Different Intensities Of Use Research Articles

ЗЕМЕЛЬНЫЕ РЕСУРСЫ И ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ РЕГИОНА

The Russian Federation had and continues to have the largest national land wealth in the world, which can be a solid basis for solving the country’s urgent socio-economic problems. In turn, the existing system of territorial planning does not fully take into account the trends and problems of land development. The article analyzes the processes of evolution of the use of land resources in Russia, which showed institutional limitations and the absence of a modern concept, including the definition of tasks, goals, principles of implementation, methods and directions of regulatory influence. In this regard, the article proves the importance of creating and developing a territorial system of land resources to ensure the expanded reproduction of the functionality of land resources and the most efficient balanced use of land resources not only as an economic resource and an object of market relations, but also in the interests of maximizing the satisfaction of current and future needs of society. In order to solve these problems and improve the process of involving land resources for capital construction, the author proposes to create a Land Management Company. The article develops the theoretical and methodological provisions of the Company, in the processes of which the processes of planning and surveying of territories, planning and economic development of municipalities are interconnected, taking into account the balance of free and developed lands of different intensity of use in planning the configurations of urban objects. Based on this, it has been proved that the effectiveness of land resources depends primarily on the development project, the balance of land resources when planning the configuration of the development of the territory, the potential of ecosystem and territorial resources, the assessment of which will allow you to adjust the processes of land management and accept analysis and adopt reasonable urban planning and management solutions.

HUMAN TRAMPLING EFFECT ON BENTHIC FAUNA OF SANDY BEACHES WITH DIFFERENT INTENSITIES OF USE IN RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL

About 75% of the world’s shoreline is composed of beach environments. Among them, the sandy beach is a familiar environment and used for tourism and recreation. The organisms that live in these environments, as polychaetes, crustaceans and mollusks, are almost unknown by people because they live buried. Thus, many time people could cause damage to these organisms without their own knowledge. Trampling is one of the human-induced impacts to those organisms, destroying their bodies or even dispelling them. Focused on this behavior, this research aims to simulate trampling on two sandy beaches and to observe a real scenario of recreation on weekends and during the week during summer and winter seasons in the Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. This study verified the changes occurring mainly in the faunal density of these two beaches with different intensities of use, in the predefined situations. Samples were collected during four months, on the second half of year, using simulated treatments and in another two months simple observation of the behavior of tourists was also performed. The simulated treatments did not cause significant changes in any collection except two. One of them was possibly a sampling artifact, which may be due to a low level of impact. The samples on the winter months also did not show significant changes, but the summer samples showed a large decrease in density of organisms during the weekend compared to during the week, probably related to the high intensity of human activity. As this study aimed to verify changes or impacts in organisms at up to 20 cm of depth, we concluded that only high impact activities could affect drastically the faunal density, as observed during the summer season at weekends on the study.

Optimization of ventilation system in the open office space

The paper presents the results of study into the air parameters in open space offices. As office workers spend about 1/3 of the day in such spaces, it is important to provide them with the right climate comfort, and that is determined, most importantly, by: the temperature and humidity of the air, quality of the air, and the concentration of CO2. Two objects of study were selected - both of them open space facilities, each with a different intensity of use. In the course of study, measurements were taken on the basis of which the distributions of temperature, humidity, and concentrations of CO2 in the entire volume of the space were determined. Also the empirical coefficients of CO2 emission by the office workers were marked out, dependent on the volume of the working area and the number of people using it. The coefficients were developed at optimal working parameters of fans in the ventilation system; the criterion for optimization being heat loss in the office caused by discharge of the used heated air into the atmosphere. The results of the study have also shown that the use of personal ventilation (PV) with an installed recuperator for heat recovery from the used air discharged from the room significantly improves the energy efficiency of an open space office building.

COMPOSIÇÃO FLORÍSTICA DE ÁREAS COM DIFERENTES INTENSIDADES DE USO NO MUNICÍPIO NHAMUNDÁ-AM

This study objective was to evaluate the floristic composition of the arboreal component of two areas with different intensity of use on the county Nhamunda-AM. The floristic survey was conducted on both areas totalizing 10 ha sampled. The conglomerates sampling system was used, with secondary units of 20 X 125 m, on which all arboreal individuals with DBH ≥ 20 cm were measured. In Area I, the more intensively used, 1076 individuals were recorded, belonging to 42 families, 100 genders and 216 species, while in Area II, 695 trees distributed in 40 families, 76 genders and 176 species, were found. Although there was no difference on the floristic composition between the studied areas it was verified that on Area I the species that contributed the most were pioneers, characteristic of areas on initial succession and, on Area II, the more abundant species characterized areas on more

Rozdíl v genových a genotypových četnostech mléčného proteinu kapa-kaseinu u býků nabízených do inseminace a jejich skutečný podíl v populaci krav

The aim of this study was an evaluation of allele and genotype frequencies of Milkprotein kappa casein (CSN3) in bulls offred by breeding companies (n = 287) and of a real proportion of these fathers (genotypes) in a population of Czech Fleckvieh cows (n = 27 970) born between 1994 and 2004. An ave­ra­ge frequencies of genotypes of the offered fathers and their real proportion in a population of cows was in 1994–2004: AA = 0.3902; 0.4572; AB = 0.4774; 0.3993; AE = 0.007; 0.0004; BB = 0.115; 0.1394 and BE = 0.0105; 0.0036. EE genotype was not found. An average frequency of allele was A = 0.6324; 0.6571; B = 0.3589; 0.3409 and E = 0.0087; 0.002.The set of observed cows (27 970 head) shows a significant predominance of using fathers with AA and AB genotypes of milkprotein kappa-casein. A frequencies of these two genotypes varied between 0.7885 and 0.9836 in the observed years. A difference between genotype frequencies of CSN3 (AA, AB and BB) in offered bulls and their real proportion in the population of cows was not significant only in years 1995, 1996, 1998, 2002 and 2003. In the rest of the years (1994, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2004) and also in average of all years the difference was significant or highly significant.In none of the observed years (1994–2004) were the absolute frequencies of genotypes of the cows‘ fathers in genetic equilibrium. Genotype frequencies of milkprotein kappa-casein of the offered bulls and their real proportion in the population of cows show, in most of the years, significant or highly significant differences. A variability of heterozygosity in 1994 – 2004 was very high, between 14.03 % and 85.68 %. Gene diversity varied between 34.9 %–49.59 %.PIC value varied between 0.2882–0.3767 in 1994–2004 and its average in all the observed years was 0.3516.When counting allele and genotype frequencies in a population with a different intensity of use of several bulls it is important not only to analyze a particular genotype of the father but also his share of influence in the population of cows.

INTERNET INALÁMBRICO COMO HERRAMIENTA DE ACCESO GRATUITO A LA INFORMACIÓN EN LA UNIVERSIDAD PÚBLICA

Es evidente que es necesario cambiar el modelo educativo actual y evolucionar hacia otro modelo donde la formación universitaria atienda adecuadamente a la demanda existente pero con calidad. Ante estas necesidades, las Tecnologías Inalámbricas pueden ser uno de los elementos claves que ayuden a las transformaciones requeridas. Así lo han entendido muchas universidades peruanas que con distintas intensidades de uso de la Web ofertan asignaturas, cursos y carreras totalmente virtuales. Algunos consideran que la inserción de las Tecnologías Inalámbricas plantean que remplazan el papel del profesor, lo que no es verdad, pues con ellas el profesor tiene que jugar un papel importante como orientador, para que los estudiantes no se pierdan en la búsqueda de información, en el manejo y utilización de materiales didáctico, guiándolos para que realicen el mayor esfuerzo de análisis e interpretación y no sólo la mecánica de copiar y pegar. En este contexto el presente artículo busca destacar la importancia de la utilización de las Tecnologías Inalámbricas para optimizar el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje.

Patterns of habitat use and selection by the capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris): a landscape‐scale analysis

AbstractHabitat selection analysis provides useful information on how animals become distributed in response to spatial heterogeneity. Here, we analyze the habitat use and selection of different water bodies (marsh, swamps and round shallow lakes) by capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) and their relation to environmental variables during contrasting climate‐hydrological seasons in the Esteros del Iberá (Corrientes, Argentina). We evaluated the intensity of use by capybaras through the total number of individuals (abundance) in each water body, the number and mean size of social groups, and the physical and vegetation characteristics of the environment. The capybaras used marsh and swamps according to availability in both seasons, while they used rounded shallow lakes less than their available would suggest in summer. The use intensity of different rounded shallow lakes estimated based on group size did not show significant differences. In contrast, significant differences were observed when evaluated by the number of individuals in each rounded shallow lake. Different intensity of use was closely associated with environmental and vegetation characteristics. The results show that habitat suitability for capybaras is associated with vegetation cover and “embalsados” in the low‐lying area rather than with the morphometry of the rounded shallow lakes. The pattern of habitat selection may depend on forage quality, water availability for thermoregulation and mating, and presence of shelter and resting sites. On the other hand, the present study shows how the size, shape and the abundance of different types of water bodies affect population abundance and density.

From physiology to space use: energy reserves and androgenization explain home‐range size variation in a woodland rodent

This study tested the relationships between both individual-level and predation-risk factors and the size of two home-range regions (HRR), defined as areas of different intensities of use. We have expanded on previous home-range studies by testing the effects of two previously ignored individual-level factors: androgenization and energy reserves (body fat). Location data were collected for wild individuals of Apodemus sylvaticus using the novel method of implanted PIT tags and mobile recording stations. A total of 68 home ranges were estimated using kernel density estimation. Home ranges were split into two regions (HRR): the 'core', representing the most intensively used areas, and 'periphery' regions. Body mass, body fat, sex, anogenital distance (AGD) (a proxy for androgenization) and the proportion of HRR, covered by antipredatory features (shrubs and fallen trees), were tested for their relationship with the size of core and periphery HRRs. Models were constructed for each HRR for three seasons: nonbreeding season (NBS), early and late breeding seasons (LBSs), to account for seasonal variation in behaviour associated with changes in food abundance and reproductive cycles. Body fat had a negative relationship with periphery size and an interaction with sex on core size in the early breeding season (EBS). Body mass also had a significant interaction with sex on core size in the EBS. Androgenization has a strong effect on home range size in both sexes: AGD had a positive relationship with both HRRs for males in the LBS and females in the NBS. Males had larger peripheries than females in both early and LBSs. Habitat features that reduce predation risk explain HRR size throughout the breeding period. This study emphasizes the importance of embracing natural complexity to gain insight into the drivers of space use behaviour; the consideration of individual and ecological factors, the recognition of the species-specific selective pressures that seasonal change presents for each sex and the identification of biologically meaningful home range areas will help advance the field.

Niche Segregation between Wild and Domestic Herbivores in Chilean Patagonia

Competition arises when two co-occuring species share a limiting resource. Potential for competition is higher when species have coexisted for a short time, as it is the case for herbivores and livestock introduced in natural systems. Sheep, introduced in the late 19th century in Patagonia, bear a great resemblance in size and diet to the guanaco, the main native herbivore in Patagonia. In such circumstances, it could be expected that the two species compete and one of them could be displaced. We investigated spatial overlap and habitat selection by coexisting sheep and guanaco in winter and in summer. Additionally, we studied habitat selection of the guanaco in a control situation free from sheep, both in summer and winter. We also determined overlap between species in areas with different intensity of use (named preferred and marginal areas) in order to further detect the potential level of competition in the case of overlapping. Guanaco and sheep showed significantly different habitat preferences through all seasons, in spite of their spatial overlap at landscape scale. Additionally, the habitat used by guanaco was similar regardless of the presence or absence of livestock, which further indicates that sheep is not displacing guanaco where they coexist. These results suggest that habitat segregation between guanaco and sheep is due to a differential habitat selection and not to a competitive displacement process. Therefore, the potential for competition is considered low, contrary to what has been previously observed, although this could be a density-dependent result.

Influence of forest structure on habitat use by American marten in an industrial forest

American marten ( Martes americana) are associated with late-successional, coniferous forests throughout much of their range. In the northeastern US, however, marten also occur in forests dominated by mid-successional, mixed coniferous–deciduous and deciduous stands. Structural attributes other than forest-stand age and dominant overstory type may be important determinants of habitat quality for marten. To identify structural conditions associated with patterns of habitat use by marten, we compared characteristics of coarse woody debris (CWD), understory vegetation, and overstory vegetation between 16 ha areas receiving different intensities of use by 24 (13 male, 11 female) resident, nonjuvenile (≥1 year) marten in an extensively clearcut industrial forest in Maine. Overstory features related to stand maturity were most useful for discriminating between areas receiving high use, low use, and no use by marten. Used areas had taller trees, higher live-tree basal areas, and greater snag volumes than unused areas, which were regenerated by clearcutting 13–21 years prior to our study. Unused areas apparently lacked vertical structure required by marten. Among areas receiving use, higher use intensity was associated with greater basal area of deciduous trees. Understory vegetation and woody debris was abundant in all use-intensity categories, although areas used most intensively had larger downed logs. We conclude that where horizontal structure is not limiting, forest stands regenerated by clearcutting may provide suitable habitat for resident, nonjuvenile marten when the following thresholds are reached: live-tree basal area ≥18 m 2/ha, mean tree height ≥9 m for trees with dbh ≥7.6 cm, and snag volume ≥10 m 3/ha. Suitability of harvested stands may be enhanced if large woody debris is retained, and mean maximum diameter of downed logs exceeds 22 cm. Methods of harvesting that provide for retention and recruitment of woody debris and vertical structure characteristic of mature forests may be consistent with maintenance of marten populations in managed forests. Our proposed thresholds can be used for developing stand-scale harvesting strategies in forests that support marten, although landscape-scale habitat requirements of marten should also receive management consideration.

A dendroecological method to evaluate past caribou (Rangifer tarandus L.) activity

Records of population changes of caribou come from various sources (historical accounts, hunting and trading statistics, herd surveys) that are typically incomplete and discontinuous in time and space. Here we propose a new method for the evaluation of past caribou activity using tree-ring records from boreal and subarctic conifer stands. The age-frequency distributions of trampling scars produced by caribou hooves on surficial roots and low branches of erect and stunted conifers are used as an index of the passage of caribou through stands during the snow-free period. To verify if changes in the age structure of trampling scars correspond to changes in abundance of caribou movement, we analyzed factors influencing production and loss of scars at two lichen-woodland sites in northeastern Québec-Labrador (Canada). The detailed analysis of trampling scars in the first site indicates that the capacity of conifers to produce scars is maintained under a regime of repeated caribou traffic; scars were formed at new positions along the exposed roots and scars continued to be produced at a same position in a minimum time of one growing season, even after 15 years of caribou traffic. The influence of repeated caribou trampling on loss of scars was measured by comparing the age structure of scars of three vegetation groups (based on caribou trail network) with different intensities of use. The similarity of the age structures of the three groups showed that scar loss due to trampling was hardly detectable, which indicated that scar loss was low in comparison to the number of scars produced, even in the most used trails. Sampling of trampling scars during two successive years at the second site showed that the stability of the age structure of scars was not affected by moderate caribou traffic. Our results, therefore, indicate that most of the information deduced from the age structures of trampling scars comes from changes in caribou activity. The method opens the possibility of assessing caribou activity in time (several decades) and space over large areas of the boreal forest and the forest-tundra biomes.

Trappability of coyotes relative to home range boundaries

Trappability of coyotes relative to location of the home range boundary was examined to determine whether animals were more susceptible to capture in an unfamiliar area. Susceptibility to trapping did not appear to increase on the edge or outside of home range boundaries, but equal probability of capture in areas receiving different intensities of use still needs to be assessed.