Different Kinds Of Constituents Research Articles

Simultaneous Extraction and Determination of Characteristic Steroidal Saponins and Homoisoflavonoids in Zhejiang Ophiopogon japonicus.

Zhejiang Ophiopogonjaponicus (ZOJ) is a specific variety of Ophiopogon japonicus with characteristic steroidal saponins and homoisoflavonoids, which are also main pharmacodynamic constituents with clinical effects, including curing inflammation and cardiovascular diseases. However, few analysis methods were applied to simultaneously and quantitatively determine two kinds of its constituents, and hazardous organic solvents are mostly used for extraction. In this study, a new validated simultaneous extraction and determination method for four characteristic steroidal saponins and homoisoflavonoids in ZOJ was established by ionic liquid-ultrasonic extraction (IL-UAE) combined with HPLC-DAD-ELSD analysis, which can be used for the quality control of ZOJ. Chromatographic separation was performed with a DAD wavelength at 296 nm, and the ELSD parameters of the drift tube temperature (DTT), atomizer temperature (AT), and nitrogen gas pressure (NGP) were set at 20% heating power, 70 °C, and 25 psi, respectively. The optimal IL-UAE conditions were 1 mol/L [Bmim]CF3SO3 aqueous solution, a liquid-material ratio of 40 mL/g, and an ultrasonic time of 60 min. The proposed method is reliable, reproducible, and accurate, which were verified with real sample assays. Consequently, this work will be helpful for the quality control of ZOJ. It can also present a promising reference for the simultaneous extraction and determination of different kinds of constituents in other medicinal plants.

A sequential separation of linderane and norisoboldine using supercritical fluid and ionic liquid-based ultrasonic-assisted extraction from Lindera aggregate

ABSTRACT Linderane (LDR) and norisoboldine (NOR) are two typical active compounds in Lindera aggregate (Sims.) Kosterm. In this study, a new method of sequential extraction of LDR and NOR from L. aggregate was developed by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and ionic liquid-based ultrasonic-assisted extraction (IL-UAE) for the first time. The suitable SFE with CO2 conditions for LDR were 60 min dynamic extraction time, 40°C temperature and 30 MPa pressure. And the optimal IL-UAE factors for NOR were 2.06 mol/L 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([Bmim] Br) aqueous solution, 44 mL/g liquid–solid ratio, and 67 min ultrasonic time. Compared with the traditional extraction process, the sequential methods not only can obtain higher extraction efficiency, but also can realize the selective extraction for two different kinds of constituents with less consumption of traditional organic solvent. In addition, this environmentally friendly method could be used in a large-scale industry.

Sequential extraction and separation using ionic liquids for stilbene glycoside and anthraquinones in Polygonum multiflorum

In recent years, ionic liquids (ILs) have received more attentions in green extraction and separation process as a kind of novel environment-friendly solvent, and their application in the field of natural products needs to be extended. In this paper, a new method of the sequential extraction for stilbene glycoside and anthraquinones from Polygonum multiflorum was developed for the first time and different ionic liquids was used and compared. It was found two benzothiazolium ILs including [BBth][Br] and [HBth][p-TSA] had good selectivity and high efficiency. In addition, the important extraction conditions were also investigated and optimized. Compared with the traditional acid/alcohol-water extraction process, the extraction assisted by ionic liquid not only can obtain higher yield in shorter time, but also can realize the selective extraction for two different kinds of constituents with less consumption. Furthermore, the recovery of target compounds and recycling of ionic liquid were also studied and it was found that solvent extraction combined with cation-exchange resin had the ideal recovery performance.

Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the Agastache mexicana extracts by using several experimental models in rodents

Ethnopharmacological relevanceAgastache mexicana is a plant that has long been used in large demand in Mexican folk medicine to treat pain, among others affections. Nevertheless, no scientific data confirming its use have been reported. The aim of this investigation was to examine the spectrum of antinociceptive activity of A. mexicana by using different experimental models of nociception in rodents. Material and methodsNociceptive activity was induced 30min post treatment of different doses of hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts from A. mexicana aerial parts. The writhing test in mice, and the formalin and plantar tests as well as the pain-induced functional impairment assay in rats (PIFIR model) were the experimental nociceptive models used. Antinociceptive response of the organic extracts was compared to that observed with the analgesic drug tramadol. ResultsA. mexicana organic extracts produced a dose-dependent and significant inhibition of the abdominal constrictions caused by 1% acetic acid injection (i.p.) in mice. A maximal antinociceptive effectiveness obtained with tramadol was also observed with the administration of hexane and ethyl acetate extracts in comparison to less effectiveness obtained with the methanol extract. At the same range of doses, A. mexicana organic extracts inhibited the behavioral responses in both phases of the formalin pain test, in which a more intense effect was observed in the inflammatory phase than in the neurogenic stage. With regard to the plantar test and PIFIR model, a significant but not dose-dependent antinociceptive response was observed at specific doses that depended on the organic extract evaluated. ConclusionThe antinociceptive activity of A. mexicana aerial parts depends on the intensity of the painful stimulus induced and involves different kinds of constituents. Our present results reinforce the use of this species in traditional medicine and its utility for pain treatment mainly associated with inflammation.

Are the Father and Son Different in Kind? Scotus and Ockham on Different Kinds of Things, Univocal and Equivocal Production, and Subordination in the Trinity

AbstractIn this paper, I examine how Scotus and Ockham try to solve the following problem. If different kinds of constituents contribute some difference in kind to the things they constitute, then the divine Father and Son should be different in kind because they are constituted by at least some constituents that are different in kind (namely, fatherhood and sonship). However, if the Father and Son are different in kind, the Son’s production will be equivocal, and equivocal products are typically less perfect than their producers. Therefore, the Son must be subordinate to the Father. In response, Scotus argues that different kinds of constituents do not necessarily result in different kinds of things, but Ockham rejects this, arguing instead that although the Father and Son are different in kind, they are still equal in perfection because of their identity with the divine essence.

Elimination of adsorption effects in the analysis of water-soluble vitamins in pharmaceutical formulations by capillary electrophoresis

A tendency to an increase in migration times was observed when different water-soluble vitamins were analysed repeatedly in pharmaceutical preparations by capillary electrophoresis. In order to better understand the origin of this effect, the influence of the vitamins and the excipients, such as cellulose derivatives, was investigated. These studies indicated that the increase in analyte migration times was most probably due to the adsorption of different kinds of constituents to the capillary wall. Different rinsing procedures were tested in order to eliminate these unfavourable effects. A rinse of the capillary with a 25 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solution in the running buffer between successive runs was found to be particularly effective when the analysis was performed by free solution capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). When the vitamins were determined by micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) using SDS as surfactant, a short capillary rinse with the running buffer was sufficient to obtain reproducible migration times. The CZE and MEKC methods developed were validated and compared. Both methods could be applied to the determination of water-soluble vitamins in different multivitamin formulations.

Pathomorphology of coronary atherosclerosis

The "American Heart Association Committee on Vascular Lesions" suggests the following morphologic classification of atherosclerotic plaques: the classification is based on large autopsy studies facilitating the assessment of the natural course of atherosclerotic lesions at precisely defined progression prone areas of the coronary tree from their clinically silent beginning to the stage where they produce symptoms. Lesion evolution is divided in 5 phases reflecting the possible time course of plaque development. Each phase is characterized by plaques with a distinctive morphology. The classification offers a framework of typical morphologies which the results of clinical investigations may be related to. Looking at the plaque composition, it is readily conceivable that atherosclerosis shares many characteristics with the general pathology of chronic inflammation and wound healing. Clinical symptoms e.g. acute coronary syndromes, arise from inflammation-mediated endothelial erosion and/or plaque rupture with ensuring coronary thrombosis. Advanced or complicated plaques are composed of different kinds of constituents in varying proportions. However, plaques at risk display a large lipid core occupying more than 40% of the plaque's volume, increased numbers of macrophages, reduced numbers of smooth muscle cells, an increased expression of tissue factor, and a thin plaque cap. Functionally, active plaques are characterized by a locally enhanced vasoreactivity with evidence coming from our own recent investigations that localised chronic inflammatory processes within the atherosclerotic plaque are responsible not only for the plaque rupture itself, but also for the hyperreactivity of these vessels to vasoconstrictor stimuli. In this context endothelin 1 (ET-1), a very potent vasoconstrictor peptide, may play an important role. ET-1 was originally reported to be produced by endothelial cells and to act locally in a paracrine fashion to regulate vascular tone. However, further studies have clarified that ET-1 is not only produced by endothelial cells but also by human inflammatory cells suggesting a role for ET-1 in inflammatory processes. Additionally, ET-1 displays a potent mitogenic activity. We examined immunohistochemically the presence of ET-1 in coronary plaque tissue obtained by directional coronary atherectomy. ET-1 immunoreactivity preferentially localized in plaque components indicative of a chronic inflammatory process. In addition, semiquantitative analysis of ET-1-like immunoreactivity revealed significantly higher staining grades in active coronary lesions compared with nonactive lesions. The increased ET-1 content in active coronary lesions may be beneficial to the stabilization of the vessel wall after plaque rupture and disadvantageous because it may lead to vasospasm and to the progression of atherosclerosis.

Binaries in the Universe. Dynamical Mechanisms of Formation and Evolution of Different Kinds of Constituents of the Universe

We study the dynamics of extended shells of relatively low-mass particles around and inside the orbit of two heavy centres of gravity (a binary) by computer simulations. The binary components are surrounded by N=16000 small mass particles in a uniform random distribution on a few spherical envelopes with different radii expanding with some velocity. Some shells are inside the orbit of the binary.

Binaries in the universe. possible dynamical mechanisms of formation, evolution and disruption of different kinds of constituents of the universe

We study the dynamics of extended shells of relatively low-mass particles around and inside the orbit of two heavy centres of gravity (a binary) by computer simulations. The binary components are surrounded byN = 16 000 small mass particles in uniform random distribution on few spherical envelopes with different radii expanding with respective velocities. Some shells are inside the orbit of binary.

Ion-ion collisions and element separation effects in the boundary region of a plasma surrounded by neutral gas

In the boundary region between a plasma and neutral gas, the temperature is low (some thousand degrees). Then the Coulomb cross-section is large compared with other collision cross-sections. The influence of ion-ion collisions in the boundary region is discussed. In particular a simple formula is derived for the separation between different kinds of constituents. This separation depends on different collision cross-sections for diffusion and seems to be especially large when resonant charge exchange collisions are involved. These diffusive processes of importance in impermeable plasmas are also compared with separation processes due to a difference in ionization potential, which is known to occur in permeable plasmas. Different isotopes have the same ionization potential and the same charge exchange cross-sections. The separation processes described above are, therefore, likely to give element, but not isotope, separation.

Chemical Studies on the Sulfur of Japanese Coals(III)

The results of an investigation of the relation of the distribution of sulfur compounds during carbonization to the various characteristics of coal, and that on the behavior of organic sulfur in softening stage were described as follows.(1) The distribution of the sulfur compounds during carbonization was considerably influenced by inorganic constituents in coal in respects of their total amount and the different kinds of constituents, and it was especially observed that the basic compounds have a property of fixing sulfur.(2) The sulfur compounds in coal remained in coke after carbonization at the ratio of 60% for total sulfur, 90% for pyritic sulfur, and 60% for organic sulfur.(3) Regarding the chemical behavior of sulfur compounds during carbonization, the following results were obtained.In the case of caking coal having carbon content more than 80%, the reactivity for volatilization of organic sulfur and consequently the quantity of sulfur volatilized increased in softening stage, and the definite relation was found between the total of volatilized sulfur during carbonization and the rank of samples, that is, the more the reactivity for volatilization of organic sulfur is the larger the total of volatilized sulfur during carbonization.On the other hand, in the case of non-caking coal having carbon content less than 80%, the definite relation was not found among the total of volatilized sulfur during carbonization, the rank of coal and the reactivity for volatilization of organic sulfur, since it was supposed that the basic structure of coal substance in such coal have a great influence on the behavior of sulfur compounds during carbonization.

An integrating micrometer for the geometrical analysis of rocks

This instrument is a microscope stage-micrometer for the quantitative estimation of one to six different kinds of constituents in a substance, by the Delesse-Rosiwal method. It is intended, primarily, for linear micrometrie analysis in petrography, but has similar uses in mineralogy, chemistry, and metallography. Economic applications include the volumetric evaluation of components in building stones, road-metals, sSlid fuels, refractories, and slags.The object of this new design is to combine speed and accuracy in operation with a particularly compact construction, mechanical simplicity, and strength. Special consideration has been given to the wear and cleansing of bearings, the definition of scale-divisions and zero-marks, and the rigidity of all supports for moving parts.