Different Kinds Of Dependencies Research Articles

Reference to dependencies established in multiple-wh questions

In discourse, a universal statement establishes a dependency between sets of objects, which can support the evaluation of singular pronouns in a subsequent sentence. Two well-known phenomena involving such reference to a dependency are quantificational subordination and telescoping. This paper argues that a multiple-wh question admitting a pair-list answer can support subordination and telescoping, just like universal statements. Accordingly, the relevant phenomena are classified into two kinds of reference to dependencies, called ‘question subordination’ and ‘question telescoping’, which exhibit different properties. A dynamic family-of-questions analysis is developed to account for these phenomena. Briefly, a multiple- wh question generates a set of sub-questions, i.e., a family of questions, and then the set is transformed into a set of possible pair-list answers. Following Dynamic Plural Logic, the family of questions and possible pair-list answers encode different kinds of dependencies. Accessing the dependency encoded in a possible pair-list answer gives rise to question subordination, whereas accessing the dependency encoded in the family of questions gives rise to question telescoping.

Towards language-to-language transformation

This paper proposes a simplicity-oriented approach and framework for language-to-language transformation of, in particular, graphical languages. Key to simplicity is the decomposition of the transformation specification into sub-rule systems that separately specify purpose-specific aspects. We illustrate this approach by employing a variation of Plotkin’s Structural Operational Semantics (SOS) for pattern-based transformations of typed graphs in order to address the aspect ‘computation’ in a graph rewriting fashion. Key to our approach are two generalizations of Plotkin’s structural rules: the use of graph patterns as the matching concept in the rules, and the introduction of node and edge types. Types do not only allow one to easily distinguish between different kinds of dependencies, like control, data, and priority, but may also be used to define a hierarchical layering structure. The resulting Type-based Structural Operational Semantics (TSOS) supports a well-structured and intuitive specification and realization of semantically involved language-to-language transformations adequate for the generation of purpose-specific views or input formats for certain tools, like, e.g., model checkers. A comparison with the general-purpose transformation frameworks ATL and Groove, illustrates along the educational setting of our graphical WebStory language that TSOS provides quite a flexible format for the definition of a family of purpose-specific transformation languages that are easy to use and come with clear guarantees.

Understanding and Conquering the Difficulties in Identifying Third-party Librariesfrom Millions of Android Apps

With the thriving of the Android ecosystem, codes are widely reused in Android apps in the form of third-party libraries. Recent research shows that emerging third-party libraries may introduce a lot of privacy risks and other security threats. Nevertheless, current approaches on libraries identification are far away from the demand for accuracy and efficiency. In this paper, we present LibHawkeye, a \jice{new} clustering-based technique to identify third-party libraries in millions of Android apps. Our approach utilizes four different kinds of dependencies inside Android apps to build intra-app dependency graphs but discards package homogeny which is heavily depended upon by most previous works. What's more, we propose three steps of refinement to eliminate false positives in the initial result as much as possible. The experiment on 1,000 apps reports that compared to existing tools, LibHawkeye can precisely identify at least 26.5\% more libraries. We also evaluate it with 3,987,206 Android apps published in Google Play, and the accuracy of sampled libraries from the clustering result is 93.25\%. Results show that LibHawkeye significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art tools without loss of scalability.

Factors Affecting Energy Performance of Large-Scale Office Buildings: Analysis of Benchmarking Data from New York City and Chicago

Buildings in high-income, industrialized cities are responsible for more than 50% of global energy consumption; consequently, many developed cities have legislated energy benchmarking and disclosure policies to understand their buildings’ energy-use dynamics better. By utilizing these benchmarking data and additional information taken from 3D models, this paper presents a comprehensive analysis of large-scale office buildings located in New York and Chicago, with respect to their energy use intensity (EUI). To identify the primary factors affecting the EUI, Spearman’s correlation analysis and multiple variate regression tests were performed on office buildings over 500,000 ft2 (46,452 m2) gross floor area. The results showed the number of floors, construction year, window-to-wall ratio (WWR), and source-to-site ratio statistically significant, while morphological factors such as the relative compactness and surface-to-volume ratio showed limited relation to EUI. In New York City, the smallest EUI median was found in the buildings with 20 to 30 floors, and in Chicago, the buildings with 60 floors or more. A higher source-to-site ratio generally had lower overall EUI in both cities. Despite the high correlation, different kinds of dependency were found for window-to-wall ratio (WWR) and construction year between NYC and Chicago. These findings highlight the relative role that each building’s characteristics play concerning the EUI, depending on the particular building’s typology, scale, and the urban context.

Comparison of Two Methods for Phase Angle Measurement

Two methods of measuring the phase angle were used during the evaluation of the metrological characteristics of the measure of the power quality parameters. A precision voltmeter and a precision phase meter were applied to determine the indication errors of the three-phase calibrator as a measure. The measurement uncertainty (UM) during the application of each of these methods was evaluated; herewith, the characteristics had different kinds of dependence on the measurand. In particular, it was observed that there was no direct correlation between the uncertainty and the measurand in the phase meter method. On the contrary, the voltmeter method caused the question about the reason for the strong correlation between measurand and uncertainty. During the study, it was found that the sensitivity coefficients of the shifted voltages depended heavily on the magnitude of the difference between them. The sensitivity coefficient of the opposite vector to the measured angle does not have such dependence if there is a small difference in the amplitudes of shifted voltages. Instead of this, the standard UM of this input quantity has a significant effect on its contribution to the combined standard UM. Unfortunately, the voltmeter method is not suitable for using, when the shifted voltages vary greatly in amplitude. However, its main advantage is in much less uncertainty during the measurement of small phase angles.

Optimal design to discriminate between rival copula models for a bivariate binary response

We consider a bivariate logistic model for a binary response, and we assume that two rival dependence structures are possible. Copula functions are very useful tools to model different kinds of dependence with arbitrary marginal distributions. We consider Clayton and Gumbel copulae as competing association models. The focus is on applications in testing a new drug looking at both efficacy and toxicity outcomes. In this context, one of the main goals is to find the dose which maximizes the probability of efficacy without toxicity, herein called P-optimal dose. If the P-optimal dose changes under the two rival copulae, then it is relevant to identify the proper association model. To this aim, we propose a criterion (called PKL) which enables us to find the optimal doses to discriminate between the rival copulae, subject to a constraint that protects patients against dangerous doses. Furthermore, by applying the likelihood ratio test for non-nested models, via a simulation study we confirm that the PKL-optimal design is really able to discriminate between the rival copulae.

Automatic Inference of Task Parallelism in Task-Graph-Based Actor Models

Automatic inference of task level parallelism is fundamental for ensuring many kinds of safety and liveness properties of parallel applications. For example, two tasks running in parallel may be involved in data races when they have conflicting memory accesses, or one is affecting the termination of another by updating shared variables. In this paper, we have considered a task-graph-based actor model, used in signal processing applications (e.g., baseband processing in wireless communication, LTE uplink processing) that are deployed on many-core platforms, in which the actors, task-graphs, and tasks are the active entities running in parallel. The actors invoke task graphs, which in turn invoke tasks, and they communicate through message passing, thus creating different kinds of dependencies and parallelism in the application. We introduce a novel May Happen in Parallel (MHP) analysis for complex parallel applications based on our computational model. The MHP analysis consists of (i) data-flow analysis applicable to parallel control-flow structures inferring MHP facts representing pairs of tasks running in parallel, (ii) identification of all direct and indirect communication by generating a context-free grammar and enumerating valid strings representing parallelism and dependencies among active entities, and (iii) inferring MHP facts when multiple task-graphs communicate. Our analysis is applicable to other computational models (e.g. Cilk or X10) too. We have fully implemented our analysis and evaluated it on signal processing applications consisting of a maximum of 36.57 million lines of code representing 232 different tasks. The analysis took approximately 7 minutes to identify all communication information and 10.5 minutes to identify 12052 executable parallel task-pairs (to analyse for concurrency bugs) proving that our analysis is scalable for industrial-sized code-bases.

Dependence

This paper discusses different kinds of dependency. For numerically valued variables our discussion centers on the maximal correlation coefficient and its cousin the monotone correlation coefficient. We show how to calculate the maximal correlation coefficient in the case the random variables take on a finite set of values. For non-numerically valued variables our discussion centers on information theoretic measures related to mutual information and we describe some that are also metrics. We visually illustrate the difference between these two kinds of measures with a texture example that computes the joint probability image: an image in which the gray level of each pixel is the joint probability of the gray levels of the pixels in its neighborhood. Neighborhoods can be regular such as 5 × 5 or they can be irregular. Finally, we discuss manifold methods for classification: the N-tuple method, the subspace classifiers, the subspace ensemble classifiers, including the graphical model for representing the class conditional probability distribution. We describe a procedure to convert an N-tuple classifier to a graphical model classifier. We also conjecture that there is new form of a universal approximation theorem by which not too complex classification functions from measurement space to the set of classes can be approximately represented in the form of a subspace classifier using multiple subspaces such as the N-tuple method.

The influence of well thickness on the photoluminescence properties of blue-violet light emitting InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells

Photoluminescence (PL) properties of four blue-violet light emitting InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well (MQW) structures with varying well thickness were studied by means of room temperature PL (RTPL) spectra and temperature-dependent PL (TDPL). From the TDPL, two different kinds of dependencies of PL peak energy with increasing temperature are observed, i.e. an S-shape dependence and an inverted V-shape one. Since the In content in MQW structures is nearly identical for four samples, the difference in luminescence properties is mainly attributed to an increase in localization effects with increasing well thickness.

Nonparametric testing for serial independence using the NRL statistic

ABSTRACTSerial independence is tested using two measures of the effects of noise reduction in chaotic data, proposed by Orzeszko (2005). The extensive Monte Carlo simulations on the size and power of the new permutation-based tests are performed. Four popular nonparametric tests for serial independence are employed as a benchmark. The conducted simulations show that the new tests may be effective tools for detecting different kinds of dependencies. Moreover, they can distinguish between nonlinearity in the mean and nonlinearity in the variance.

Unsupervised classification using hidden Markov chain with unknown noise copulas and margins

We consider the problem of unsupervised classification of hidden Markov models (HMC) with dependent noise. Time is discrete, the hidden process takes its values in a finite set of classes, while the observed process is continuous. We adopt an extended HMC model in which the rich possibilities of different kinds of dependence in the noise are modelled via copulas. A general model identification algorithm, in which different noise margins and copulas corresponding to different classes are selected in given families and estimated in an automated way, from the sole observed process, is proposed. The interest of the whole procedure is shown via experiments on simulated data and on a real SAR image.

Opportunistic maintenance based on multi-dependent components of manufacturing system

Manufacturing systems operate under high production, reliability and safety requirements due to the complicated technology involved and hazardous consequences for product/process in case of failures. In that way, Maintenance plays a key role to sustain the system within its nominal operation space. It consists in implementing strategies to control optimally the Key Performance Indicators of the system mainly in production phase. To improve this optimality, opportunistic maintenance gives the maintenance staff an opportunity to replace or repair those items, which are found to be defective or needs replacement in the immediate future, during the maintenance of another machine or component. However, for this new strategy, all components are usually assumed to be independent. This assumption is not relevant since different kinds of dependencies exist really between them. So, to face with this issue, it is proposed in the paper an innovative opportunistic maintenance approach considering both economic and structural dependence and leading to an efficient maintenance plan synchronized with production. The interest of this approach is illustrated on a part of an assembly system.

Acquisition of Nonadjacent Phonological Dependencies in the Native Language During the First Year of Life.

Languages instantiate many different kinds of dependencies, some holding between adjacent elements and others holding between nonadjacent elements. In the domain of phonology-phonotactics, sensitivity to adjacent dependencies has been found to appear between 6 and 10 months. However, no study has directly established the emergence of sensitivity to nonadjacent phonological dependencies in the native language. The present study focuses on the emergence of a perceptual Labial-Coronal (LC) bias, a dependency involving two nonadjacent consonants. First, Experiment 1 shows that a preference for monosyllabic consonant-vowel-consonant LC words over CL (Coronal-Labial) words emerges between 7 and 10 months in French-learning infants. Second, two experiments, presenting only the first or last two phonemes of the original stimuli, establish that the LC bias at 10 months cannot be explained by adjacent dependencies or by a preference for more frequent coronal consonants (Experiment 2a & b). At 7 months, by contrast, infants appear to react to the higher frequency of coronal consonants (Experiment 3a & b). The present study thus demonstrates that infants become sensitive to nonadjacent phonological dependencies between 7 and 10 months. It further establishes a change between these two ages from sensitivity to local properties to nonadjacent dependencies in the phonological domain.

On the Concept of Service Coordination

In this research report we study service coordination, which is a crucial aspect when services are combined into service-based systems (Metzger & Pohl, 2009).Coordination is not only in computer science an important research topic. It is also studied in disciplines such as organization theory, operations research, economics, linguistics, and psychology. Malone & Crowston (1994) studied the similarities and connections between the different flavors of coordination and created a more generic coordination theory. They define coordination as managing dependencies between activities. This definition is based on the intuitive idea that there is nothing to coordinate without any interdependence. In their work they state that coordination theories should try to characterize different kinds of dependencies and identify the coordination processes that can be used to manage them. Therefore, in the next section (see Section 2), we will discuss several types of dependencies that can exist when composing services to service-based systems. In the rest of this research report is targeted at two types of dependencies, namely sequence dependencies and data dependencies. Therefore, the research continues in Sections 3 and 4 with an overview of existing techniques for managing sequence and data dependencies, respectively. In each section there is also a general conclusion included.

Comparison between projector augmented-wave and ultrasoft pseudopotential formalisms at the density-functional perturbation theory level

We compare the recently derived density-functional perturbation expressions within the projector augmented-wave (PAW) formalism [C. Audouze , Phys. Rev. B 73, 235101 (2006)] to those found in the ultrasoft pseudopotential (USPP) framework, for the perturbations of the atomic-displacement type. As a preliminary step, we re-examine the correspondence of the two models in the unperturbed case, showing precisely the different kinds of dependencies of each physical quantity on a perturbation parameter. Then, we identify the different contributions for the first- and the second-order responses of the energy in both formalisms, pointing out the additional contributions in the PAW case. We complete also the formalism by providing nonvariational and variational second-order derivative expressions for PAW, and a variational second-order derivative expression for USPP.

Modeling neural dependencies with Poisson copulas

Event Abstract Back to Event Modeling neural dependencies with Poisson copulas Pietro Berkes1*, Frank Wood2 and Jonathan Pillow2 1 Brandeis University, United States 2 University College London, United Kingdom The coding of information by neural populations depends critically on the statistical dependencies between neuronal responses. At the moment, however, we lack of a simple model that can simultaneously account for (1) marginal distributions over single-neuron spike counts that are typically close to Poisson; and (2) joint distributions over the responses of multiple neurons that are often strongly dependent. Here, we show that both marginal and joint properties of neural responses can be captured using Poisson copula models. Copulas are joint distributions that allow random variables with arbitrary marginals to be combined while incorporating arbitrary dependencies between them. Different copulas capture different kinds of dependencies, allowing for a richer and more detailed description of dependencies than traditional summary statistics, such as correlation coefficients. We explore a variety of Poisson copula models for joint neural response distributions, and derive an efficient maximum likelihood procedure for estimating them. We apply these models to neuronal data collected in the macaque pre-motor cortex, and quantify the improvement in coding accuracy afforded by incorporating the dependency structure between pairs of neurons. Conference: Bernstein Symposium 2008, Munich, Germany, 8 Oct - 10 Oct, 2008. Presentation Type: Poster Presentation Topic: All Abstracts Citation: Berkes P, Wood F and Pillow J (2008). Modeling neural dependencies with Poisson copulas. Front. Comput. Neurosci. Conference Abstract: Bernstein Symposium 2008. doi: 10.3389/conf.neuro.10.2008.01.031 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 13 Nov 2008; Published Online: 13 Nov 2008. * Correspondence: Pietro Berkes, Brandeis University, Waltham, United States, berkes@brandeis.edu Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Pietro Berkes Frank Wood Jonathan Pillow Google Pietro Berkes Frank Wood Jonathan Pillow Google Scholar Pietro Berkes Frank Wood Jonathan Pillow PubMed Pietro Berkes Frank Wood Jonathan Pillow Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Analysis of dependencies in advanced transaction models

Transactional dependencies play an important role in coordinating and executing the subtransactions in advanced transaction processing models, such as, nested transactions and workflow transactions. Researchers have formalized the notion of transactional dependencies and have shown how various advanced transaction models can be expressed using different kinds of dependencies. Incorrect specification of dependencies can result in unpredictable behavior of the advanced transaction, which, in turn, can lead to unavailability of resources and information integrity problems. In this work, we focus on how to correctly specify dependencies in an advanced transaction. We enumerate the different kinds of dependencies that may be present in an advanced transaction and classify them into two broad categories: event ordering and event enforcement dependencies. Different event ordering and event enforcement dependencies in an advanced transaction often interact in subtle ways resulting in conflicts and redundancies. We describe the different types of conflicts that can arise due to the presence of multiple dependencies and describe how one can detect such conflicts. An advanced transaction may also contain redundant dependencies--these are dependencies that can be logically derived from other dependencies. We show how such extraneous dependencies can be eliminated to get an equivalent set of dependencies that has the same effect as the original set. Our dependency analysis is done in the context of a generalized advanced transaction model that is capable of expressing different kinds of advanced transactions.

A Hybrid Scale Intensity Model for Recurrent Event Data

We propose an extended parametric class of models for analysing multiple failure data where the study subjects can experience repeated events. The general framework allows a broad class of hazard or intensity models including the Poisson and renewal process models as very special cases. A proportional intensity baseline function is assumed for the model with covariates. Maximum likelihood estimation is discussed. A particular flexible parametrization is considered in details. Theoretical calculation of the information matrix is used to assess when discrimination between different kinds of dependency is likely to be feasible.

Techniques to Aggregate the Characteristics of Internal Quality of an IS Specification Language

The paper analyses the problem of aggregation of internal quality characteristics of an information system specification language. It surveys main categories of aggregation operators, their mathematical and behavioural properties and proposes how to aggregate quality characteristics taking into account measurements of all lowest-level characteristics in a proper way. The paper shows that four different kinds of dependencies can occur among characteristics of internal quality and discusses in detail what aggregation techniques are reasonable for each case. It also describes a heuristic for minimisation of possible deviations of measurement results obtained after using a number of different metrics or because of the inaccuracy of used measurement techniques.

Modelling thermal activation characteristics of the sensitization of thermoluminescence in quartz

The sensitization of the ∼110°C thermoluminescence peak in quartz, also termed the ‘pre-dose’ effect, was previously explained using an energy level model including two electron trapping states and two hole centres. The experimental procedure includes a stage of high temperature activation following a relatively large irradiation of the sample. The response to a small test-dose was found to depend on this activation temperature. With different quartz samples, different behaviours of the thermal activation characteristics (TACs) were found. In typical TACs, the sensitivity reached a maximum at ∼500°C, followed by a rather sharp decline in some samples; in others a maximum was reached at ∼350°C followed by a slight decline towards a plateau level. In this work, we show that these behaviours can rather easily be explained within the framework of the two traps–two centres model. This is done by numerical solution of the relevant sets of differential equations governing the different stages of the experimental procedure. The different kinds of dependence were simulated with different sets of trapping parameters. A better insight into the processes taking place is reached, which may have implications in the application of pre-dose dating of archaeological quartz samples and in retrospective dosimetry.