Different Kinds Of Communities Research Articles

Efter det kritiske subjekt

The article revisits the question of the critical subject through a reading of Jacques Rancière and Fred Moten. It starts out by giving an account of a longer historical trajectory where the notions of critique and revolution have run into the ground. David Scott’s nuanced analysis of the shift from an anticolonial romantic revolutionary perspective to a tragic postcolonial stance is both affirmed and challenged. Affirmed in so far as Scott’s analysis is embedded in a broader historical context, challenged by the presentation of two attempts to think the notion of a critical subject after the disappearance of a previous notion of an antisystemic subject. The second half of the article is a discussion of Rancière’s notion of a political subjectivation that is not based on pre-existing identities but is a break with the logic of a functionalist society. Followed by a discussion of Moten’s concept of Blackness that follows the Afro-Pessimist reading of the radical dispossession of Blacks but turn it into a possibility for a different kind of community.

Space Syntax & Regression Analysis: Evaluating the Impacts of Urban form and Socio-Economic on Walkability in some of the Neighborhoods Dora, Baghdad.

Even though it has been found that walking around a neighborhood has many benefits, including health benefits, these factors must be taken into account when planning. Walkability is hard to measure and can't be boiled down to a single number because it depends on both the cultural and social aspects of a community. Using space syntax theory, the layout of streets in different kinds of communities was looked at, and regression analysis was used to measure the socioeconomic factor. This study looks at the syntactical properties of the city's organized and unorganized (agricultural) areas in relation to people's walking patterns; examines the socioeconomic characteristics of the population; and looks into people's walking patterns and the variables that influence walkability in the study area. By conducting observations of the areas and interviews with residents. Some of the results of the research are the variation and difference in the variables that affect both areas of the analysis or field observation. The findings are then used to recommend approaches that planners, designers, and decision-makers could take to create transit- and pedestrian-oriented developments.

Indigenizing Climate Policy in Canada: A Critical Examination of the Pan-Canadian Framework and the ZéN RoadMap

Climate policies and plans can lead to disproportionate impacts and benefits across different kinds of communities, serving to reinforce, and even exacerbate existing structural inequities and injustices. This is the case in Canada where, we argue, climate policy and planning is reproducing settler-colonial relations, violating Indigenous rights, and systematically excluding Indigenous Peoples from policy making. We conducted a critical policy analysis on two climate plans in Canada: the Pan Canadian Framework on Clean Growth and Climate Change (Pan-Canadian Framework), a federal government-led, top-down plan for reducing emissions; and the Québec ZéN (zero émissions nette, or net-zero emissions) Roadmap, a province-wide, bottom-up energy transition plan developed by civil society and environmental groups in Quebec. Our analysis found that, despite aspirational references to Indigenous Peoples and their inclusion, both the Pan-Canadian Framework and the ZéN Roadmap failed to uphold the right to self-determination and to free, prior, and informed consent, conflicting with commitments to reconciliation and a “Nation-to-Nation” relationship. Recognizing these limitations, we identify six components for an Indigenous-led climate policy agenda. These not including clear calls to action that climate policy must: prioritize the land and emphasize the need to rebalance our relationships with Mother Earth; position Indigenous Nations as Nations with the inherent right to self-determination; prioritize Indigenous knowledge systems; and advance climate-solutions that are interconnected, interdependent, and multi-dimensional. While this supports the emerging literature on Indigenous-led climate solutions, we stress that these calls offer a starting point, but additional work led by Indigenous Peoples and Nations is required to breathe life into a trueIndigenous-led climate policy.

Brand community integration, participation and commitment: A comparison between consumer-run and company-managed communities

In the past two decades there has been a growth in the rate at which consumers join, companies use, and researchers study brand communities. Given the expansion of brand communities, scholars insistently analyze why individuals join and stay in them. However, no study concurrently examines the links among the members’ integration, participation and commitment to a brand community. Furthermore, research conceive brand communities as homogenous. Whether the feelings and behaviors of members of different kinds of communities, and specifically consumer-run and company-managed brand communities, are comparable is unknown. Using a sample of 2167 consumers of a leading motorcycle brand, this study examines the members’ integration, participation and commitment to consumer-run and company-managed communities. The findings reveal that consumer-run communities stimulate higher levels of integration, participation and commitment than the company-managed communities, but that the mechanisms connecting integration, participation and commitment are invariant across the two types of community.

Safeguarding Pabalat-Wrapped Pastillas in the Philippines Problems and Possibilities of Community Participation

This article describes the Philippine foodway and craft form of pabalat-wrapped pastillas by examining the different communities involved in its practice and preservation. It analyzes how the participatory framework reshapes the authorized heritage discourse and argues for a more pragmatic conceptualization of community participation that recognizes the different kinds of communities involved in heritage work, shows sensitivity to the politics at play, and aims at parity among actors—not exclusion. Tracing the history of borlas de pastillas and assessing its uses in tourism demonstrations, festivals, training programs and museum exhibits reveals the problematic issues of disinheritance, dissonance, memory, and ownership that emerge when dealing with intangible heritage. KEYWORDS: Intangible heritage, community participation, heritage as process, cultural production, identity

Primary prevention in psychiatry in general hospitals in South Asia.

The focus of primary prevention is on reducing the disease incidence. Primary prevention in mental health has been given minimal priority in low-resource settings with no significant investments. General hospitals are one of the main providers of mental health services in South Asia. This paper focuses on primary prevention activities, which can be undertaken in a general hospital in South Asia with abysmally low-mental health resources. For implementing primary prevention in psychiatry, a general hospital may be conceptualized as a population unit, located in a well-populated area with easy accessibility where different kinds of communities, for example, students and resident doctors, consultants, patients and their caregivers, and paramedical, nursing, administrative and other supportive staff, coexist and have varied functions. All the functional components of the general hospital psychiatric units (GHPUs) offer scope for introducing primary preventive psychiatry services. Psychiatrists in GHPUs can lead efforts for primary prevention in mental health in the hospital by employing strategies in the framework of universal, selective, and indicated prevention. The preventive strategies could be targeted at the patients visiting the hospital for various health services and their caregivers, employees, and the trainees. Similar principles can be employed in teaching and training.

Happiness in Romanian cities on the road from post-communism transition to EU accession

<p>The literature on life satisfaction in transition countries, and in particular on Romania, demonstrated that life satisfaction significantly differs across rural communities and cities of different size. The question addressed in this paper is whether these imbalances are stable over time or, instead, they become manifest in the presence of strong divergences in the economic growth rates of different kinds of communities. Results point out that in the period of sharp economic growth led by large urban areas, as the one experienced by Romania on the road to EU accession, rural/urban disparities in life satisfaction widened, favoring cities of intermediate size.</p>

Evolution of bacterial life-history traits is sensitive to community structure.

Very few studies have experimentally assessed the evolutionary effects of species interactions within the same trophic level. Here we show that when Serratia marcescens evolve in multispecies communities, their growth rate exceeds the growth rate of the bacteria that evolved alone, whereas the biomass yield gets lower. In addition to the community effects per se, we found that few species in the communities caused strong effects on S. marcescens evolution. The results indicate that evolutionary responses (of a focal species) are different in communities, compared to species evolving alone. Moreover, selection can lead to very different outcomes depending on the community structure. Such context dependencies cast doubt on our ability to predict the course of evolution in the wild, where species often inhabit very different kinds of communities.

Community gardening and social cohesion: different designs, different motivations

ABSTRACTCommunity gardens vary in several ways: they are cultivated by different kinds of communities in various locations, entail individual or communal plots and the extent of active participation (e.g. gardening) differs. In this paper, we study seven community gardens with varying organisational designs and objectives, and investigate the extent to which these influence the enhancement of social cohesion. We also take into account to what extent differences in motivation among community gardeners matter. Despite these differences in motivation, however, we find that in all of the cases studied, people talk to and get to know others, and mutual help is widespread. We, therefore, conclude that community gardens contribute to the development of social cohesion – even if people are not particularly driven by social motivations. Moreover, while participants who are motivated by the social aspects of gardening naturally show a higher level of appreciation for them, these social aspects also bring added value for those participants who are motivated primarily by growing vegetables.

Habitat complexity and community composition: relationships between different ecosystem engineers and the associated macroinvertebrate assemblages

Several species of ecosystem engineers inhabiting coastal environments have been reported structuring different kinds of communities. The magnitude of this influence often depends on the habitat complexity introduced by the engineers. It is commonly accepted that an increase in habitat complexity will result in an increase in diversity and/or abundance in the associated fauna. The rocky salt marshes along the coast of Patagonia are dominated by cordgrasses, mussels, and barnacles forming a mosaic of engineered habitats with different complexity. This system allows us to address the following questions: how different is a macroinvertebrate assemblage when dominated by different ecosystem engineers? And, is there a positive relationship between increasing habitat complexity and the species richness, diversity and total density of the assemblages? To address these questions, we compared the three ecological scenarios with decreasing habitat complexity: cordgrass–mussel, mussel, and barnacle-engineered habitats. We found a total of 22 taxa mostly crustaceans and polychaetes common to all scenarios. The three engineered habitats showed different macroinvertebrate assemblages, mainly due to differences in individual abundances of some taxa. The cryptogenic amphipod Orchestia gammarella was found strictly associated with the cordgrass–mussel habitat. Species richness and diversity were positively related with habitat complexity while total density showed the opposite trend. Our study suggests that species vary their relative distribution and abundances in response to different habitat complexity. Nevertheless, the direction (i.e., neutral, positive or negative) and intensity of the community’s response seem to depend on the physiological requirements of the different species and their efficiency to readjust their local spatial distribution in the short term.

The Vegetation of Altınbeşik Cavern National Park (İbradı-Akseki /Antalya-Turkey). A Synecological Study

Altinbesik Cavern National Park, where eco-tourism is very important, is located in the Western Taurus Mountains between the Ibradi and Akseki districts in the east and northeast of Antalya. World Wild Fund For Nature (WWF) has identified in 1999 the 100 forest areas, which are the most valuable in terms of biodiversity in Europe and which must urgently be protected, and it has been pointed out that one of these areas, which are identified as "The Hot Spots of European Forests" and nine of which are found in Turkey, is the natural areas around Ibradi-Akseki. Within the area 9 different kinds of communities belonging to the forest, maquis, hygrophilic, rock and scree vegetations have been diagnosed, namely Crataegus monogyna-Pinus brutia, Tordylium ketenoglui-Juniperus excelsa, Pistacia rebinthus-Quercus coccifera, Phillyrea latifolia-Arbutus andrachne, Nerium oleander-Platanus orientalis, Onosma frutescens basis community, Arabis davisii-Alkanna oreodoxa, Bupleurum erubescens-Pelargonium endlicherianum, Geranium lucidum-Ricotia sinuata. Within the area, a clear dominance of Quercetea ilicis, Quercetalia ilicis and Quercion calliprini has been identified.

A heart failure service for a different kind of community

Debra Vickers is a British Hear t Foundation hear t failure nurse specialist based in the Western Isles, Scotland. She shares with Lucy Jolin the joys and challenges of working in one of the UK’s most remote areas.

Beyond the Qumran Community: Social Organization in the Dead Sea Scrolls

AbstractThe Dead Sea Scrolls refer to different kinds of communities. The Damascus Document speaks of people who live “in camps” throughout the land, and marry and have children. The Rule of the Community, in contrast, does not speak of women or children at all. It does, however, speak of small communities with a quorum of ten, as part of the yahad. The Rule of the Community also speaks enigmatically of twelve men and three priests, who are supposed to go into the wilderness to prepare the way of the Lord. It is possible but not certain that these were the founders of the Qumran settlement. Qumran was surely a sectarian settlement in Roman times. It is possible, but not proven, that it was a Hasmonean fort before the Romans came. It was never more than one of many sectarian settlements. The yahad should not be equated with “the Qumran community.”

Community structures and role detection in music networks

We analyze the existence of community structures in two different social networks using data obtained from similarity and collaborative features between musical artists. Our analysis reveals some characteristic organizational patterns and provides information about the driving forces behind the growth of the networks. In the similarity network, we find a strong correlation between clusters of artists and musical genres. On the other hand, the collaboration network shows two different kinds of communities: rather small structures related to music bands and geographic zones, and much bigger communities built upon collaborative clusters with a high number of participants related through the period the artists were active. Finally, we detect the leading artists inside their corresponding communities and analyze their roles in the network by looking at a few topological properties of the nodes.

Dispersed entrepreneurship within multinational corporations: A community perspective

The paper develops a new theoretical perspective on the phenomenon of dispersed entrepreneurship in large multinational corporations (MNCs). We argue that the creation and sharing of knowledge in entrepreneurial initiatives involving MNCs is underpinned by a behavioural theory of entrepreneurial communities and that these communities drive the evolution of the MNC organization. While we do not refute related theories of the organization as a social community or communities of practice providing a basis for learning and innovation, we suggest that a different kind of community facilitates dispersed entrepreneurial behaviours within the MNC. This community links participants by a shared desire to create new knowledge for international competition. To succeed in discovering, evaluating and exploiting new opportunities, managers need to allow and nurture situations of high-boundary porosity. The main characteristics, antecedents and consequences of these communities are identified and presented as a conceptual model.

Narrations of cross-cultural encounters as interpretative frames for reading word and world

This article describes how a group of African-American women read social relations as socially constructed texts. Such reading, I think, is a literacy skill, rehearsed and developed within classrooms and communities that cultural border crossers1 develop through their participation within specific discourses communities, as well as through their movement across different kinds of communities (Majors and Orellana, 2003). I draw from one ethnographic study of talk in an African-American hair salon to both illuminate and challenge notions of texts, literacy, literate contexts, and the permeability of such contexts with regards to skills acquisition and use. The study focuses on the public performances and social discourse of the women as well as their readings of these performances. Researchers of language and learning have argued that success and failure in school is contingent upon one's ability to successfully navigate processes of meaning-making through discourses (Cazden, 2001; Cole, 1996; Delpit, 1995; Gee, 1992; Lee and Majors, 2003). I want to ask what role, then, do the processes and skills of reading linguistic and paralinguistic cues play in facilitating this navigation? In what ways does an acknowledgment of these as reading skills illuminate the complexities involved in the social and arguably academic work participants do in constructing identities? And in what ways can such an acknowledgement help us to identify ways to develop school-based literacy skills?

European virtual classrooms: building effective “virtual” educational experiences

This paper presents Learning@Europe, an educational service, supported by VR, that has involved in year 2004–2005 more than 1,000 students from 6 different European countries. L@E has fostered the creation/reinforcement of three different kinds of communities: (1) the classroom community (reinforcing the bonds among students, and between students and their teachers), (2) communities among different schools competing together through 3D environments, (3) a global community (roughly involving 20% of the total) of all the teachers and students. A similar situation was created, at regional level, in the Italian Region of Lombardy, involving nearly 800 individuals. Given that the behaviours of the different communities in the two projects were very similar, it seems to be arguable that a pattern of community building through virtual environments has been detected. The important facts (detected by surveys of teachers and students, inspection, direct observation, qualitative data analysis) about these communities are: (1) the depth of the pedagogical impact, in terms of increased knowledge (about history and related subjects), skills (use of functional English, use of ICT in learning/teaching processes, group work) and attitudes (more curiosity towards history, increased motivation in school activities, improved respect and interest for other cultures). (2) The engagement of all the participants, with very high level of customer satisfaction. (3) The depth of the social impact, reinforcing existing relationships (within the same class) and creating new ones. The key feature of this success apparently lies in the sense of “social virtual presence”, that is, a feeling of being engaged in a virtual situation, so strong that the technological means become “transparent” and the social situation (meant at different levels and for different time frames) becomes “the king”. The paper will present the project, its main features and its outcomes, eventually discussing the role of social virtual presence into building effective and lively communities.

Variations in Health Insurance Coverage for Rural and Urban Nonelderly Adult Residents of Florida, Indiana, and Kansas

Evidence exists for differences in health insurance coverage among states, but less is known about variations across different kinds of communities within states. This article assesses the role of residential setting (metropolitan county, rural adjacent, and rural nonadjacent) in health insurance coverage for adult residents, under age 65, using data from large-scale surveys collected in 3 diverse states (Florida, Indiana, and Kansas). Descriptive statistics are provided, and logistic regression models are used to examine the relationship between uninsurance status and residential settings while controlling for personal characteristics. Adjusted uninsurance rates by residential settings are presented for each state. Residential settings are significantly associated with uninsurance status in 2 of the 3 states we examined. We find that adult Floridians of rural adjacent counties are more likely to be uninsured than those in urban counties, but, for Indiana residents, uninsurance status is comparable between urban and rural adjacent residents. Rural nonadjacent Indiana residents are more likely to be uninsured compared to those in urban counties. The insurance status of adult Kansans does not vary across residential settings. Residential settings are significantly associated with being uninsured, but the significance of this link between residential locations and uninsurance status varies from state to state.

Mind and Experience in a Hindu City

Robert Levy's study of the ritual and religious or- ganization of a city in Nepal offers insights into how the peo- ple of this Hindu community are shaped by cultural context. (Hinduism, selfhood, ritual, Robert Levy) any people may assume that Robert Levy's work ended with the Tahitians, but his work in Nepal pursues themes central to his study of Tahiti. Consistent with his belief in a comparative anthropology, he continued to explore the question of how mind exists in different cultural settings, as these settings exist within different kinds of communities. Relative to Tahiti, in Nepal he finds a different kind of community, one unimagined in the wildest dreams of the South Seas: a Hindu city in the shadow of the Himalayas, a place with a caste hierarchy, an intricate ritual system, and a Tantric tradition, a place where goddesses accept blood sacrifices, and religion organizes much of life. Out of his fieldwork here comes a monumental book, Mesocosm. In it, Levy examines Bhaktapur, the city where he worked in Nepal's Kathmandu Valley, in terms of its religious organization, with a central focus on the cycles of rituals central to the civic order. What Levy offers is a study of Hinduism in an urban incarnation, of urbanism in a Hindu incarnation. The dialectical relationship is crucial. Levy shows us how Hinduism and urbanism constitute each other in a particular city, yet one that represents a historically important class of Hindu communities-those that developed as the royal centers of small Hindu states. Levy also sees Bhaktapur as relevant to the comparative understanding of a wider set of ancient cities, including the Greek cities of antiquity.

Youth Perspectives on the Experience of Reentry

This article outlines the reentry process of youth who are released from secure confinement experience and describes some contextual factors affecting that experience. Using interviews with young people released from prison, several dimensions are discussed including prior criminal involvement and lifestyles, education, mental health, continuity and change in social relationships, and reentry into different kinds of communities. Specific descriptions of several youth, some with extensive criminal records and some without, are used to highlight the conclusion that traditional methods of determining the success of youth reentry are limited and may obscure important variation in whether and how certain factors, such as criminal records, lead to certain outcomes, such as crime. A discussion of workable approaches to youth reentry is offered, highlighting the need for increased community involvement and aftercare.