Different Kinds Of Behavior Research Articles

Lawwamah Personality Dynamics Of Gen Z Teenagers in Islamic Perspective

According to Calvin S Hall and Gardner Lindzey in their book Theories of Personality (Psychology of Personality) (1978), the definition of personality is something that gives order and harmony to all kinds of different behaviors carried out by the individual. Sigmund Freud formulated personality in three important systems: id (Das es), ego (Das ich), and super-ego (Das uber ich). The three types of personality are interrelated with each other. In the Islamic perspective, there are several types of personality, including Lawwamah personality. Lawwamah personality is a personality that is in the direction of vacillation between two things. Lawwamah personality is dominated by reason, reason follows rationalistic and realistic working principles that bring humans to the level of consciousness. In the VUCA era, Gen Z teenagers are very vulnerable to an identity crisis caused by globalization, which affects thinking and mental health. Disruption of mental health can also occur due to several other factors, namely internal factors such as genetic disorders or family history of family members with mental disorders. In addition, there are also external factors that will usually arise due to the influence of the surrounding environment.

Open-source software for automated rodent behavioral analysis.

Rodent behavioral analysis is a major specialization in experimental psychology and behavioral neuroscience. Rodents display a wide range of species-specific behaviors, not only in their natural habitats but also under behavioral testing in controlled laboratory conditions. Detecting and categorizing these different kinds of behavior in a consistent way is a challenging task. Observing and analyzing rodent behaviors manually limits the reproducibility and replicability of the analyses due to potentially low inter-rater reliability. The advancement and accessibility of object tracking and pose estimation technologies led to several open-source artificial intelligence (AI) tools that utilize various algorithms for rodent behavioral analysis. These software provide high consistency compared to manual methods, and offer more flexibility than commercial systems by allowing custom-purpose modifications for specific research needs. Open-source software reviewed in this paper offer automated or semi-automated methods for detecting and categorizing rodent behaviors by using hand-coded heuristics, machine learning, or neural networks. The underlying algorithms show key differences in their internal dynamics, interfaces, user-friendliness, and the variety of their outputs. This work reviews the algorithms, capability, functionality, features and software properties of open-source behavioral analysis tools, and discusses how this emergent technology facilitates behavioral quantification in rodent research.

Classification of radial solutions to −Δgu = eu on Riemannian models

We provide a complete classification with respect to asymptotic behaviour, stability and intersections properties of radial smooth solutions to the equation −Δgu=eu on Riemannian model manifolds (M,g) in dimension N≥2. Our assumptions include Riemannian manifolds with sectional curvatures bounded or unbounded from below. Intersection and stability properties of radial solutions are influenced by the dimension N in the sense that two different kinds of behaviour occur when 2≤N≤9 or N≥10, respectively. The crucial role of these dimensions in classifying solutions is well-known in Euclidean space; here the analysis highlights new properties of solutions that cannot be observed in the flat case.

Study of plasma sheath in the presence of dust particles in a magnetic mirror-like field configuration

The properties of a plasma sheath in the presence of dust grains and a magnetic mirror-like field configuration have been investigated in this study. All the plasma species viz. electrons, ions, and dust grains are described by fluid equations. The system of equations involved in the study is solved numerically using the Runge-Kutta fourth-order (RK4) method to explore the sheath properties. The results of the study suggest that in the presence of a magnetic mirror-like field configuration, the component of ion velocity perpendicular to the wall decreases near the surface, and consequently, the ion density increases. To the best of our knowledge, such observations have not been reported anywhere previously. This utterly different observation is due to the magnetic field configuration alone. Such a behavior can be used to control the dynamics of the ions in the sheath. Moreover, ion-neutral collisions tend to reduce the effect of the magnetic field on the properties of the sheath. The study may be helpful to understand the interactions of plasma with the wall in different plasma-assisted industrial applications containing dust grains as contaminants. Besides, the study will play a significant role in controlling the dynamics of positive ions and negatively charged dust grains in the sheath. The space charge shows an unusual behavior near the sheath. In the usual scenario, the space charge slightly decreases near the wall. But in the present context, the space charge increases. Further, it has been observed that the dust surface potential near the wall becomes less negative with the increase in magnetic field strength. The magnetic field and ion-neutral collisions tend to restrict the movement of the ions toward the wall when acting separately, but their combined effect leads to a different kind of behavior altogether.

Under the Law: School safety: A legal labyrinth

An array of federal, state, and local laws and policies come into play when situations arise that could compromise student safety. These laws and district policies combine to form an intricate and sometimes inconsistent patchwork of protocols that schools must follow. Robert Kim discusses the interplay between federal, state, and local laws governing schools’ responses to student misbehavior; the differing regulations surrounding different kinds of behavior; and the legal gray areas and judgment calls school personnel face when making disciplinary decisions.

Route to chaos in a branching model of neural network dynamics

Simplified models are a necessary steppingstone for understanding collective neural network dynamics, in particular the transitions between different kinds of behavior, whose universality can be captured by such models, without prejudice. One such model, the cortical branching model (CBM), has previously been used to characterize part of the universal behavior of neural network dynamics and also led to the discovery of a second, chaotic transition which has not yet been fully characterized. Here, we study the properties of this chaotic transition, that occurs in the mean-field approximation to the kin=1 CBM by focusing on the constraints the model imposes on initial conditions, parameters, and the imprint thereof on the Lyapunov spectrum. Although the model seems similar to the Hénon map, we find that the Hénon map cannot be recovered using orthogonal transformations to decouple the dynamics. Fundamental differences between the two, namely that the CBM is defined on a compact space and features a non-constant Jacobian, indicate that the CBM maps, more generally, represent a class of generalized Hénon maps which has yet to be fully understood.

Monitoring The Behavioural Based Safety Aspects in a Chemical Industry – During The Normal and The Covid – 19 Circumstances

The behavioural aspects prevailing in a chemical organisation has been studied. The safety officer has identified the type of behavioural during the normal and COVID – 19 circumstances. After identifying the existing behaviour of the employees and contractor, in case of abnormality, the Safety officer has trained the employees and contractor for appropriate behaviour in the normal circumstances. Further restricted the spread of the COVID -19 in the organisation. The percentage of variation among the nine different departments with five different kinds of behaviour has been presented. The Mean, standard deviation, correlation and ANNOVA has been applied for the different variables. By Identifying the various type of behaviour in the total population (n = 286) by a safety officer, where the average highest population were following independent safety (9.8 + 12.2) behaviour in the normal circumstances in the chemical industry. After correcting the abnormal behaviour, people were following interdependent safety (19.3 + 22.6) in the chemical organisation. Secondly after giving training for following the golden rules to avoid the COVID-19 we have observed that the highest population were following the independent safety (24.6 + 33.4) in the organization. There are Two different kinds of behaviour prevailed in the chemical industry.

The French Left and the Politicization of Environmental Issues

The meeting between the left and ecology was belated, shocked and temporally differentiated. There were three different kinds of behaviours towards ecology, those exhibited by the opponents, the followers and the pioneers. The intersection of three parameters explains this typology: the relation of these organizations to the notion of modernity, the relation to Marxism, and the notion of revolutionary optimism.

Existence of solutions and continuous and semi-discrete stability estimates for 3D/0D coupled systems modelling airflows and blood flows

In this paper we analyse geometric multiscale models arising in the description of physiological flows such as blood flow in arteries or air flow in the bronchial tree. The geometrical complexity of the networks in which air/blood flows lead to a classical decomposition in two areas: a truncated 3D geometry corresponding to the largest contribution of the domain, and a 0D part connected to the 3D part, modelling air/blood flows in smaller airways/vessels. The fluid in the 3D part is described by the Stokes or the Navier–Stokes system which is coupled to 0D models orso-calledWindkessel models. The resulting Navier–Stokes–Windkessel coupled system involves Neumann non-local boundary conditions that depends on the considered applications. We first show that the different types of Windkessel models share a similar formalism. Next we derive existence results and stability estimates for the continuous coupled Stokes–Windkessel or Navier–Stokes–Windkessel problem as well as stability estimates for the semi-discretized systems with either implicit or explicit treatment of the boundary conditions. In all the calculations, we pay a special attention to the dependency of the various constants and smallness conditions on the data with respect to the physical and numerical parameters. In particular we exhibit different kinds of behavior depending on the considered 0D model. Moreover even if no energy estimates can be derived in energy norms for the Navier–Stokes–Windkessel system, leading to possible and observed numerical instabilities for large applied pressures, we show that stability estimates for both the continuous and semi-discrete problems, can be obtained in appropriate norms for small enough data by introducing a new well chosen Stokes-like operator. These sufficient stability conditions on the data may give a hint on the order of magnitude of the data enabling stable computations without stabilization method for the problem. Numerical simulations illustrate some of the theoretical results.

Computational Language Assessments of Harmony in Life - Not Satisfaction With Life or Rating Scales - Correlate With Cooperative Behaviors.

Different types of well-being are likely to be associated with different kinds of behaviors. The first objective of this study was, from a subjective well-being perspective, to examine whether harmony in life and satisfaction with life are related differently to cooperative behaviors depending on individuals’ social value orientation. The second objective was, from a methodological perspective, to examine whether language-based assessments called computational language assessments (CLA), which enable respondents to answer with words that are analyzed using natural language processing, demonstrate stronger correlations with cooperation than traditional rating scales. Participants reported their harmony in life, satisfaction with life, and social value orientation before taking part in an online cooperative task. The results show that the CLA of overall harmony in life correlated with cooperation (all participants: r = 0.18, p < 0.05, n = 181) and that this was particularly true for prosocial participants (r = 0.35, p < 0.001, n = 96), whereas rating scales were not correlated (p > 0.05). No significant correlations (measured by the CLA or traditional rating scales) were found between satisfaction with life and cooperation. In conclusion, our study reveals an important behavioral difference between different types of subjective well-being. To our knowledge, this is the first study supporting the validity of self-reported CLA over traditional rating scales in relation to actual behaviors.

A New Megastable Chaotic Oscillator with Blinking Oscillation terms

Recently, megastable systems have grabbed many researchers’ interests in the area of nonlinear dynamics and chaotic systems. In this paper, the oscillatory terms’ coefficients of the simplest megastable oscillator are forced to blink in time. The forced system can generate an infinitive number of hidden attractors without changing parameters. The behavior of these hidden attractors can be chaotic, tori, and limit cycle. The attractors’ topology of the system seems unique and looks like picture frames. Besides, the existence of different coexisting attractors with different kinds of behaviors reflects the system's high sensitivity. Using the sample entropy algorithm, the system’s complexity for different initial values is assessed. In addition, the circuit of the introduced forced system is designed, and the possibility of implicating the system with analog elements is investigated.

Suckling behaviour of West African dwarf goat kids

During suckling, goat kids exhibit different kinds of behavior which could be germane to their general performance. The objective of this study was to determine suckling behaviour of West African dwarf (WAD) goat kids with respect to some behavioural measurements. A total number of 21 WAD does comprising of 1st and 2nd parity with live weight range of 9.5kg-16.5kg with a total of 26 kids (12males and 14females) in a small holder dairy goat were used. Data on suckling behaviour (suckling bout, duration of suckling and number of butts during suckling) was monitored to investigate the effect of birth type (singleton and twin) and kid sex (male and female). Behaviours were observed twice/day i.e. in the morning (7:00-8.30 am) and evening (4:30-6:00pm), 2 days/week starting from the 2nd week after kidding for 7 weeks. Suckling bout, duration of suckling and number of butts during suckling was greater in twin than in singleton. Kid sex had no significant effect on all behavioural parameters monitored. However, significant positive correlations were observed between suckling bout and number of butts during suckling, between suckling bouts and duration of suckling and between duration of suckling and number of butts during suckling. In conclusion, suckling behaviours in WAD kids were dependent on the birth type and not sex of the kids.

Experimental investigation on bolted flanged steel pipe joint subjected to flexure

This paper presents an experimental study on the behaviour of bolted flanged structural steel pipe joint subjected to bending. The sample was prepared by welding a flange to an end of a pipe segment and then joining the two segments of pipe by placing the flanges face to face and fastening using structural bolts through holes in the flanges. The whole assembly was then subjected to flexure by placing on a simple support arrangement and applying two-point loading. Total 16 flanged pipe joint samples were tested having different pipe diameter, flange thickness, bolt diameter etc. The deformation characteristics of the joint demonstrated two different kinds of behaviour: thin flange behaviour and thick flange behaviour. Thin flange behaviour is characterised by local flexural deformation of the flange accompanied by prying action and some bending of the bolts while thick flange behaviour is characterised by contact separation between flanges accompanied by tensile elongation of the bolts.

On the behavior of ocean analysis and forecast error covariance in the presence of baroclinic instability

The properties of the expected analysis and forecast error covariance matrices are explored using a novel method based on the tangent linearization and adjoint of a 4-dimensional variational (4D-Var) data assimilation system. The method is applied to the mesoscale circulation that develops in the presence of a baroclinically unstable mid-latitude ocean temperature front using a series of paternal twin experiments that employ both strong and weak constraint 4D-Var. Adopting the traditional view of Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOFs) of a covariance matrix as the semi-major axes of a multi-dimensional hyper-ellipsoid, variations in the volume of the analysis and forecast error hyper-ellipsoids are explored which provides information about the flow of probability through state–space. The complementary variations in the expected total variance of the covariance matrix are also investigated. Two different kinds of behavior are identified that are associated with either the demise or growth of baroclinic instabilities. In both cases, the volume of the hyper-ellipsoid decreases during the 4D-Var analysis cycle. During the subsequent forecasts, the volume of the forecast error hyper-ellipsoid initially continues to collapse under both scenarios. During this time, the hyper-ellipsoid becomes increasingly elongated along some of the semi-major axes as forecast errors grow in preferential directions. Growth in these directions is controlled by the most unstable error modes, and projection of forecast error on to the precursors of these modes has been shown previously to be characterized by upscale energy transfer and non-normal processes. For the case of the growing wave, the forecast error hyper-ellipsoid continues to collapse through to the end of the forecast period. However, for the decaying wave, the hyper-ellipsoid may undergo expansion at longer forecast lead times.

Good Tax Governance: International Corporate Tax Planning and Corporate Social Responsibility – Does One Exclude the Other?

Abstract International corporate tax planning and corporate social responsibility are topics that might not seem to have common ground at first sight. The aim of this research was to prove the contrary. This research addressed international corporate tax planning from various perspectives, such as regulation, ethics, business, and society. Not all forms of legal tax planning are considered (socially) legitimate anymore. Corporate tax planning is a complex issue: on the one hand, it is common corporate practice to keep costs low. On the other hand, corporations have to contribute to society and common goods by paying (corporate income) taxes as any other member of society. Not all kinds of corporate tax practices are (socially) illegitimate per se. Tax planning can be carried out in various forms. This research focused on tax planning activities that remain within the boundaries of the law (thus tax evasion is not part of this research). Tax planning activities that remain within the law can be divided into a number of sub-categories based on a degree of social legitimacy: tax mitigation, tax avoidance and aggressive tax planning. Even though all of the different kinds of behaviour described by these concepts are legal, not all of these practices are socially legitimate, because, in the case of tax avoidance and aggressive tax planning, multinationals fail to contribute their fair share to society. As a result of legal tax planning that is not always socially acceptable, discussions of morality have entered the picture. Taxes provide funds for governments to offer essential public goods and to redistribute wealth among citizens. Taxes build a basis for a society. The obligation to pay taxes originates from the law, but in a society morality also guides individuals’ behaviour. The legal system should codify public morality; however, it will never be able to do so exhaustively. Therefore, legal rules in a complex society inevitably leave room for different interpretations and choices with regard to the use of the system of tax rules. This suggests that, in case legal rules fall short, morality should fill the gap. This research linked morality to CSR, which can be seen as a tool for multinationals to balance conflicting interests in a moral way. Some might believe that various other legal obligations, such as corporate governance rules, restrict corporations from opting for a moral business practices if it decreases shareholder value (in the short term). However, based on the analysis of corporate governance in this research, I am convinced that, as long as managers act in the best interests of the corporation, they do not breach their fiduciary duty when engaging in good tax governance. Furthermore, companies that have already taken on the responsibility to engage in CSR should not claim that they behave responsibly while minimizing their tax obligations. This research argued that socially responsible corporations should engage in good tax governance, which consists of substantive (paying fair share; developing tax codes of conduct) and procedural (transparency) elements.

A Grounded Study of Images of the Future of Organizations

We draw from futures studies epistemology to lay the empirical foundations of the study of the futures of organizations. We introduce three concepts to inform our analysis: transformative images of the future, connection with the outside environment, and usage of theory on the futures in the present to shape the future. We investigate images of the futures of organizations with abductive grounded theory methods in the collective global imaginary using a sample of 109 films set in the future, including science fiction, dystopic and post-apocalyptic motion pictures. We find that the collective global imaginary is dominated by four images of the future of organizations in relation to the outside environment. Across the films and across these four images, we expose a salient grand- narrative of contrast between good and evil organizations. Within this duality, we uncover that individuals experience different kinds of struggles, of belonging and identity; and exhibit different kinds of behavior, insurgent and heroic, depending on the kind of organization they are related to in the films. We theorize that this grand-narrative is a form of moral critique of the present, and suggest that normative transformational scholarship can improve the collective global imaginary of the futures of organizations today.

How Behavioral Interventions Can Reduce the Climate Impact of Energy Use

Kristian S. Nielsen is a research associate in the Department of Zoology at University of Cambridge. He received a PhD from Copenhagen Business School in 2019 with a dissertation focused on the role of self-regulation in environmental behavior change. His current research focuses on bridging research in behavioral science and biodiversity conservation as part of an interdisciplinary project called Nudging for Nature. His other research interests revolve around behavior change as a climate change mitigation strategy, the dynamics of the behavior change process, self-regulation and self-control, and sustainable clothing consumption. Sander van der Linden is Reader in Social Psychology in Society and director of the Cambridge Social Decision-Making Lab in the Department of Psychology at the University of Cambridge. He is also a fellow in Psychological and Behavioral Sciences at Churchill College, Cambridge and the editor-in-chief of the Journal of Environmental Psychology. His research on the psychology of human judgment and decision-making, especially in the context of climate change, has received numerous awards including the Rising Star award from the Association for Psychological Science and the Sage Early Career Award from the Society for Personality and Social Psychology . Paul C. Stern is president of the Social and Environmental Research institute and was previously a principal staff officer at the US National Academy of Science, Engineering, and Medicine where he directed its Board on Environmental Change and Society. He is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the American Psychological Association. His research interests include the integration of social science into research and practice for governing environmental change and into risk assessment and management. Among his publications are Environmental Problems and Human Behavior (coauthor) and Understanding Risk: Informing Decisions in a Democratic Society (coeditor).

DroidPortrait: Android Malware Portrait Construction Based on Multidimensional Behavior Analysis

Recently, security incidents such as sensitive data leakage and video/audio hardware control caused by Android malware have raised severe security issues that threaten Android users, so thus behavior analysis and detection research researches of malicious Android applications have become a hot topic. However, the behavioral portrait of Android malware that can depict the behavior of Android malware is not approached in previous literature. To fill this gap, we propose DroidPortrait, an Android malware multi-dimensional behavioral portrait construction approach. We take the behavior of Android malware as an entry point and extract an informative behavior dataset that includes static and dynamic behavior from Android malware. Next, aiming at Android malware that contains different kinds of behaviors, a behavioral tag is defined then combined with a machine learning (ML) algorithm to implement the correlation of these behavioral tags. Android malware behavioral portrait architecture based on behavior analysis and its design is investigated, as also an optimized random forest algorithm is conceived then combined with Android malware behavioral portrait to detect Android malware. The evaluation findings indicate the DroidPortrait can depict behavioral characteristics of Android malware comprehensive and detect them with high performance.

Minding other people's business: Community attachment and anticipated negative emotion in an extended norm activation model

This study extended the norm activation model in the context of litter reduction to explain self-managing (e.g., avoiding littering) and other-managing (e.g., picking up litter) behaviors. Although those kinds of behaviors are conceptually distinct, prior research has not explained differences in their prediction. This study addresses that gap by considering the roles of community attachment and anticipated negative emotion in other-managing behavior. The addition of those predictors creates a second explanatory pathway in the norm activation model. Results showed awareness of consequences, ascription of responsibility, and community attachment predicted personal norm (R2 = 0.54), which predicted self-managing behavior (R2 = 0.45). Awareness of consequences, community attachment, and personal norm predicted anticipated negative emotion (R2 = 0.40), which predicted other-managing behavior (R2 = 0.06). Self- and other-managing behaviors were moderately correlated (r = 0.42). These results show distinct pathways to the two different kinds of behaviors. They emphasize the importance of instilling in individuals not only a personal norm, but a sense of belonging in their community. The discussion highlights avenues for future research, proposing further model extension to explain civic engagement as a subset of other-managing behavior.

A Spatiotemporal Convolutional Network for Multi-Behavior Recognition of Pigs.

The statistical data of different kinds of behaviors of pigs can reflect their health status. However, the traditional behavior statistics of pigs were obtained and then recorded from the videos through human eyes. In order to reduce labor and time consumption, this paper proposed a pig behavior recognition network with a spatiotemporal convolutional network based on the SlowFast network architecture for behavior classification of five categories. Firstly, a pig behavior recognition video dataset (PBVD-5) was built by cutting short clips from 3-month non-stop shooting videos, which was composed of five categories of pig’s behavior: feeding, lying, motoring, scratching and mounting. Subsequently, a SlowFast network based spatiotemporal convolutional network for the pig’s multi-behavior recognition (PMB-SCN) was proposed. The results of the networks with variant architectures of the PMB-SCN were implemented and the optimal architecture was compared with the state-of-the-art single stream 3D convolutional network in our dataset. Our 3D pig behavior recognition network showed a top-1 accuracy of 97.63% and a views accuracy of 96.35% on the test set of PBVD and a top-1 accuracy of 91.87% and a views accuracy of 84.47% on a new test set collected from a completely different pigsty. The experimental results showed that this network provided remarkable ability of generalization and possibility for the subsequent pig detection and behavior recognition simultaneously.