidimetry was used to quantify serum levels of apolipoproteins A (APOA), B (APOB), E (APOE), and lipoprotein A [Lp(a)], while intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured in all patients with POAG.ResultsAfter adjusting for age and sex, patients with POAG exhibited elevated serum levels of VLDL, APOA, and APOE but mitigated cholesterol levels compared with the control participants. Significantly lower serum triglyceride, VLDL, and Lp(a) levels were found in patients with PACG than in control participants. Serum cholesterol (P = 0.019; β = -0.75, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -1.38 – -0.12) and HDL levels (P < 0.001; β = -2.91, 95% CI: -4.58 – -1.25) were inversely linked to IOP in patients with POAG, after adjusting for age, sex, and ocular metrics. In addition, serum Lp(a) levels were correlated with the average IOP (P = 0.023; β = -0.0039, 95% CI: -0.0073 – -0.006) and night peak (P = 0.027; β = -0.0061, 95% CI: -0.0113 – -0.0008) in patients with POAG.ConclusionsSignificantly different serum lipid and lipoprotein profiles were observed in POAG and PACG patients. This study highlighted the differences in serum lipid and lipoprotein levels among Chinese POAG patients and their relationship with IOP and IOP fluctuation. Serum lipid and lipoprotein profiles should be considered while evaluating glaucoma risk.

Alterations in Plasma Lipid Profiles Associated with Melanoma and Therapy Resistance.

Dysfunctions of lipid metabolism are associated with tumor progression and treatment resistance of cutaneous melanoma. BRAF/MEK inhibitor resistance is linked to alterations of melanoma lipid pathways. We evaluated whether a specific lipid pattern characterizes plasma from melanoma patients and their response to therapy. Plasma samples from patients and controls were analyzed for FASN and DHCR24 levels and lipidomic profiles. FASN and DHCR24 expression resulted in association with disease condition and related to plasma cholesterol and triglycerides in patients at different disease stages (n = 144) as compared to controls (n = 115). Untargeted lipidomics in plasma (n = 40) from advanced disease patients and controls revealed altered levels of different lipids, including fatty acid derivatives and sphingolipids. Targeted lipidomics identified higher levels of dihydroceramides, ceramides, sphingomyelins, ganglioside GM3, sphingosine, sphingosine-1-phosphate, and dihydrosphingosine, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. When melanoma patients were stratified based on a long/short-term clinical response to kinase inhibitors, differences in plasma levels were shown for saturated fatty acids (FA 16:0, FA18:0) and oleic acid (FA18:1). Our results associated altered levels of selected lipid species in plasma of melanoma patients with a more favorable prognosis. Although obtained in a small cohort, these results pave the way to lipidomic profiling for melanoma patient stratification.

Insights into the mechanism of growth and fat deposition by feeding different levels of lipid provided by transcriptome analysis of swamp eel (Monopterus albus, Zuiew 1793) liver.

Lipid is an important source of energy in fish feeds, and the appropriate fat content can improve the efficiency of protein utilization. However, excessive lipid content in the feed can lead to abnormal fat deposition in fish, which has a negative effect on the growth of fish. Therefore, the effects of feed lipid levels on swamp eel were studied. Essential functional genes were screened using transcriptomics. We divided 840 fish into seven groups (four replicates). A mixture of fish and soybean oils (1:4), 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, and 12% was added to the basic feed were named groups one to seven (L1-L7), respectively. Isonitrogenous diets were fed swamp eel for 10 weeks. Growth performance, visceral index, nutritional components, and biochemical indexes were measured and analyzed. Livers of the 0%, 6%, and 12% groups were subjected to transcriptome sequencing analysis. The results of our study showed that: the suitable lipid level for the growth of swamp eel was 7.03%; the crude fat content of whole fish, liver, intestine, muscle, and skin increased with the increase of lipid level, with some significant difference, and excess fat was deposited in skin tissue; triglyceride, total cholesterol, and free fatty acid contents increased with the increase of feed lipid level. High-density lipoprotein levels in the L3 and L4 groups were higher than in the other groups. Blood glucose concentrations in the L5, L6, and L7 groups increased; the liver tissue structure was damaged when the lipid level was too high. two-hundred-and-twenty-eight differentially expressed genes were found. Several critical pathways regulating glucose metabolism and energy balance (e.g., glycerolipid metabolism, glycolysis synthesis, degradation of ketone bodies, and Janus Kinase/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription signaling pathway) were enriched in swamp eel compared with the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database. Suitable lipid levels (7.03%) can promote the growth of swamp eel, and excessive lipid levels can cause elevated blood lipids and lead to liver cell damage. Regulatory mechanisms may involve multiple metabolic pathways for glucose and lipid metabolism in eels. This study provides new insights to explain the mechanism of fat deposition due to high levels of lipid and provides a basis for the production of efficient and environmentally friendly feed for swamp eel.

Development of semi-moist formulated feed for female orange mud crabs, Scylla olivacea (Herbst, 1796) broodstocks with graded lipid levels

The present study examined the physical characteristics of semi-moist formulated feeds to the reproductive maturation of female orange mud crab, Scylla olivacea. In this study, two experiments were conducted. The first experiment compared four types of natural diets; fish offal (discarded organ), mangrove clams (Polymesoda erosa), black devil snail (Faunus ater), and commercial shrimp feeds (control), to select the basal diet for the formulation of feeds. Proximate compositions of the different diets revealed that the mangrove clam, P. erosa (protein = 81.63 % and lipid = 13.54 %) is the most suitable ingredients for the mud crabs’ diet. Fatty acid analysis also showed that mangrove clams had the highest concentration of ARA, EPA, and DHA at 0.56 %, 1.62 %, and 2.68 % respectively. In the second experiment, four isonitrogenous feed (~42 %) with different lipid percentages; T1: 6 %, T2: 8 %, T3: 10 %, and T4: 12 % were formulated to investigate the effects of the lipid inclusion on maturation of mud crabs. The effects of different levels of lipid on palatability, feed water stability, nutrient leaching, buoyancy, and total solids were studied prior to feeding experimentation. The palatability tests showed high attractability of the crabs towards the feeds. Meanwhile, high water stability (dry matter retention) were recorded in all experimental feeds after long immersion hours, with low nutrient leaching, and low solids disintegration. Later, feeding trial on 120 matured female mud crabs (carapace width: 10.24 ± 0.66 cm and body weight: 186.42 ± 37.90 g) revealed that the semi-moist formulated feeds are readily accepted by the crabs. The crabs from all treatments recorded positive body weight gain (BWG) and specific growth rate (SGR) with crabs fed T4 dominating (BWG = 11.43 g, 14.65 g, and 12.13 g; SGR = 0.35 %day-1, 0.13 %day-1, and 0.08 %day-1 during 30-, 60-, and 90-day of feeding trials respectively) (p < 0.05). Similarly, morphological results showed that high GSI was noted in S. olivacea fed with T4, increasing at subsequent feeding trials (10.44 %, 11.03 %, and 14.51 %) (p < 0.05), which were inversely proportional with the HSI (8.92 %, 5.11 %, and 4.76 %) (p < 0.05) compared to other treatments, probably contributed by the high percentage of lipid inclusion. These findings demonstrate that diets contained 12 % lipid and 42 % protein (T4) is ideal for somatic and reproductive growth of S. olivacea. Yet, a nutrient dose-response study is expected to be carried out in the future to estimate the optimum lipid level required for reproductive and growth performance in S. olivacea.

Oxidative Stress and Related Biomarkers in Gilbert's Syndrome: A Secondary Analysis of Two Case-Control Studies.

Bilirubin is an important antioxidant and a modulator of biological functions. However, most of the protection against oxidative stress was shown in vitro or ex vivo. The aim of this case-control study was to investigate whether subjects with Gilbert’s syndrome (GS) experience different levels of lipid and protein oxidation (as well as differences in oxidative stress related markers) compared to healthy controls. GS subjects (n = 119) demonstrated higher serum levels of unconjugated bilirubin (p < 0.001), a lower BMI (p < 0.001), 37% higher antioxidant potential assessed as ferric reducing ability potential (p < 0.001), higher advanced oxidation protein products (p < 0.01) andlower apolipoprotein B (p < 0.05), hs-C-reactive protein (p < 0.05), interleukin 6 (p < 0.001) and interleukin 1 beta (p < 0.05) values compared to healthy controls (n = 119). Furthermore, the resting heart rate was significantly lower in the GS group (p < 0.05). Stronger protective effects for GS subjects were demonstrated in the older subgroup (n = 104, average age 50 years) compared to those of the younger group (n = 134, average age 27 years). Although not all markers related to oxidative stress were different between the groups (e.g., malondialdehyde, homocysteine, oxLDL, and myeloperoxidase; p > 0.05), the observed differences contribute to the explanation of why GS serves as an important protector in the pathogenesis of metabolic, oxidative stress related diseases.

Albumin used in human IVF contain different levels of lipids and modify embryo and fetal growth in a mouse model.

Different commercial human embryo culture mediums can alter embryo quality and change birthweight. One component that could be contributing to variations but is not widely investigated is human serum albumin (HSA). HSA plays a multitude of roles during embryo culture and is a carrier for molecules including lipids. It remains unclear if lipid composition of HSA varies among commercial products and its effects on embryo quality, implantation, and fetal outcomes are relatively unknown. Utilizing a mouse model of embryo culture, we cultured zygotes until the blastocyst stage (72-h culture) in G1/G2 containing either Vitrolife HSA, Sage HSA, or Recombinant HSA at 10%. Blastocyst quality (development, total cell number, superoxide generation), blastocyst lipid content (neutral lipids, non-esterified fatty acids, phospholipids, and triglycerides), implantation, and fetal lengths and weights were assessed. Fatty acid quantification of HSA source was assessed by standard thin-layer chromatography. Sage HSA had the greatest fatty acid composition, with an eightfold increase in saturated fatty acids. This coincided with reduced blastocyst development, increased superoxide generation, neutral lipids and triglycerides levels of blastocysts, and decreased implantation rates (p < 0.05). Unexpectedly, while Recombinant HSA had the lowest overall lipids it had 70-fold increase in palmitoleic acid and the lowest fetal weights (p < 0.05). Indicates the importance of a balance between different types/amount of lipids, and an "optimal ratio" required for embryo and fetal development. Therefore, the lipid content of HSA should be considered when choosing a suitable HSA source for use in clinical IVF.

Development and Optimization of Controlled Release Formulation and Process of Levetiracetam with Hot Melt Coating Technology

Conventional coating processes are based on aqueous or organic solvent system, resulting in the lengthy and tedious processes where use and removal of solvents consumes lots of energy and resources. Also, solvent disposal is a critical issue considering environmental hazard.Hot melt coating process avoids use of solvent and is short and energy-efficient process. Here, Hot-melt coating process (HMCP) is being developed to formulate lipid based oral controlled release formulation system to deliver highly water soluble Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) class-I drug Levetiracetam. Pellets containing Active ingredient in the core portion were prepared by extrusion spheronization process with use of appropriate filler and binder. These core pellets were then coated using hot-melt coating technology with different levels of lipid and a hydrophilic component. Formulation and Process parameters were optimized to achieve targeted drug release profile and other target product profile with particular focus onHMCP. Quality by design (QbD) with DOE approach was used for designing and development of the formulation, by putting risk assessment Failure Mode and Effect analysis (FMEA, Fish-bone diagram), screening (by Plackett Burman), and optimization by Central Composite Design (CCC) studies. Appropriate ‘design space’ was proposed based on the optimization studies. The results demonstrated that the level of Low melting coating component and a hydrophilic component influenced the drug release rate from the formulation, and the rate of release could be optimized by varying the amount of these components in the formulation. Processing parameters like Temperature of the coating solution and atomization air, Atomization air pressure and Spray rate also affects the drug release rate and other parameters like coating efficiency and mean particle size. For optimized formulation, dissolution data model fitting was also carried out which adequately fits to Higuchi model suggesting that the drug release occurred predominantly by diffusion.

Understanding colour retention in red chilli pepper fruit using a metabolite profiling approach

Carotenoids are the pigments responsible for conferring the characteristic deep red colour to chilli pepper. The post-harvest retention of this colour is a key trait that governs the price of the produce. Determining colour retention and the associated underlying biochemical mechanisms are important issues that require investigation. In this present study, the ability of image analysis to determine colour change in ground chilli fruit was evaluated. This method enabled differentiation of extreme retention phenotypes whilst also reducing the duration of storage required to make accurate determinations. The analysis of volatiles indicated different levels of lipid and carotenoid derived volatiles in lines with different retention properties. Metabolite profiling of intermediary metabolism supported these findings, with increased levels of unsaturated fatty acids present in lines with low retention properties. Collectively, these data have led us to propose that in chilli fruit lipid peroxidation is one of the progenitors of carotenoid degradation.

The interaction effects of dietary lipid, vitamin E and vitamin C on growth performance, feed utilization, muscle proximate composition and antioxidant enzyme activity of white leg shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei )

This study aimed at evaluating the interactive effects of dietary lipid, vitamin E and vitamin C on growth performance, feed efficiency, muscle composition and antioxidant enzyme activity of Litopenaeus vannamei for a period of 56 days. A total of 384 shrimp with an initial weight of 5.3 ± 1.1 g were stocked in 24 tanks. Eight experimental treatments were designed with two different levels of lipid (70 and 140 g kg−1), VitC (0.5 and 1.0 g kg−1) and VitE (0.1 and 0.3 g kg−1). The results showed that high levels of dietary VitE and VitC improved the survival rate and the growth, feed and antioxidant indices in shrimp. The best shrimp growth performance was observed at 70 g kg−1 of lipid, 1.0 g kg−1 of VitC and 0.3 g kg−1 of VitE. Dietary lipid levels had a significant effect on muscle lipid, moisture and VitE contents. Furthermore, the interaction between dietary lipid, VitC and VitE had a significant effect on VitC and VitE contents of muscle. The lowest T-AOC, SOD, CAT and GPX activity was observed at 70, 1.0 and 0.3 g kg−1 of dietary lipid, VitC and VitE respectively. The results also showed that the interaction of dietary VitE and VitC had a significant effect on growth and antioxidant enzyme activity of shrimp and improved their growth indices by reducing dietary lipid levels. Dietary lipid level of 70 g kg−1, in interaction with 1.0 g kg−1 VitC and 0.3 g kg−1 VitE, resulted in better growth and antioxidant status in L. vannamei.

A cross-sectional study of impact of dyslipidemia in stroke

Background: Stroke is defined as abrupt onset of symptoms and/or sign of focal and global loss of cerebral function lasting for at least 24 hrs with no apparent cause other than of vascular origin. Dyslipidemia in stroke is not widely studied especially from the population of Northeast India (Manipur). Moreover, most prior studies did not specifically compare hemorrhagic stroke risk among those with elevated lipid levels to those with optimal or near optimal lipid levels. Therefore, we studied the levels of different Lipids in stroke patients (hemorrhagic and ischemic) to understand its role in pathogenesis of stroke. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in RIMS, Manipur from 2017-2019 and included 185 patients above 18 years with stroke within 48 hrs of onset of symptoms. NCCT brain and serum lipids, other related blood investigations were performed.Results: We found that serum total cholesterol, LDL-C and triglycerides are significantly higher in infarction patients with average levels of 210.82 mg/dl, 143.64 mg/dl and 151.50 mg/dl respectively which is statistically significant (p&lt;0.001). The average serum total cholesterol, LDL-C and triglycerides are significantly lower in ICH patients with average levels of 143.34 mg/dl, 84.67 mg/dl and 113.94 mg/dl respectively which is statistically significant. (p&lt;0.001).Conclusions: We concluded that raised level of serum total cholesterol, serum LDL-C, serum triglyceride are associated with cerebral infraction (p=0.001) and lower level of serum total cholesterol, serum LDL-C, serum triglyceride are associated with cerebral hemorrhage (p=0.001). Thus, serum lipid levels should be carefully monitored to prevent life threatening stroke.

Forensic Phenotype Profiling Based on the Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy of Blood: Chronological Age of the Donor.

Forensic chemistry is an important and rapidly growing branch of analytical chemistry. As a part of forensic practices, phenotype profiling is beneficial to help narrow down suspects. The goal of this study is to identify a person’s age range using dried bloodstains. Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform-infrared (ATR FT-IR) spectroscopy is the technique used to acquire information about the total (bio)chemical composition of a sample. For the purpose of this proof-of-concept study, a diverse pool of donors including those in newborn (<1), adolescent (11–13), and adult (43–68) age ranges was used. Different donor age groups were found to have different levels of lipids, glucose, and proteins in whole blood, although the corresponding spectral differences were minor. Therefore, the collected data set was analyzed using chemometrics to enhance discrepancy and assist in donors’ classification. A partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA) was used to classify ATR FT-IR spectra of blood from newborn, adolescent, and adult donors. The method showed a 92% correct classification of spectra in leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) of the model. Overall, ATR FT-IR spectroscopy is nondestructive and can be an infield method that can be used for a variety of forensic applications. In general, the developed approach combining ATR FT-IR spectroscopy and advanced statistics shows the great potential for classifying (bio)chemical samples exhibiting significant intra-class variations.

Dhanwantaram kashayam, an Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation, reduces oxidative radicals and reverts lipids profile towards normal in diabetic rats

BackgroundHyperglycemia and hyper oxidative stress are indicators of diabetes mellitus which is also accompanied with decreased levels of antioxidant enzymes. While oxidative stress is important in increasing insulin secretion and controlling blood sugar level at the same time excess oxidative stress leads to the destruction of beta cells of pancreas resulting in to low insulin production and hyperglycemia. A balance between the levels of oxidative radicals and insulin production is needed, but is not defined yet. Hyperglycemia also leads to hyperlipidemia which can contribute to various health conditions like cardiovascular diseases. ObjectivesThis study was designed to study the oxidative stress and lipid levels in diabetic rats. This also was designed to elucidate the effect of Dhanwantaram Kashayam, an Ayurvedic polyphenolic derived from plants on lipid metabolism and oxidative radical scavenging in diabetic rats. MethodsRats were made diabetic by injecting streptozotocin. Different enzymes involved in oxidative radical scavenging and lipid profiles including triglycerides, total cholesterol, free fatty acids and phospholipids were estimated using standard methods reported elsewhere. ResultsLevel of antioxidant enzymes were lower in diabetic rats compared to normal controls. Administration of Dhanwantaram Kashayam restored the enzyme activity as well as reduced levels of different lipids in diabetic rats. ConclusionsAdministration of Dhanwantaram Kashayam increased the activity levels of antioxidant enzymes and reduced the levels of total cholesterol, phospholipids and triglycerides. The results of this study point to the possibility of developing Dhanwantaram Kashayam as a dietary supplement which can alleviate the complications associated with diabetes or prevent them altogether.

Effect of Different Dietary Lipid Levels on Spawning Performance and Egg Quality of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878)

Dietary lipid manipulation of broodstock diet offers a strategy for improving spawning performance and egg quality of broodstock fish. Although many studies were conducted on basic nutrient requirements for fingerlings and juveniles of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878); the artificial feed for P. hypophthalmus broodstock is still lacking. This study analysed the effect of different levels of lipid in the diet on spawning performance and egg quality of female P. hypophthalmus broodstock. Three test diets were formulated containing 1:1 ratio of palm oil and fish oil blends at the level of 60, 90 and 120 g.kg-1 with a constant 300 g.kg-1 protein and fed to triplicate groups of female broodstock for 150 days at the rate of 20 g.kg-1 body weight twice daily. The ovary weight, gonadosomatic index, fecundity, egg weight and diameter and egg fertilisation rate were significantly (P < 0.05) increased for fish fed with 90 and 120 g.kg-1 lipid diet compared to 60 g.kg-1 lipid diet. However, there was no significant difference between fish fed with 90 and 120 g.kg-1 lipid diet; thus an increase in dietary lipid above 90 g.kg-1 would not make any significant contribution. The increased performance of female broodstock fed with higher dietary lipid and fish oil at the ratio of 1:1 for crude palm oil and fish oil up to 90 g.kg-1 contributed in the enhancement of the reproductive performance and egg quality of P. hypophthalmus.

Association between different levels of lipid metabolism‑related enzymes and fatty acid synthase in Wilms' tumor.

Wilms’ tumor is one of the most common malignant tumors of the abdomen in children. However, there is currently no recognized specific biomarker for the clinical diagnosis and prognosis of this tumor. Lipid metabolism is involved in membrane synthesis and oxidation in tumor cells. This process plays an important role in the development of tumors, but it has not yet been investigated in Wilms’ tumor. The aim of the present study was to characterize the changes in lipid metabolism and to contribute to the diagnosis and prognosis of Wilms’ tumor. Proteomics analysis was performed to detect lipid-metabolizing enzymes in 9 tissue samples from Wilms’ tumors and adjacent tissues, and proteomics revealed the presence of 19 differentially expressed lipid-metabolizing enzymes. Protein interaction analysis with the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins was used to identify the interacting proteins. Immunohistochemistry (IHC), immunofluorescence and western blotting were used to further confirm whether the expression of fatty acid synthase (FASN) was significantly increased in the tumor tissues. Oncomine database and reverse transcription-PCR analyses further confirmed that the expression of FASN at the gene level was significantly increased in the tumors. Following collection of 65 pediatric cases of Wilms’ tumor at the Shandong Provincial Hospital between 2007 and 2012, the association between the expression of FASN and the clinical characteristics was analyzed, and IHC analysis further demonstrated that FASN expression was significantly associated with tumor stage and size. The association between FASN and the prognosis of children with Wilms’ tumor was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier survival curves. In addition, univariate survival analysis revealed that higher expression of FASN in Wilms’ tumors was associated with poorer prognosis. Our findings revealed that FASN may be used as a prognostic biomarker in patients with Wilms’ tumor. Furthermore, lipid metabolism may play an important role in the occurrence and development of Wilms’ tumor.

Potential Role of Nutrient Intake and Malnutrition as Predictors of Uremic Oxidative Toxicity in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease.

Oxidative stress is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease and death in hemodialysis (HD) patients. However, whether biochemical and nutritional markers might be useful to stratify HD patients according to the risk of oxidative damage remains unclear. We investigated whether low-cost and easily available parameters such as the profile of nutrients intake, nutritional status, and antioxidant defenses can predict lipid and protein oxidation in HD patients. Forty-nine HD patients (women = 20, men = 29), ranging from 18 to 65 years of age (73.5%) were submitted to biochemical and nutritional analysis. At least 93.9% of HD patients had malnutrition. A patient's stratification according to nutritional risk was highly coherent with anthropometric parameters and nutrients intake, which were complementarily used as markers of malnutrition. Nutritional stratification was unable to reveal differences in the oxidative status. On the other hand, carbohydrate and zinc intake, serum zinc (Zn), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and nonprotein antioxidants (npAC) in serum were predictive markers of lipid (R2 = 0.588, P < 0.001) and protein (R2 = 0.581, P < 0.001) oxidation. Interestingly, GPx activity, TAC, and npAC exhibited good (>80% < 90%) or excellent (>90%) accuracy to estimate lipid oxidation (P ≤ 0.01). Regarding the prediction of protein oxidation, GPx activity and TAC presented regular accuracy (>70% < 80%), and Zn serum levels exhibited good sensitivity (P ≤ 0.01). Herein, we provided evidence that clinical characteristics relevant to predict different levels of lipid and protein oxidation in HD patients can be easily obtained, during routine hospital visits by means of the combined analyses of biochemical and nutritional parameters.

Fructo-oligosaccharides reduce energy intake but do not affect adiposity in rats fed a low-fat diet but increase energy intake and reduce fat mass in rats fed a high-fat diet

The ingestion of low or high lipid diets enriched with fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) affects energy homeostasis. Ingesting protein diets also induces a depression of energy intake and decreases body weight. The goal of this study was to investigate the ability of FOS, combined or not with a high level of protein (P), to affect energy intake and body composition when included in diets containing different levels of lipids (L). We performed two studies of similar design over a period of 5weeks. During the first experiment (exp1), after a 3-week period of adaptation to a normal protein-low fat diet, the rats received one of the following four diets for 5weeks (6 rats per group): (i) normal protein (14% P/E (Energy) low fat (10% L/E) diet, (ii) normal protein, low fat diet supplemented with 10% FOS, (iii) high protein (55%P/E) low fat diet, and (iv) high protein, low fat diet supplemented with 10% FOS. In a second experiment (exp2) after the 3-week period of adaptation to a normal protein-high fat diet, the rats received one of the following 4 diets for 5weeks (6 rats per group): (i) normal protein, high fat diet (35% of fat), (ii) normal protein, high fat diet supplemented with 10% FOS, (iii) high protein high fat diet and (iv) high protein high fat diet supplemented with 10% FOS. In low-fat fed rats, FOS did not affect lean body mass (LBM) and fat mass but the protein level reduced fat mass and tended to reduce adiposity. In high-fat fed rats, FOS did not affect LBM but reduced fat mass and adiposity. No additive or antagonistic effects between FOS and the protein level were observed. FOS reduced energy intake in low-fat fed rats, did not affect energy intake in normal-protein high-fat fed rats but surprisingly, and significantly, increased energy intake in high-protein high-fat fed rats. The results thus showed that FOS added to a high-fat diet reduced body fat and body adiposity.

Growth Response of Juveniles of Rohu, Labeo Rohita to Different Levels of Lipid in the Diet

Present study was conducted to study the effect of varying level of dietary lipid on the growth, Feed conversion ratio (FCR) and body composition of the juveniles of Labeo rohita. Group of 25 juveniles in triplicate (average weight 0.022 gm ± 0.002 gm) were fed on three iso-nitrogenous experimental diets containing (40% protein) and varying levels of lipid i.e., 6%, 9% and 12% for a period of 60 days. Results revealed that the best increment in growth was obtained with 9% supplementary lipid (%WG 26.08 ± 0.681) followed by the diet containing 12% lipid (%WG 23.41 ± 1.646) and least with 6% lipid (%WG 22.71 ± 1.540). FCR and FCE shows inverse relation as highest value of FCE (9.35) and least value of FCR (10.70) was obtained in juveniles fed on 9% lipid diet with significant differences (p ≤ 0.001). Further biochemical analysis revealed that highest value of muscle lipid has been found in juveniles fed on 9% lipid diet i.e., 1.11 gm and least with diet containing 6% lipid i.e., 0.78 gm. Thus, based on the present results, it could be concluded that an artificial feed with 9% supplemented fish oil is sufficient without any adverse effects on growth performance and muscle quality.

Development of a sensory tool to assess overall liking for the fatty, salty and sweet sensations

Understanding the origin of the overconsumption of too high levels of sucrose, sodium chloride and lipids in foods raises the question of the influence of the hedonics for these sensations. To better understand this relationship, a sensory tool that enables measurement of liking towards sweet, salty or fatty sensations is required. This liking towards a sensation has to be understood as an overall attractiveness of the sensation. Instruments already existing were unsatisfactory as including a limited number of foods not representative of the overall sensation.A set of hedonic tests, named PrefSens, was developed to measure an overall liking for fatty, salty or sweet sensations. Each test consisted in the rating on a 9-point hedonic scale of a food product at 5 different levels of lipids, sodium chloride or sucrose. To build the PrefSens test, a total of 144 food ranges were tested during the development step (n=341 subjects) including various food categories, matrices and serving temperatures. Then, based on the technical feasibility and ability to discriminate, 32 food ranges were selected (10 for fatty, 10 for salty and 12 for sweet). The perceived intensity of fatty, salty or sweet “sensations” of these selected foods was evaluated by a trained panel (n=12) using Spectrum® scales. During the application study, the hedonic evaluation of the selected foods was assessed in 6 tasting sessions by 567 subjects over 8 laboratories spread out in France. For each subject and each product, hedonic ratings (y) were fitted versus the level of fatty, sweet or salty (x) in a quadratic regression, from which the predicted optimal level (Lpref) was derived based on the x-coordinate of the parabola’s maximum weighted by the correlation coefficient between observed and predicted data. The overall liking score for fatty, salty or sweet sensations was the average Lpref over the compounding food ranges.The sensory profile showed that within each sensation the mean perceived intensity significantly increased in a linear manner with the nutrient level. An exception was for the two lowest levels of lipids which were not significantly perceived differently. Concomitantly, the overall liking scores followed an inverted U-shape centered on the middle level of lipids, sodium chloride or sucrose. The distribution was close to normality. Internal validity and consistency of the items compounding the sensations of fatty, salty or sweet were demonstrated. PrefSens is an internally valid and original tool that can be applied to a population sample in order to better understand the determinants of dietary behaviors.