Different Levels Of Ascorbic Acid Research Articles

Degradation of Patulin in Pear Juice and Apple Juice by Ascorbic Acid and the Combination of Ascorbic Acid and Ferrous Iron.

Patulin (PAT) is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by certain species of Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus sp. on apples and pears. In this study, we investigated the effects of ascorbic acid and the combination of ascorbic acid and ferrous iron on degradation of PAT in 100% pure pear juice and apple juice using high-performance liquid chromatography UV detector (HPLC-UVD). The addition of 2 different levels of ascorbic acid (143 or 286 μg/mL) into pear juice or apple juice containing 0.08 or 0.4 μg/mL of PAT showed 87.7-100% and 67.3-68.7% of PAT degradation rates, respectively, after 24 h incubation at 25 °C. Moreover, the addition of both ascorbic acid (143 or 286 μg/mL) and ferrous iron (0.033 or 0.11 μmol/mL) into pear juice or apple juice containing the same level of PAT exhibited higher PAT degradation rates (100 and 75-94%, respectively) than the addition of only ascorbic acid after 24 h incubation at 25 °C. Our data demonstrated that ascorbic acid plus ferrous iron as well as ascorbic acid were highly effective on degradation of PAT in pear juice and apple juice and that addition of both ascorbic acid and ferrous iron produced higher PAT degradation rates than addition of only ascorbic acid.

The effect of ascorbic acid, storage period and packaging material on the formation of volatile N-nitrosamine in sausages.

This study aims to determine the amounts of seven volatile N-nitrosamine (VNA) derivatives which are in the risk group, in processed sausages. It also aimed to investigate the effects of the amount of added ascorbic acid, on the VNA level during the sausage manufacturing processes. For this purpose, meat doughs were prepared with two different levels of ascorbic acid. These meat doughs were put into the production process and packaged in two different packages. Thus, VNA derivatives and their amounts were determined according to production stages (heat treatments), packaging method (vacuum, MAP), storage process (Day 1, 7, 15, 30, 60, 90). As a result, it was found that the sausage product carries risk of VNA formation from the beginning of its production until the last day of storage before consumption for up to 90days.

Foliar application of ascorbic acid enhances salinity stress tolerance in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) through modulation of morpho-physio-biochemical attributes, ions uptake, osmo-protectants and stress response genes expression.

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is a major cereal grain and is known as a halophyte (a halophyte is a salt-tolerant plant that grows in soil or waters of high salinity). We therefore conducted a pot experiment to explore plant growth and biomass, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange attributes, stomatal properties, oxidative stress and antioxidant response and their associated gene expression and absorption of ions in H. Vulgare. The soil used for this analysis was artificially spiked at different salinity concentrations (0, 50, 100 and 150 mM) and different levels of ascorbic acid (AsA) were supplied to plants (0, 30 and 60 mM) shortly after germination of the seed. The results of the present study showed that plant growth and biomass, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange parameters, stomatal properties and ion uptake were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced by salinity stress, whereas oxidative stress was induced in plants by generating the concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plant cells/tissues compared to plants grown in the control treatment. Initially, the activity of antioxidant enzymes and relative gene expression increased to a saline level of 100 mM, and then decreased significantly (P < 0.05) by increasing the saline level (150 mM) in the soil compared to plants grown at 0 mM of salinity. We also elucidated that negative impact of salt stress in H. vulgare plants can overcome by the exogenous application of AsA, which not only increased morpho-physiological traits but decreased oxidative stress in the plants by increasing activities of enzymatic antioxidants. We have also explained the negative effect of salt stress on H. vulgare can decrease by exogenous application of AsA, which not only improved morpho-physiological characteristics, ions accumulation in the roots and shoots of the plants, but decreased oxidative stress in plants by increasing antioxidant compounds (enzymatic and non-enzymatic). Taken together, recognizing AsA's role in nutrient uptake introduces new possibilities for agricultural use of this compound and provides a valuable basis for improving plant tolerance and adaptability to potential salinity stress adjustment.

Stimulation Effects of Exogenous Ascorbic Acid on Some Citrus Species Essential Oils

This work investigates the influence of ascorbic acid (ASA) on the essential oil (EO) isolated from leaves and peels of two Citrus species {Citrus deliciosa (Ten.) and Citrus tangerine (Hort. ex Tanaka)}. Experiments were carried out in sandy soil at the Experimental Farm, National Research Centre (NRC), Egypt. Citrus trees were treated with different levels of ASA (0, 0.2, and 0.4 g/L). Essential oils of both Citrus species were isolated by hydrodistillation (HD) and then, analyzed by Gas chromatography and Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry. The EO compositions were influenced by ASA treatments. For both species, EO (%) and the main constituents of leaves (linalool and thymol) or peels (limonene and γ-terpinene) EO increased. Various chemical groups (MCH, MCHO, SCH, SCHO, or DCHO) changed. ASA at 0.2 g/L resulted in the highest yield of EO percentages and major constituents for both species.

Effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on zootechnical performance, haematological parameters and sperm quality of lebranche mullet Mugil liza

The feed provided to breeding fish is one of the main factors influencing the quality of fish gametes. This study was carried out to evaluate the influence of ascorbic acid on growth, haematological parameters and sperm quality of Lebranche mullet males (Mugil liza). Six diets with different levels of ascorbic acid (0; 53; 107; 216; 482 and 708 mg/kg) were tested in triplicate for 75 days. During spermiation (first gonadal maturation), 144 individuals (205.7 ± 11.5 g and 25.7 ± 0.4 cm) were randomly distributed in 18 experimental tanks. Growth parameters were evaluated at the beginning and end of the experiment. Fish blood was collected to analyse glucose, total protein and erythrocyte count (EC) (n = 9). Fish (n = 12) from each treatment were euthanized to determine hepatosomatic index (HSI) and gonadosomatic index (GSI). Semen was collected to evaluate spermatic density, cell membrane integrity and sperm motility. No difference (p > .05) was found on growth parameters, GSI, HSI and total protein. However, EC was lower in fish fed without ascorbic acid (the control group). Ascorbic acid supplementation provided positive effects on sperm characteristics. Fish from treatments with 53 and 107 mg/kg presented the best results for motility time (133.30 ± 4.25 and 135.00 ± 2.77 respectively). Treatments with 107, 216 and 708 mg/kg provided the best results for motility rate (92.0 ± 2.9%, 93.0 ± 5.8% and 93.0 ± 5.8% respectively). Supplementation with 107 and 216 mg/kg provided the best results for plasma membrane integrity (70.12 ± 9.10% and 76.3 ± 3.1% respectively). Lower spermatic density was observed in fish without ascorbic acid supplementation, although no difference was found in sperm density among the treatments with ascorbic acid (p < .05). Considering these results, supplementation of dietary ascorbic acid between 107 and 216 mg/kg optimizes the spermatic quality in males of lebranche mullet.

The influence of ascorbic acid on in vitro maturation of canine oocytes

Abstract It is known that L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) can modulate many biochemical processes intracellularly or extracellularly as antioxidant. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of media supplementation with ascorbic acid on canine oocyte meiotic maturation, viability and the cumulus cell expansion. Various concentrations of ascorbic acid supplemented in in vitro maturation (IVM) media were tested. Canine oocyte was exposed to different levels of ascorbic acid (0, 50, 150, 250, 500, 750µM). Cumulus expansion, meiotic maturation and degeneration of oocytes were assessed 72 h after in vitro culture. As results, on the group treated with 250µM ascorbic acid was a significant difference compared to the control group on nuclear maturation in stages metaphase I (MI) and metaphase II (MII) (26.98% vs. 6.00%). The groups treated with 50, 150, 250, 500µM had an increase in stage (GVBD), and a significant decrease of degenerate-undefined oocytes compared with the control (23.31%, 18.85%, 13.41% vs 40.80). Concentration 750µM had similar effect to that in the control group. The groups treated with 50, 150, 250, 500µM had an increase in meiosis resumption(GVBD), metaphase I (MI) and metaphase II (MII) with the best result in the group treated with 250 µM ascorbic acid.

Changes in hematological parameters, plasma cortisol, and acetylcholinesterase of juvenile rockfish, Sebastes schlegelii supplemented with the dietary ascorbic acid

Juvenile rockfish (mean length 13.6±1.4cm, and mean weight 53.6±4.2g) were fed diets containing different levels of ascorbic acid (0, 50, 100, 200, and 400mg/kg) for 4 weeks. Fish were fed twice daily (08:30 and 18:30). The major hematological findings were significant increases in the red blood cell count, hematocrit value, and hemoglobin level in the rockfish fed diets over 100mg/kg ascorbic acid. The dietary ascorbic acid supplementation caused significant increases in the glucose and total protein, whereas notable decreases were observed in GOT and GPT. However, alterations in calcium and magnesium were not observed by the ascorbic acid supplementation. Plasma cortisol was substantially decreased over 50mg/kg ascorbic acid. Acetylcholinesterase activity of the rockfish was significantly increased over 200mg/kg ascorbic acid. In conclusion, the present study indicates that the dietary ascorbic acid supplementation in the rockfish induces considerable increases in hematological parameters, alterations in plasma components, and increase in AChE activity.

Kandungan Antioksi dan Asam Askorbat pada Jus Buah-Buahan Tropis

Tropical fruits are rich in nutrients and phytochemicals that benefit our health. As source of antioxidant, regular consumption of fruits will be useful in avoiding many degenerative diseases particularly caused by free radicals. The good effects of antioxidants vary from repairing tissue damages in respiratory system, excretory system as well as reproductive system. Ascorbic acid is one potent antioxidant that has been recorded for history. Known as Vitamin C, its concentration in fruits has been a primary consideration for people to choose what kind of fruit they are going to consume. This experiment’s result exhibited different levels of ascorbic acid in some topical fruits. Average concentration of ascorbic acid from the highest to lowest was obtained in orange, guava, apple, papaya, tamarind and mango with their contents of 96,8; 49,86; 49,57; 48,4 and 41,06 mg/100g, respectively. This result would be a baseline in setting the best fruit combination to obtain maximum effects of antioxidant.

Higher transcription levels in ascorbic acid biosynthetic and recycling genes were associated with higher ascorbic acid accumulation in blueberry

In our preliminary study, the ripe fruits of two highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) cultivars, cv ‘Berkeley’ and cv ‘Bluecrop’, were found to contain different levels of ascorbic acid. However, factors responsible for these differences are still unknown. In the present study, ascorbic acid content in fruits was compared with expression profiles of ascorbic acid biosynthetic and recycling genes between ‘Bluecrop’ and ‘Berkeley’ cultivars. The results indicated that the l-galactose pathway was the predominant route of ascorbic acid biosynthesis in blueberry fruits. Moreover, higher expression levels of the ascorbic acid biosynthetic genes GME, GGP, and GLDH, as well as the recycling genes MDHAR and DHAR, were associated with higher ascorbic acid content in ‘Bluecrop’ compared with ‘Berkeley’, which indicated that a higher efficiency ascorbic acid biosynthesis and regeneration was likely to be responsible for the higher ascorbic acid accumulation in ‘Bluecrop’.

Effect of pH and storage conditions on Listeria monocytogenes growth inoculated into sapote mamey (Pouteria sapota (Jacq) H.E. Moore & Stearn) pulp

Sapote mamey is a highly perishable tropical fruit when stored fresh, with a shelf life of 8–10 days at room temperature. Its agreeable taste and nutritional content are valuable characteristics which can be preserved as a pulp, normally at low temperatures, to maintain initial quality. However, this type of fresh product can potentially be a substrate for pathogenic microorganisms like Listeria monocytogenes, which can survive at refrigeration temperatures. The objectives of this investigation were to determine growth, survival conditions and then establish hurdles, of L. monocytogenes inoculated into mamey pulp under different levels of ascorbic acid (0, 250, and 500 mg/kg), pH (4.0, 4.5, and >5.0), and temperature (4 and 10 °C). The observed data were fitted to the Gompertz and Baranyi models. Growth rate (μmax) and lag time (λ) of L. monocytogenes were estimated using the modified Gompertz model given that it presented a better goodness of fit and accuracy in the modeling. Growth was favored at pH >5.0. μmax decreased, whereas λ increased, as the levels of ascorbic acid and temperature increased. A pH of 4.5 hinders but does not inhibit bacterial growth, while a pH of 4.0 inhibited growth of L. monocytogenes for 15 days at both storage temperatures.

Effect of Dietary Ascorbic Acid on Performance and Immune Response of Heat Stressed Broiler Chicks

A total of 112, day-old broiler chicks were reared under summer temperature of the Sudan (35- 45°C) to study the effect of supplementati on of ascorbic acid on the feed intake, Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), weight gain, immune status and ratio of weight of bursa, thymus and spleen to body weight. Four level of ascorbic acid 0 (control), 150 (low level), 350 (moderate level) and 550 (high level) mg/kg were used from day 14-42 day. Birds fed low and moderate levels of ascorbic acid (150, 350 mg/kg) show high feed intake compared to those fed high level (550 mg/kg), which resulted in improvement in body weight and feed conversion ratio of the moderate and low levels. Dressing percentage was not affected by different level of ascorbic acid. Total white blood cells were reduced as the level of ascorbic acid was increased. Lymphocytes increased in birds fed moderate or high levels of ascorbic acid. Heterophils were decreased in the group fed the moderate level and high levels of ascorbic acid. Monocytes decreased in the groups fed the high level, However, basophils and esinophils were not affected by the different levels of ascorbic acid. The mean weight of lymphoid organs or the ratio of lymphoid organs to body weight was not affected by the different treatments. Antibody titer against Newcastle virus was increased in birds fed diets supplemented with different levels of ascorbic acid.

EFFECT OF AUXINS AND ASCORBIC ACID ON PROPGATION OF Bougainvillea glabra THROUGH STEM CUTTINGS

This study was carried out in private Farm at Al- kanatier Al-khairyia region during tow successive seasons (2008/2009- 2009/2010) to evaluate response of stem cuttings of Bougainvillea glabra plant to rooting by auxins and ascorbic acid . The results clearly showed that, IBA 5000 ppm + ascorbic acid 50 ppm recorded the highest values in rooting percentage /plant (77 and 80 %) in the first and the second season respectively .Concerning number of roots / plant, the highest significant values were recorded in both seasons with IBA 4000 ppm individually , IBA 4000 ppm + ascorbic acid 50ppm and IBA 6000 ppm + ascorbic acid 100 ppm .Measuring of root length cm/plant ,the highest significant values were recorded with high levels of IBA and NAA individually or combined with different levels of ascorbic acid .Regarding shoot length cm /plant ,the highest significant values were recorded with high levels of IBA and NAA individually or combined with ascorbic acid in 1st season , while in 2nd season the highest significant values were recorded with high levels of IBA and NAA individually .

The high ascorbic acid content is the main cause of the low stability of anthocyanin extracts from acerola

Acerola is considered to be one of the best natural sources of ascorbic acid (AA) and, for this reason, the influence of this component on the stability of anthocyanins from acerola extracts was determined and compared to those from açai, which have no detectable AA. The addition of three different levels of AA to the solution of açai anthocyanins resulted in a 110-fold increase in the degradation rate ( k obs) at the highest fortification level (276 mg/ml). The fact that the flavonoid concentration of the açai anthocyanin extract was 10 times higher than that of the acerola was probably responsible for the three times higher stability of the AA-fortified açai system compared to the acerola system, both at the same AA concentration and similar total polyphenol levels. The higher the level of AA addition to açai anthocyanin solutions, the greater was the colour fading, indicated by increase of L ∗ and decrease of a ∗ and C ∗ values.

Effects of dietary ascorbic acid on oxygen stress (hypoxia or hyperoxia), growth and tissue vitamin concentrations in juvenile rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss)

We examined the effects of three different dietary levels of ascorbic acid (AA) on growth and tissue concentrations in rainbow trout reared in water with three different saturation levels of dissolved oxygen; hypoxia, normoxia, and hyperoxia. Juvenile rainbow trout (initial weight, 1.87±0.04 g) were distributed into 27 fiberglass, conical tanks with a 3×3 factorial design (3 vitamin C levels×3 dissolved oxygen levels). Three replicate groups of fish (23 fish/tank) were assigned to one of three levels of oxygen and one of three diets containing different levels of ascorbic acid (10, 100 and 1000 mg AA equivalent/kg diet) designated as marginal, required and high-dose vitamin in the diets, respectively. For the oxygen treatments, hypoxia (50% oxygen saturation), normoxia (100%), and hyperoxia (180%) were set up using systems equipped with oxygen enriching (O 2 injected) or stripping (with N 2) columns. The growth rates of fish fed experimental diets during 18 weeks are provided and a two-way ANOVA test showed that the growth rates were significantly affected by dissolved oxygen ( P<0.001) and dietary ascorbic acids levels ( P=0.006). No interaction, however, was found between the parameters ( P=0.251). Liver AA concentrations were significantly affected by dietary AA levels ( P<0.001), but not by dissolved oxygen level ( P=0.142). There was no interaction between the two parameters for liver AA concentration after 18 weeks. Dissolved oxygen and dietary AA levels also significantly affected gill AA concentrations, and an interaction was observed between the two parameters after 18 weeks. Hematocrit values increased and the antioxidant index (ferric reducing ability of plasma, FRAP) decreased with a decrease in oxygen saturation levels. These findings suggest that higher levels of dietary AA have beneficial effects on growth in the hypoxia and normoxia conditions and there seems to be a trend in an increased rate of tissue AA degradation in hyperoxia.

Dietary Ascorbyl Monophosphate Depresses Lipid Peroxidation in Rainbow Trout Spermatozoa

Abstract This study was designed to analyze lipid peroxidation in spermatozoa of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss by an optimized thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method, and to evaluate the effect of graded levels of dietary antioxidant (ascorbic acid in the form of ascorbyl monophosphate, AP) on TBA values of spermatozoa. Sperm from rainbow trout fed diets supplemented with AP at 0, 110, or 870 mg/kg were sampled during the reproductive season. The group given the unsupplemented diet had the lowest ascorbic acid concentration in seminal plasma during most of the spermiation season compared with groups fed diets with AP While the ascorbic acid concentration in seminal plasma decreased toward the end of the reproductive season, spermatozoa malondialdehyde production, indicative of increasing peroxidation, tended to increase. At the end of the season, significant differences (P < 0.05) were found in peroxidation levels in spermatozoa from fish fed different levels of ascorbic acid. The most abundant polyunsatura...

Influência de diferentes níveis de vitamina C na ração sobre parâmetros hematológicos de alevinos de Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg (Osteichthyes, Characidae)

Haematological changes in ascorbic acid deficient fishes, observed by some authors, awoked the interest in the haematological response of pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus. The present work studied the influence of different levels of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in the ration on the haematological parameters of pacu. Fishes at the beginning of the experiment, presented average body weight 8.64±1.62g and 6.15±0.33cm standard length, were fed with diets containing 0. 50, 100 and 200mg ascorbic acid/kg dry ration. The present work was developed for a period of 24 weeks at the Fish Nutrition Laboratory of Aquaculture Center of Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Jaboticabal (Sao Paulo). The fishes were distributed by the completely randomized design in 20 aquaria of 100 liters capacity with six animals in each and five fold treatment. Condutivity, alcalinity. pH and oxigen were measured weekly and temperature daily. The blood colect was done in 60 anesthetized fishes with 50mg MS-222/1. The results suggests that 50mg ascorbic acid/kg dry ration improved the mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration and decreased haematocril in unsupplemented fishes, although not differing significantly (P>0.05). The erytrocyte diameter indicated the presence of macrocytic cells in unsupplemented fishes (P<0.05) and the regression analysis showed too reduced neutrophils in unsupplemenled ones, 50mg ascorbic acid/kg dry ration supplementation was enough to development and haematological responses. Furthtermore, the optimum level to the growth is 139mg vitamin C/kg dry ration (P<0.05).

The Effect of Four Levels of Ascorbic Acid and Two Levels of Calcium on Eggshell Quality of Forced-Molted White Leghorn Hens

The present experiment evaluated the effect of four levels of ascorbic acid (0, 100, 250, and 500 ppm) and two levels of calcium (3.0 and 3.5%) on the productivity and eggshell quality of molted Single Comb White Leghorn hens, housed four per 30.5 cm wide × 45.7 cm deep cage. The 4 × 2 factorial treatment combinations were randomly assigned to eight blocks of cages.Egg production increased (P < .06) an average of 5% for the levels of 250 and 500 ppm ascorbic acid. No differences were observed for feed consumption, egg weight, and shell thickness for the different levels of ascorbic acid or calcium in the diet. An increase (P < .01) was observed for specific gravity, as the levels of ascorbic acid increased. Increasing the level of calcium from 3.0 to 3.5% increased (P < .01) specific gravity from 1.073 to 1.075. Shell weight increased (P < .01) with the higher levels of ascorbic acid (250 and 500 ppm). No interactions were observed between the levels of ascorbic acid and calcium. Results suggest that supplementing ascorbic acid to molted laying hens can be beneficial to egg production and eggshell quality.

Ascorbic acid and infectious bronchitis infections in broilers

The effect of supplementing the feed of broiler chicks with different levels of ascorbic acid on the resistance against infectious bronchitis virus was investigated. Resistance was measured by the severity of tracheal lesions and the development of airsacculitis after challenge. The effect of ascorbic acid was dose dependent. Addition of 300 to 330 ppm ascorbic acid to the feed gave the best results. High concentrations (>600 ppm) had a less beneficial effect.

Growth responses of Tilapia zillii fed diets containing various levels of ascorbic acid and cobalt chloride

Three groups of Tilapia zillii fingerlings were fed for 12 weeks on diets containing different levels of ascorbic acid (AA), cobalt chloride (CC), or untreated as control (C). Growth rates, food and protein conversion efficiencies in the different groups were compared. The best growth, food conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were obtained with feed containing AA. The group fed diets containing CC showed higher growth rates and PER than those fed the control diet ( P < 0.05). T. zillii fingerlings showed better performance in terms of growth rate and food conversion ratio with diets containing vitamin C than those containing cobalt chloride. The addition of formulated feeds to the fish-holding tanks did not adversely affect the water quality parameters measured — temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity and hardness.

Relationship between Dietary Intake and Tissue Levels of Reduced and Total Vitamin C in the Nonscorbutic Guinea Pig

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of a broad range of dietary intake levels of ascorbate on the distribution of both total and reduced ascorbate in guinea pig tissues. Young male Hartley guinea pigs were fed for 2 mo a modified Reid-Briggs purified diet containing five different levels of total ascorbate that provided 0.8-52 mg ascorbate/d. We also fed aged guinea pigs two different levels of ascorbic acid (1.5 or 60 mg/d) for 2 mo. Reduced and total ascorbate was measured in eye lens and aqueous humor, liver, kidney and plasma. The data indicate that it is possible to markedly enhance the level of ascorbate in tissues above that obtained by feeding a diet that contains only enough ascorbate to prevent scurvy. In all tissues, as the level of total ascorbate present in the tissue increased, so did the proportion present in the reduced form. In old guinea pigs, the eye lens was the only tissue in which both reduced and total ascorbate were significantly lower than in the young guinea pigs at both high and low intake levels.