Different Forms Of Water Research Articles

Super-Droplet-Repellent Carbon-Based Printable Perovskite Solar Cells.

Despite attractive cost-effectiveness, scalability, and superior stability, carbon-based printable perovskite solar cells (CPSCs) still face moisture-induced degradation that limits their lifespan and commercial potential. Here, the moisture-preventing mechanisms of thin nanostructured super-repellent coating (advancing contact angle >167° and contact angle hysteresis 7°) integrated into CPSCs are investigated for different moisture forms (falling water droplets vs water vapor vs condensed water droplets). It is shown that unencapsulated super-repellent CPSCs have superior performance under continuous droplet impact for 12h (rain falling experiments) compared to unencapsulated pristine (uncoated) CPSCs that degrade within seconds. Contrary to falling water droplets, where super-repellent coating serves as a shield, water vapor is found to physisorb through porous super-repellent coating (room temperature and relative humidity, RH 65% and 85%) that increase the CPSCs performance for 21% during ≈43 d similarly to pristine CPSCs. It is further shown that water condensation forms within or below the super-repellent coating (40 °C and RH 85%), followed by chemisorption and degradation of CPSCs. Because different forms of water have distinct effects on CPSC, it is suggested that future standard tests for repellent CPSCs should include rain falling and condensate formation tests. The findings will thus inspire the development of super-repellent coatings for moisture prevention.

Well-controlled preparation of WO3-x/WSe2 sponges by electric field-assisted laser-induced plasma deposition for hydrovoltaic

Hydrovoltaic, which converts the energy of water into electrical energy, is a regenerative energy harvesting method that utilizes the earth's sufficient water resources. Electricity production relies on water molecules interaction with functional materials. Strategies like surface modification, structure engineering, and ion doping can be used to increase output performance. We present an electric field-assisted laser-induced plasma deposition method to prepare WO3-x/WSe2 sponges for water-induced electricity generation. By adjusting the electric field strength, we are able to control the porosity, Se vacancies, and O doping of the sponges. These modifications directly impact the performance of water-induced electricity generation by altering the streaming potential and ion diffusion gradient of sponge structures. The prepared WO3-x/WSe2 sponges can participate in the complete water cycle to achieve the energy harvesting of different forms of water, obtaining droplet-induced voltages of 65.4 mV and moisture-induced voltages of 207.1 mV. This overcomes the limitation of single-stimulation water-induced electricity systems that require specific conditions. When exposed to Sunlight, the photosensitive properties of WO3-x and WSe2 can lead to a current up to 7 times higher than that produced in darkness. Furthermore, this research can be expanded to develop other two-dimensional materials and be utilized in various applications, such as the self-powering of flexible and wearable electronic devices.

Study on synergistic hydrogen generation from aluminum-based composites in different forms of water.

The environmental suitability of hydrogen storage materials is significantly influenced by the way aluminum reacts synchronously with water, ice, and water steam. The straightforward ball milling process was used to synthesize Al-based composite materials with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) or graphene oxide (GO). The reactivity of the composites in various types of water was investigated. The Al/Bi/CNT and Al/Bi/GO composites may react in liquid water, low-temperature ice, and high-temperature steam. The hydrolysis promotion of Al-based composites by CNTs is superior to that of GO, whether in liquid water at 20 °C or ice at -20 °C. The maximum hydrogen generation rate of Al/Bi/CNT composites can reach 34.6 mL g-1 s-1 at 20 °C. The hydrogen generation volume of Al/Bi/CNT can reach 700 mL g-1 in 15 min on ice at -20 °C. Moreover, the ignition temperature and ignition delay time of Al/Bi/CNT are shorter than those of Al/Bi/GO in high-temperature steam. The hydrogen generation volume from Al/Bi/CNT at 200 °C can reach 853 mL g-1. These may originate from the unique one-dimensional nanostructure of CNTs, which provides more surface area or reaction sites during the hydrolysis of the composite.

Study on the effect of graphite-based materials on the reactivity of activated aluminum composites in different forms of water

For further energy enhancement of water-reactive metal fuels, it is crucial to find aluminum composites that can react synchronously and quickly with multiple types of water (ice, steam, and water). In this paper, two graphite-based aluminum composites, aluminum/bismuth/graphite (Al/Bi/GI) and aluminum/bismuth/graphene nanosheets (Al/Bi/GE), were prepared. The morphology and crystal structure of the composites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The reactivity of Al/Bi/GI and Al/Bi/GE with water from 20 °C to 80 °C and ice at 0 °C and −15 °C was characterized using hydrogen generation properties. Their ignition and combustion properties in high-temperature water steam from 300 °C to 900 °C were also investigated. The results show that Al/Bi/GI and Al/Bi/GE composites prepared by ball milling have blocky and multilayered lamellar structures, respectively. That ball milling does not result in the formation of new alloys. The thickness of graphite material affects the reactivity of activated aluminum composites. The hydrogen generation rates of Al/Bi/GE in water and ice are much higher than that of Al/Bi/GI. The maximum hydrogen generation rates of Al/Bi/GE were 28.8 and 46.6 times higher than those of Al/Bi/GI in water at 20 °C and ice at −15 °C, respectively. In high-temperature water steam, the ignition temperature and ignition delay time of Al/Bi/GE are lower than those of Al/Bi/GI. Al/Bi/GE achieves a rapid reaction that can be synchronized with three forms of water and is expected to be applied to water-reactive metal fuel propellants.

СИНТЕЗ ДИСПЕРСНЫХ ЖЕЛЕЗОСОДЕРЖАЩИХ ОКСИДНЫХ СИСТЕМ C ПРИМЕНЕНИЕМ ЭЛЕКТРОХИМИЧЕСКОГО РАСТВОРЕНИЯ УГЛЕРОДИСТОЙ СТАЛИ

Recovery and recycling of substandard metallic iron is a very urgent task from an environmental and economic point of view. At present increased attention is being paid to the problems of recycling metal waste, but relatively few methods of recycling have been developed. An electrochemical method is a promising approach, which makes it possible to obtain valuable products that are in demand by the industry. These are ferrites of alkaline earth metals, in particular, barium and strontium ferrites. Their valuable properties, for example, high coercive force, saturation magnetization, corrosion resistance and resistance to temperature changes, make them popular materials. In this regard, this study proposes a method of anodic oxidation of steel 3 in an aqueous saline solution, followed by the transition of the dissolution products into an electrolyte with the formation of a hydrated precipitate and its subsequent heat treatment. This method involves simple hardware design, environmental safety and low costs. This article discusses the features of anodic oxidation of steel 3 in aqueous salt solutions of barium and strontium compounds. It was revealed that activator ions, for example, chloride ions, which contribute metal oxidation, are necessary for the dissolution of steel in a nitrate solution. The results of high-temperature treatment of the resulting precipitate, in which the presence of two phases was established: strontium hexaferrite and iron III oxide. Thermal studies of dispersed precipitation at different temperature ranges demonstrate the presence of endothermic effects associated mainly with the removal of different forms of water.

Progress and Prospects of Air Water Harvesting System for Remote Areas: A Comprehensive Review

Life is dependent on water. However, in terms of the potential effects, water scarcity is quickly emerging as one of the most critical problems in the world. To access more fresh water for drinking, sanitation, and irrigation, water can be harvested from different forms of water on earth. Atmospheric harvesting is the best alternative for producing fresh water for everyday life and reducing global water shortages. To date, many modern technologies have been introduced for this application, with several prototypes being demonstrated. Thus, this study explores the potential benefits of the current atmospheric water harvesting systems in terms of their modes, atmospheric conditions, and production rate and examines the key factors that affect the efficiency of atmospheric water harvesting, such as temperature and humidity. According to the studies, there has been a significant advancement in energy harvesting and conversion technology, along with atmospheric water harvesting, over the past few years, including new mechanisms and technical paths. However, there are still many obstacles; in particular, most of the technologies depend on outdoor conditions. In order to overcome this issue, new directions need to be investigated. Here, we discuss the principles, advantages, limitations, and potential applications of these technologies.

Hierarchically Porous Fiber‐Based Nanofluidic Diode as an Efficient Multimode Hygroelectric Generator

AbstractHarvesting electrical energy from different forms of water by using the hydrovoltaic effect is a promising approach to green energy acquisition. However, at present, different devices are required to obtain electrical energy from different water forms, and the output performance of the devices is not high, which greatly reduces the convenience and effectiveness of harvesting electrical energy from different water forms. Here, a carbon nanofiber electrode with a hierarchical porous structure capable of promoting water molecule adsorption, rapid penetration, and diffusion is reported. Besides, the electrode acts as a nanofluidic diode with anodic aluminum oxide in which the built‐in electric field drives selective separation and directional transport of ions and efficient ion/electron current conversion at the electrodes. Unlike typical hygroelectric devices, the device can work with moisture (93% relative humidity, 25 °C, open‐circuit voltage (VOC) ≈ 1.1 V, short‐circuit current density (JSC) ≈ 27 µA cm−2), water droplets (2 µL, VOC ≈ 1.03 V, JSC ≈ 640 µA cm−2), and bulk water (VOC ≈ 1.15 V, JSC ≈ 256 µA cm−2). It provides an efficient way to generate electricity in multiform water environment, greatly broadening the working scene and improving the adaptability of the device in complex weather environments.

Application of Machine Learning and Remote Sensing in Hydrology

Water is vital to all life on earth, but its management is becoming more difficult owing to the behavior of water in nature such as water dynamics, water movements, and different forms of water in nature [...]

A Mermaid in a Dry City: A Watery Reading of Yvonne Vera’s Butterfly Burning

Although Yvonne Vera’s Butterfly Burning (1998) has attracted a lot of critical attention, her use of water and the trope of water spirits have largely remained unexplored. Most scholarship on the novel has not examined water as a discursive field, reflecting the broader focus on land as the medium of anticolonial discourse. The essay considers what happens when we decentre land in the novel and foreground water instead. How do the materiality of water and the trope of water spirits represent the world of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe)? This essay demonstrates how Butterfly Burning, often read as a drought narrative, works with precolonial hydro-imaginaries as a way of refracting its colonial and gender themes, entangling them in water’s more material properties. The element of water allows Vera to explore the ambiguities and complexities of surviving in precarious Rhodesia and of writing gender. The different forms of water in the novel speak to the harsh conditions of Makokoba. Additionally, in reading Phephelaphi the protagonist as a water spirit, a creature that embodies contradictions, the essay amplifies the complexities of the gender dynamics of the novel. Drawing on the ambivalence, elusiveness, and fluidity of water spirits, Phephelaphi negotiates her way in colonial Bulawayo. She fights to own her life from the moment she emerges from Umguza River until she self-immolates at the end of the novel. Although this act of self-immolation points to immense despair, I read it as a paradoxical gesture of self-determination and catastrophe.

The detrimental effects of water on electronic devices

Water in its various forms can affect the performance and reliability of today's electronics in unique ways. This paper discusses the forms of water and the degradation effect of water on electronics, identifies the types of failure mechanisms in electronics induced by liquid and vapor phase water, presents case studies of water-related failures, and provides recommendations for preventing water-imposed degradation in electronics. Test methods and standards based on different forms of water and specific applications of electronics are also presented.

Symbolism of Water in Classic and Modern Arabic Literature

Water in Arabic literature has literal and symbolic meanings. Water is one of the four elements in Greek mythology; life would be impossible without water and it is a synonym for life; life originated in water. Springs, wells, rain, seas, snow, and swamps are all associated with water. Each form of water may take on a different manifestation of the original from which it comes about. Arabic literature employs the element of water in poetry, the short story, and the novel. We find it in titles of poems: Unshudat al-matar (Hymn of the Rain) and Waj’ al-ma’ (The Pain of Water); and novels: Dhakirat al-ma’ (The Memory of Water); Taht al-matar (Under the Rain); Matar huzayran (June Rain); Al-Bahr khalf al-sata’ir (The Seas Behind the Curtains); Rahil al-bahr (Departure of the Sea); and many others. This study aims to answer the following questions: How does the element of water manifest in Arabic literature? What are the semantics and symbolism of the different forms of water in the literary imaginary? The study refers to six different significations for water in classical and modern Arabic literature: water as synonymous with life, purity and the revelation of truth, separation and death, fertility and sex, land and homeland, and talent and creativity.

Lithuanian Cultural Landscape in Folklore from the Perspective of Values

In the article, the contemporary human being’s search for values is primarily linked to the folkloristic reflection of Lithuanian cultural landscape. Following the framework of hermeneutics and based on the folkloristic symbolism of landscape in Lithuanian folklore (mainly in the oldest layer of folk songs), the manifestations of a long-lasting solidarity between community and nature are discussed. The focus has been placed on the small community – the family and its immediate relationship with the surrounding nature. In the introductory part of the article, the notion of ritualism is discussed which is based on the universally acknowledged concept of the rites of passage (les rites de passage). Within the context of this concept, the depiction of the public events of family life (the rituals of marriage and death) constituted a solid premise for the investigation of the so-called common places (loci communes) in Lithuanian folk poetry, which in this regard are usually represented by landscape-related narrative segments and symbolism. Folkloristic interpretations of the prominent elements of Lithuanian landscape (trees, water, stones) have been selected for the investigation. The introduction also reveals the importance of a family over an individual in the exploration of a human being’s relationship with the surrounding nature. The first part of the article ‘The Reflections of Anthropomorphic Reception of Trees’ asserts that in the folk songs marked by archaic stylistics, the poetic narrative of trees contains abundant mythopoetic allusions to the constant identification of a human being (usually, a family member) with a tree, as well as other metamorphoses and motifs which attest their mutual dependence. This poetic tradition influences the poetry created by individual authors to this day. The article briefly introduces the meaning of a tree in the world of ancient Lithuanian beliefs and customs and notices the major changes in the purpose of the image of a tree in the late tradition of romances. The second part of the article analyses the long-term trajectories of mythopoetic depiction of water and stones in folklore. It is well known that any traditional culture has accumulated a wide range of meanings which pertain to different forms of water and connote rebirth, renewal, as well as fertility and life. Therefore when the article emphasizes the tropes of being near water, drowning in watery depths, which through the lens of myth and ritual embody the act of love (marriage) in Lithuanian singing folklore, it should be noted that this variation of meaning found in Lithuanian folklore constitutes an organic part of the whole of international aquatic symbolism. The mythicised story of a live stone as reflected in folklore could be partially associated with the folkloristic reception of trees and water. Animation of a stone is revealed through the attribution of the qualities of a live being to a stone (in the legends, they move, communicate with each other, live in families). Contrarily, the lifelessness (immobile state) of a stone is mythicised in cases where people who deviate from moral laws are turned into stones. The mythologem of a stone as the landmark signifying the boundary between this and the other world, as well as the association of stones with sacrality and sacred places visited by deities, is widespread. It is ascertained that the narrative of the sacrality of stones did not cease in the period of Christianity.Therefore, the landscape approach applied in this study provided a possibility to observe how, in folklore, the meanings of different components of landscape organically combine into a cohesive union which operates on the principles of synergy. A conclusion may be drawn that folklore unequivocally asserts the idea of a continuous coexistence of a human being and nature and exalts the perception of nature as an essential spiritual value.

Research on water transport behaviors and hydration characteristics of internal curing pavement concrete

This paper presents the influence of internal curing agent (super absorbent polymer, SAP) on the water transport behaviors and hydration characteristics of pavement concrete. The 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) test was performed to quantitatively analyze the transformation rule of different forms of water, and the variation rule of relative humidity in different vertical depths of concrete slab was also studied. Moreover, the isothermal calorimetry and thermogravimetry method were adopted to study the hydration process of internal curing pavement concrete. The flexural strength of specimens with SAPs were evaluated by the four-point bending method. Finally, the enhancement mechanism of SAP on the properties of pavement concrete was revealed through analyzing the water transport behaviors, hydration characteristics and microstructure characteristics. The results show that specimens with SAPs of smaller particle size could keep the humidity compensating and hydration enhancing process for a long time. The humidity gradient in the slab could be significantly reduced that might mitigate the humidity warping stress distributed in the slab. Although SAP delayed the hydration process of binding materials in the early age, it could greatly improve the hydration degree in the long term, which helps improving the crack resistance and the compactness of pavement concrete. The adhesion of aggregate-cement matrix interfacial transition zone (ITZ) and the compactness of microstructure was improved during the internal curing process.

Study on the moisture adsorption isotherms and different forms of water for lignite after hydrothermal and thermal upgrading

Lignite has a high moisture content and needs to be dewatered before use. However, dewatered lignite will readily reabsorb moisture due to its unique physicochemical structure. In this work, a typical Chinese lignite was hydrothermally upgraded at 150–300 °C and thermally upgraded at 200–500 °C before analysing its moisture readsorption properties. The modified Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) model was applied to analyse the moisture adsorption isotherms of lignite. Different forms of water were determined by thermogravimetry coupled with differential scanning calorimetry (TGA-DSC). With increasing upgrading temperature, the primary and secondary adsorption contents of lignite decreased constantly for both hydrothermal and thermal upgrading. At the same upgrading temperature, hydrothermal upgrading was more effective in lowering the primary and secondary adsorption contents. Three forms of water were distinguished in lignite. The sequence of desorption heat was molecular water > capillary water > free water, while the sequence of water content was free water > molecular water > capillary water. With increasing upgrading temperature, the free water content first increased slightly and then decreased significantly, while the capillary water content and molecular water content decreased continuously. Hydrothermal upgrading was more effective than thermal upgrading in inhibiting the moisture readsorption of lignite.

Hey, Water by Antoinette Portis

Reviewed by: Hey, Water by Antoinette Portis Deborah Stevenson, Editor Portis, Antoinette Hey, Water!; written and illus. by Antoinette Portis. Porter/Holiday House, 2019 [42p] Trade ed. ISBN 978-0-8234-4155-6 $17.99 Reviewed from galleys R 3-6 yrs As a little girl encounters water in a variety of forms, the text combines a simple address to the substance (“Hey, water! I know you! You’re all around”) with big print identification of where the water is coming from or what form it’s taking in each illustration. The progression begins with water from a faucet and a sprinkler, then moves down a stream to a river and the ocean; there’s also a look at water in steam and cloud form and its solid form in an ice cube. Page design is simple and airy, with variations in viewpoint to keep the visuals fresh; the restrained palette draws strongly on shades of slatey blue, but there are pops of warm brown in the little girl’s skin and red in the winter outfits to add zing. While it’s a little confusing to mix forms of water with places where water is found, this is a lively celebration with enough factuality to be thought-provoking for youngsters just learning about earth science and conservation. A closing page summarizes the three different forms of water, and a diagram illustrates the water cycle; additional end matter advocates for the conservation of water and provides a bibliography for additional research. Copyright © 2019 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

Kinetic analysis on the microwave drying of different forms of water in lignite

A Chinese raw lignite with total water (RC) and molecular water (MWC) were prepared. Those samples were dewatered by a microwave drying equipment using constant power selected from 450–600 W. The first order reaction kinetic equation and ten thin-layer drying models were used to analyze the dewatering processes of MWC and RC respectively. Moreover, the effective diffusion coefficient of water, the activation energy of the water removal and the drying rate constant (k) were calculated. The first order reaction kinetic equation and the Two-term exponential model provided a better fit for the drying processes of MWC and RC respectively. The effective diffusion coefficient of water obtained by Fick's second law varies from 0.3708 × 10−8 to 1.6715 × 10−8 m2·min−1 for MWC and from 0.5099 × 10−8 to 3.3169 × 10−8 m2·min−1 for RC. The activation energy for the removal of the molecular water is 28.59 kJ·mol−1, and that for the total water is 24.25 kJ·mol−1. The k of MWC and RC are in the range of 0.0894–0.4364 min−1 and 0.2737–1.4740 min−1 respectively. From the energy consumption aspects, it is suggested the microwave power higher than 550 W should be used to remove the free water and capillary water, and 525 W used to remove the molecular water.

Water occurrence in lignite and its interaction with coal structure

Essentially, the difficulty in dehydration technology of lignite depends on the energy state of water in lignite. The fundamental understanding of the water occurrence and energy state in lignite as well as its physical-chemical interaction with coal structure is helpful to the upgrading of lignite. In this paper, the water occurrence in lignite and the changes of oxygen-containing functional groups, pore structure, and water holding capacities at different drying temperatures were researched by DSC, NMR, FTIR and BET, respectively. The binding energies (calculated by DFT using model compounds) of different forms of water in lignite were also summarized. The relationships between energy state and occurrence mode of water in lignite as well as dehydration difficulty and structural changes during dewatering were clarified. The Results show that the energy state of water in lignite divided into three levels. The water in free and pore is in the lowest energy level. Its binding force with coal is pretty weak. So this type of water is easily vaporized and re-adsorbed. It is the main in removed moisture. Generally, the temperature removed free water mainly focused on below 100 °C, and the dehydration temperature of pore water mainly focused on 100–200 °C. The water bonded in hydrogen-bond and capillary confinement is in the middle energy level. The dehydration temperature mainly focused on 200–400 °C. The oxygen-containing functional groups of samples change a little and the re-adsorbed property improves a little after dehydrated. The water mainly produced by chemical reaction above 400 °C is in the highest energy level. Though this type of water does not belong to the natural occurrence of water in lignite, the re-adsorbed property improves much, and it plays the key role in stabilizing the dehydrated lignite interface.

The Seas in The Bible and (Early) Modern Literature—Robinson Crusoe, Moby Dick and The Life of Pi

The connotations of religion and literature of the Bible have been greatly expressed by the image of water which contains multiple meanings and fickle qualities. There are lots of forms of water, such as the drop, vapor, river and ocean, presented in the British and American literary works. Although different forms of water in different works are endowed with all kinds of implications due to the writers’ unique creative backgrounds and purposes, they are based on the implications or symbolic meanings of the water in the Bible. This paper, based on the implications of the image of water in the Bible, by horizontal contrast and longitudinal comparison, is going to analyze the image of water in Robinson Crusoe, Moby Dick and The Life of Pi which contain similar psychology, religion concept and social problems with the Bible, and the symbolic meanings of image of water in (early) modern British and American literary works under the influence of the Bible is going to be explored.

Hydrological Studies and Water Quality Analysis Around The Limestone Mining in the Hial Area of Bolangir District ,Odisha for The Optimal Use And Sustainable Management of Available Water Resources

Water is one of the most widely distributed resources of earth, which influence economic, industrial and agricultural growth of mankind. The different forms of water are surface water and subsurface water or groundwater. Most part of fresh water (80%) is used for agriculture and industrial purposes. In India safe drinking water is not yet available to all human beings as most of the surface water has been contaminated by anthropogenic intervention. Hence, it is absolutely necessary to assess and monitor the quality ground water in places of mining and industrial area and check its suitability for drinking and agriculture so that the people, livestock, or crops of the area are not affected by contamination of the water.Water parameters such as pH, EC, TDS, Total Hardness, Alkalinity, cations and anions in water were determined in the laboratory. Trace metals in water were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Several quality parameters such as SAR, %Na, KR, MR, PS, PI, RSC, CR were derived from analytical data.In general, groundwater is good for irrigation and industrial use as observed from analytical data. Proper management strategies should be adopted in the area for development of groundwater potential and its utilization.

Study on the Relationship Between Pore Structure and Water Forms in Pore Using Partially Gasified Lignite Char

The oxygen-containing functional groups and pore structure of lignite are the main factors controlling its moisture readsorption and drying behaviors. However, the effects of these two factors were not separated in former studies. To minimize the effect of differences in surface chemical properties, several partially gasified lignite char samples with different pore structure but similar surface functional groups were used. The surface areas and volumes of micro-, meso-, and macro-pores of samples were determined by CO2 adsorption, helium pycnometry, and mercury intrusion porosimetry. The concentrations of different forms of water in moisturized char samples were determined from the equilibrium moisture contents at constant humidity and temperature and from the results of dewatering experiments analyzed by thermogravimetry coupled with differential scanning calorimetry (TGA-DSC). The congelation characteristics of water in moisturized char samples were studied by low-temperature DSC. The relationship betw...