Different Kinds Of Understanding Research Articles

The Historicization and Theorization of Spatial Ruin in Wounded Baghdad

Be it a consideration of the ruptured spatialities and urban forms of Baghdad in the present or reaching back into a volatile past, the city lives out arresting contradictions that beckon a different kind of understanding. Spatial woundedness carries within it many implications for how that pain is rendered. This is most visible in forms of cultural production that have settled the hurt exacted into a place of innovation. It is a full mutuality between architecture and the destruction that has violently defaced it so much so that a new image of urbanity begins to emerge. Beyond the agony felt by the capital, intellectualizing the spatial wound that has manifested and been given life as it were suggests a pressing need to comprehend this phenomenology. Historicizing and then theorizing what is a poetics of destruction assists in coming to comprehend not simply the features of an urban character necessarily born out of ruin but doing so against an orientalist narrative that seeks to entrench the Baghdadi space in perpetual liminality. The city fights back so that it may have a chance to survive but also creates lasting meaning between the real and unreal.

Zhang Dongsun’s Encounters with “Logicism”

The article surveys the early work of Zhang Dongsun on topics like logicism of Bertrand Russell and scientific philosophy, which aimed to criticise its foundations and replace them with a Neo-Kantian alternative. It tries to show how a series of Zhang’s articles from early 1920s, in which he sought to create a new “neutral” variety of logicism, can be used to better understand the intellectual foundations of the neovitalist “philosophy of life” of Zhang Junmai. By delving deeper into the underlying ideas and possible motivations behind Zhang’s philosophical endeavours from the early 1920s, the article argues for a different kind of understanding of the historical basis of humanism in modern Chinese philosophy. Moreover, it strives to show how the “science and the view on life” controverse as initiated by Zhang Junmai in 1923 might be rooted or at least related directly to a syncretistic ideal, to conjoin science and the view of life in a new kind of harmonistic outlook. Most importantly, the article will try to show how Zhang Dongsun’s critical engagement with Russell’s philosophy, modern logic and physical science could be understood as the theoretical nucleus of the so-called “view on life” philosophy, not only in the context of the 1923 controverse but possibly the entire Republican Period. Due to the limited space, the article does not offer a concise introduction Zhang’s life and philosophy, but instead provides a focused discussion of particular fragments of his work from the early 1920s.

SOCIALISATION, HARMONY AND AWARENESS

We look at the world through our worldviews and behave as per the given worldview constructed by socialisation which are divisive in nature, resulting to disharmony in the society. Such disharmony brings insensitivity and exclusivity in our behaviour. And historically, these divisive worldviews are constructed, hypocritically, in the name of truth, peace, equality etc. In other words, hate insensitivity or disharmony is constructed, defended and justified in the name of truth, peace, equality etc. Because ‘these’ created disharmonic worldviews have political and economic value. As divisive violence brings political value; Violence also sells more than peace and brings economic value. The problem is there in our worldviews which is the reason of insensitivity in our life, which can only go by inner awareness, not by imposition or suppression through law and technology in the name of democracy. In other words, constructed hate coming from the worldviews cannot be removed by imposition of fear. Fear only suppresses the problem. But life needs awareness, not suppression. For this awareness to happen, we need a different kind of understanding which connect us with the life, which enable people to flow with life, not against life. Enough mind making has happened in the civilisation in the name of peace, truth, equality etc. Now we need to be aware of this mind.

2.N. Round table: COVID-19, ethics, and the many publics in public health policy and practice

The term public health is well known. However, there are many meanings and competing ideas about what public health practice, public health policies and public health services are, should be or could be. There are different understandings of public health's main concepts (e.g., health protection and health promotion), diverse underlying basic normative assumptions (e.g., regarding paternalism or justice), and competing views on how public health policies should be developed (e.g., through top down or deliberative/participatory approaches).Different theories and ideologies frame the debate. They refer to the value of privacy and spheres of personal decision-making, the image of human beings as social or political animals, and the role of the liberal-democratic state. Those theories also reflect different historical developments and institutionalized experiences underlying differences in “political cultures” and related understandings of “public”, and consequently, of “public health”. However, we as a “public health community” do not often reflect on the different understandings of “public” in “public health”. E.g., what is the meaning of “public” and what is “public” about public health services? The need to make and evaluate COVID-19 public health policies and practices underlines the necessity for an ongoing reflection to identify good answers. Against this background, the workshop addresses the following questions: What different kinds of understanding of key concepts of “public health” - including the concept of “public” itself - underlie different kinds of interventions, measures and policies to tackle the ongoing public health emergency / the Covid 19 pandemic? What are the ethical lessons from the pandemic and implications for public health policies and activities? The roundtable workshop will start with a key contribution by John Coggon (Chair in Law and Director of Centre for law and Society, University of Bristol), reflecting some core messages of his seminal book “What Makes Health Public?” and recent research on the issue in the light of COVID-19-policies. Together with three further panelists key messages and reflections will be discussed from the different disciplines of political science, ethics, social science and policy / practitioner perspectives, drawing out implications for policy, research and practice. This will be followed by reflections and discussion with the workshop participants and their reflections and insights on these critical questions.Speakers/Panelists John Coggon University of Bristol, Bristol, UK Kai Michelsen Fulda University of Applied Sciences, Fulda, Germany Peter Schröder-Bäck University of Applied Sciences for Police and Public Administration in North Rhine-Westphalia, Aachen, Germany Sadie Regmi Public Health Registrar, University College London, London, UK Key messages In theory, different conceptions of the normativity of the key term “public” lay different foundations for the role of the state and the scope of the policies initialised to advance PH aims.In practice, PH policies are strongly driven by political and economic interests of “the ruling classes”, but modified by civil society and institutionalised historical experiences.

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The article deals with the author�s perception of legal research methodology as multilayered, integral system of various methods which contribute to in-depth knowledge of essential, meaningful and formal features of law. The author defined its structure that consists of two levels (blocks) of methodological knowledge: philosophical and instrumental ones. The paper concentrates on philosophical and attitudinal level of methodological knowledge that has intrinsic structure: dominating perspective, scientific paradigm, style of scientific thinking and understanding. Dominating ideology is analyzed as the holistic set of prevailing values of people�s educational and practical activities. There are such kinds of perspective in the history of human civilization: mythological, theological and scientific. The scientific one is considered to be the dominating perspective nowadays. The focus of the study is on the style of scientific thinking as the way of cognitive position, formed by the research communities on the basis of historically entrenched, attitudinal, epistemological and logical standards. Its content is defined by scientific paradigm and technology-oriented research. The phenomenon manifests itself on different levels: philosophy of science in general, in particular sciences and even academic disciplines. As it is shown in the research scientific paradigm is the significant conception used by the research community as the basis for solving of some science-based tasks. In the branch of legal science�s paradigm is defined by different kinds of understanding of law. The main paradigms in legal sciences are the positivist and sociological ones. While the positivist paradigm is based on assimilation of the law and statute (acts of law), the sociological paradigm is based on their distinguishing. In some branches of legal sciences, there are more specific paradigms: human-oriented, humanistic, etc. The importance of basic principles of scientific cognition is highlighted as the common attitudinal regulations which foster the subject to receive objective knowledge. Among them are mentioned: principle of historism which requires definite, historically entrenched procedure for considering events; principle of objectivity which presupposes completely unbiased approach of facts selection; principle of social humanism which involves evaluation of legal phenomena in the universal value-centered light. The article demonstrates the methodological importance of philosophical and ideology level that lies in the opportunity to define conceptual way of legal research on the basis of scientific perspective, pluralistic style of thinking, appropriate paradigm of law and such cognitive principles as historism, objectivity and social humanism.

EXTENDED MEANING AND UNDERSTANDING IN THE HISTORY OF IDEAS

ABSTRACTMany historians focus primarily on authors' “intended meanings.” Yet all textual interpreters, including historians, need a second kind of meaning. I call this idea “extended meaning,” a new name for an old idea: “P means Q” is the same as “P logically implies Q.” Extended and intended meaning involve different kinds of understanding: even if we grasp exactly what authors meant, we miss something important if we overlook their errors, for example. Crucially, extended and intended meaning are not alternatives: just as some parts of texts cannot be understood without historical analysis, so too some parts of texts cannot be understood without philosophical analysis. Indeed, some historians are adept at using extended meanings to recover intended meanings. But the failure to make this explicit has led many historians to undervalue philosophical analysis. This article thus applies the idea of extended meaning to three practical questions: whether we can deviate from authors' intended meanings, whether we can use anachronisms, and how we can use extended meanings to recover intended meanings. The idea of extended meaning thus strengthens our theoretical foundations and offers valuable practical tools.

‘Self’ and ‘Other’ in Non-Dualistic Vedānta: A Moral Interpretation

The article examines the metaphysical and ethical approaches appropriate to studying the image of the self and other in Non-Dualistic Vedānta (hereafter NDV). NDV examines the nature of the empirical division of the self and the other, referred to by the terms ‘I’ and ‘you’ - asmad and yuṣmad, respectively. Behind the mundane expressions of these terms, Śaṅkara identifies ‘superimposition’ as a metaphysical precursor, which generates a cognitive error in all such expressions using personal pronouns and the use of predicates thereupon. The prime intent of the paper is to demonstrate vis-à-vis the metaphysical framework of NDV that the distinction of self and other is founded upon ignorance. If this ignorance is replaced by true knowledge, the entire problems pertaining to ‘self’ and ‘other’ will see the development of a different kind of understanding, exposing the underlying unity of self and other, which generates a different attitude. Taking recourse to the NDV’s exposition of the issue, a moral interpretation of the underlying unity of self and other is also intended.

The ‘Self’ and the ‘Other’ in Advaita Vedānta

The paper examines the metaphysical and ethical approaches underlying the image of the self and the other in Advaita Vedānta (hereafter AV). AV examines the nature of the conceptual division between the self and the other, referred to by the terms ‘I’ (asmad) and ‘you’ (yuṣmad) respectively. Behind the mundane expressions of these terms AV identifies superimposition — adhyāsa as a metaphysical precursor, which generates a cognitive error in all such expressions where we use personal pronouns ‘I’ and attributes such as ‘fat’, ‘tall’ etc. thereupon. The position of AV is that the distinction between the self and the other is due to a cognitive error caused by superimposition. In other words, to see differences in reality is ignorance (avidyā). Moreover, if this ignorance is replaced by true knowledge, i.e., knowledge of reality as Advaita, i.e., Non–duality, we shall see the development of a different kind of understanding revealing the underlying unity of self and other. This knowledge of the underlying unity generates a different attitude which dissolves social problems such as socio–political inequality, hatred and violence, etc. grounded in the ‘self’–‘other’ distinction. Like any piece of knowledge, the knowledge of the realization of an underlying non–duality or advaita brings about an attitude change towards reality. In this case, the attitude of taking granted the distinction between ‘I’ and ‘you’ is changed to seeing non–duality in all individuals. However, in principle, since AV advocates non–duality, it cannot meaningfully talk about morality or ethics, since ethics presupposes duality between ‘I’ and ‘you.’ So the challenge is to show that, according to AV, the non–duality of self and other is the source of morality. In addition, an ethics of active love is proposed which is congruent with AV’s metaphysical commitments. The ethics of active love develops when one gives up the idea of differences and identifies oneself with others. It is a well known fact that the root of most social evils is the discrimination between ‘I’ and ‘You’. Moreover, it is the ego (I) that creates a rift between one man and another, and as a result, society suffers from various problems such as violence, hatred, social discrimination and corruption, etc. The conception of the oneness of all beings advocated by AV creates a spirit of love and harmony among individual selves, and this love is the foundation stone of ethics or morality. Taking recourse to the AV’s exposition of the issue, a moral interpretation of the underlying unity of self and other is also intended. The aim of the paper is twofold: 1. To examine and present the metaphysical position of AV vis–à–vis the distinction between self and other. 2. To respond to the problem of the possibility of moral or ethical actions within AV metaphysics with a new kind of morality that is based on the identification of one’s self with others. In other words, an ethics based on and compatible with Advaita metaphysics

What Families Have to Say about Community Treatment Orders (CTOs)

Qualitative studies provide a different kind of understanding of the effectiveness of community treatment orders (CTOs) by exploring the perspectives of stakeholders. This article documents a systematic review of 12 qualitative studies that explored the views of families of individuals on a CTO. Relevant databases and grey literature were searched. Themes were identified: the benefits of CTOs outweigh the disadvantages, CTOs increased their involvement in care, and families were dissatisfied with aspects of the CTO process. Recommendations include how to maximize the benefits of CTOs, reduce administrative burdens and employ strategies to increase involvement of families in the care of their loved ones.

Primary goals, information-giving and men’s understanding: a qualitative study of Australian and UK doctors’ varied communication about PSA screening

Objectives(1) To characterise variation in general practitioners’ (GPs’) accounts of communicating with men about prostate cancer screening using the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test, (2) to characterise GPs’ reasons for communicating...

The importance of understanding during the teaching process

Learning in the teaching process often goes on without proper understanding which is one of important problems that modern didactics tries to solve. In order to direct the totality of teaching towards understanding it is necessary to answer the question what understanding is, which is why we analysed different philosophical views on the concept of understanding and stressed their semblance to pedagogic explanations. Different kinds of understanding were analyzed as well as their role and contribution in different teaching situations, especially in the context of problem solving. As an alternative to the teaching based on accumulation of knowledge the characteristics and some principles of teaching focused on understanding are described, and the need for stimulating and developing understanding as an important goal of education. The results of our research unequivocally show that learning with understanding enables students to memorize the teaching material better, as well as to understand the whole teaching subject and efficiently apply the acquired knowledge out of school, and leads to more flexible behaviour and better coping in everyday life.

Revisiting the sadomasochistic marriage: the paranoid-masochistic relationship.

The sadomasochistic marriage is thought to be very resistant to change because of the object relations of each member of a couple as well as the sadomasochistic dynamics within the couple. However, the picture may be even more complex because there are times when a psychoanalytic therapist may mistakenly believe he or she is treating a sadomasochistic couple when the couple actually is functioning in a paranoid-masochistic relationship. The present paper reexamines the sadomasochistic marriage by revisiting the work of Nydes, who formulated the concept of paranoid-masochism in individuals and contrasted it to the more commonly understood sadomasochist dynamic. This paper applies his concepts to couples: Just as we understand some couples to be sadomasochistic, other couples may have paranoid-masochistic dynamics, which may require a somewhat different kind of understanding and technical approach than the dynamics of a sadomasochistic couple at the same level of object relations. This may be the reason why some marriages, misdiagnosed as sadomasochistic, are even more difficult to treat than others, because they might be more accurately treated as paranoid-masochistic.

Facilitating Authentic Reasoning About Complex Systems in Middle School Science Education

In order to tackle problems in the modern world, individuals must possess a strong ability to reason about and understand complex systems in a practical and useful way. Past research has indicated that experts and novices possess fundamentally different kinds of understanding of complex systems. Therefore, to adequately prepare students to address problems pertaining to complex systems, it is important to help them acquire an authentic expert- like understanding of these systems. We approach this problem from two angles: first, we create an interactive environment in which students may investigate complex systems in a manner similar to that of scientists and engineers; secondly, we embed metacognitive agents in the interactive environments such that the agents provide situated guidance towards expert-like understanding of complex systems. In this paper, we detail the design of these two systems, referred to as MILA and MeTA respectively, and the way in which they help students obtain a more authentic and advanced understanding of complex systems. We also briefly describe the deployments of these tools in a science summer camp for middle school students and preliminary results of students’ interaction with them.

Idealizations and scientific understanding

In this paper, I propose that the debate in epistemology concerning the nature and value of understanding can shed light on the role of scientific idealizations in producing scientific understanding. In philosophy of science, the received view seems to be that understanding is a species of knowledge. On this view, understanding is factive just as knowledge is, i.e., if S knows that p, then p is true. Epistemologists, however, distinguish between different kinds of understanding. Among epistemologists, there are those who think that a certain kind of understanding—objectual understanding—is not factive, and those who think that objectual understanding is quasi-factive. Those who think that understanding is not factive argue that scientific idealizations constitute cognitive success, which we then consider as instances of understanding, and yet they are not true. This paper is an attempt to draw lessons from this debate as they pertain to the role of idealizations in producing scientific understanding. I argue that scientific understanding is quasi-factive.

Różne sposoby rozumienia pojęcia parametru przez uczniów gimnazjum w toku badań długoterminowych w trakcie zintegrowanej nauki matematyki i informatyki

Różne sposoby rozumienia pojęcia parametru przez uczniów gimnazjum w toku badań długoterminowych w trakcie zintegrowanej nauki matematyki i informatyki

Gêneros e Gêneros: Apontamentos Teóricos Sobre os Conceitos e sua Atribuição ao Jornalismo Feminino

This paper is part of a research project focusing on the issue of representation of gender and ethnicities in the field of television newscasting. Since the work makes use of two different kinds of understanding of the concept of gender, it was necessary to deliberate about the use communication researchers make of them. Thus, we studied the origins of the term, its present use in the studies of journalism – journalistic genres – analyzing the point of intersection between them by questioning: Is female journalism a journalistic genre in itself?

Knocking on Doors: On Constructing Culture

This reflective piece employs a layered text format and uses data from a pilot study on parents’ conceptualizations of parental involvement in schools to think theoretically about such issues as access, voice, and representation in interpretive research. As the researcher engages with the process of selecting participants for her research, a different kind of understanding of cultural access emerges. Access is eventually understood as not being solely a methodological tool for theoretical sampling purposes but an ontological framework that shapes the inquiry process from beginning to end. This researcher eventually adopts a narrative ontology that necessitates the participants’ active involvement in interpreting the meanings that the participants’ stories have on their lives.

Managers' Perceptions of their Identity: A Comparative Study between the Czech Republic and Britain

After a period of more that 40 years of Communism, the Czech Republic is in the midst of an economic transformation. One aspect of this transformation is the development of a new managerial ethos, important to manage the current infrastructural changes and ensure that Czech organizations are able to compete in international markets.This paper reports research that examines what Czech managers think about themselves and their roles, and contrasts these perceptions with those of their British counterparts. Many of the concepts and development approaches being applied in the Czech Republic are closely related to concepts and development approaches in the West and have often been accepted unchallenged even though they are being applied in very different circumstances. The focus of this research was to understand how Czech and British managers view their jobs; how their different views relate to the techniques and approaches they adopt. The method chosen was discourse analysis applied to responses from a questionnaire, interviews and repertory grid technique. Using this approach a very different kind of understanding was gained in the way Czech managers think about management than has hitherto been assumed.The research takes a matched group of Czech and British managers and contrasts their respective views. Our findings give important new insights for management and management development practice for both the Czech Republic and Great Britain.

Modes of understanding and mindfulness in clinical medicine

Beginning with a case vignette, this paper uses a semiotic approach to analyze several different kinds of understanding used in clinical medicine. By outlining semiotic structures, four distinct “modes of understanding” can be defined: (1) the representational mode, corresponding to scientific medicine; (2) the pragmatic mode, constituting the basic standpoint of medicine; (3) the hermeneutic mode, underlying the empathic, humanistic spirit of medicine; and (4) the ontologic mode, associated with both the ethical and ritual aspects of medicine. Clarifying the relationship between these modes avoids common confusions in clinical situations. Although experienced clinicians intuitively use these different modes, they do not necessarily reflect upon them. They are instead “mindful” of them, and this unique multi-modal consciousness, I suggest, provides a model for integrating theory and practice.

Religion and Understanding

Let me, to begin with, outline the main points of my paper.First of all, I shall draw a very basic distinction between three parts or aspects of reality. I shall then go on to claim that there are certain kinds of understanding and explanation which correspond to each of these three parts, and to discuss the sort of experience these different kinds of understanding involve. Within this perspective, religion will emerge as one kind of understanding and explanation, different from and parallel to scientific understanding. Having reached this point in the argument, we shall be able to see one demarcation-line between scientific and religious understanding, and to offer one explanation why this demarcation-line is changing and culturally dependent. The next step, leading to Part II of my paper, claims that our attempt to understand our situation in the world involves the formation of an overall or ‘total’ view, an all-inclusive picture of reality. I shall then go on to discuss how the different kinds of understanding explained in Part I affect the formation of a total view. This leads to a classification of world-views into four main types, corresponding to the former distinctions. In this scheme, we see how religion can be a kind of understanding different from but dependent on that pointed out in Part I, and bearing a complicated relation to scientific understanding. In explaining this I shall also discuss the reasonableness of different world-views.