Different Forms Of Discrimination Research Articles

Overt and Subtle Discrimination and Psychological Well-Being: Examining the Mediating and Moderating Role of Ethnic-Racial Identity Among Emerging Adults

Ethnic-racial identity (ERI) has been reported as mediator and moderator of the relation between discrimination and psychological well-being. However, it remains unclear how different forms of discrimination (i.e., overt and subtle) predict well-being over time, and whether ERI exploration and commitment mediate or moderate this association. This preregistered study explored the associations of overt and subtle discrimination with well-being (i.e., depression, substance use, life satisfaction) in a sample of 323 ethnic-racial minoritized college students ( M age W1 = 18.03, 62.7% female) from longitudinal data collected in the US. Cross-lagged panel models across three waves indicated no associations of overt discrimination, but participants experiencing more subtle discrimination during their transition to college reported more depressive symptoms after four months. Ethnic-racial identity did not function as mediator or moderator. Findings indicate the need for a more nuanced understanding of the role of ERI during emerging adulthood.

Types of Discrimination as Predictors of Identity Concealment in a Sexual and Gender Minority Sample

The present study examined the role of different forms of discrimination (individual-level, institutional-level, and both types of discrimination) in predicting identity concealment behaviors in a sample of sexual and gender minorities (SGM; n = 2296) living in Eastern Europe. Both the choice to engage in identity concealment at all and the frequency to which an individual concealed their identity were regressed onto each type of discrimination. Results of a logistic regression revealed that those who had experienced individual-level, institutional-level, or both types of discrimination were more likely to choose to conceal their identity than those who did not experience discrimination. Using a multivariate regression, each type of discrimination was found to have a positive association with frequency of identity concealment, with those who experienced both types of discrimination showing the strongest association. However, when controlling for country, the association between institutional-level discrimination and frequency of identity concealment was no longer significant. These findings suggest that not all forms of discrimination may have the same impact on SGM individuals and that experiencing multiple forms of discrimination may have compounding effects on one’s choice to conceal their identity and the frequency to which they engage in this behavior.

Family-based and external discrimination experienced by multiracial individuals: Links to internalizing symptoms and familial support.

Multiracial individuals are exposed to many forms of interpersonal racial discrimination, including general discrimination against their monoracial groups and discrimination against being multiracial. Because their families include members of different racial groups, multiracial people may also be exposed to various forms of discrimination from within the family. In the present study, we leverage recent advances in latent profile analysis to identify distinct patterns of family-based and external (i.e., from outside the family unit) discrimination experienced by multiracial college students, the differential impacts of these discrimination patterns on depressive and anxiety symptoms, and whether parental support of participants' multiracial experiences and identity impacts their exposure to different forms of discrimination. In a sample of 635 diverse multiracial college students (Mage = 21.2, SD = 5.3, range = 18-57, 74.0% female) from three U.S. universities, we identified three distinct discrimination profiles: High External and Familial Discrimination (43.2%), Average External Low Familial Discrimination (32.1%), and Low External and Familial Discrimination (24.7%). Profiles differed in depressive and anxiety symptomatology, with those in the High External and Familial Discrimination profile displaying the worst outcomes. Parental support of multiracial experiences was associated with lower levels of family-based discrimination. The complex relations between parental support, family-based discrimination, and multiracial participants' internalizing symptomology are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The explanatory role of religious identity, practices and beliefs in perceived discrimination among Muslim American racial/ethnic groups

PurposeThe study examines the effects of religious identity, practices and beliefs on Muslim Americans' perceptions of discrimination and the extent to which religion might shape the perception of discrimination differently within Muslim race/ethnic groups.Design/methodology/approachStudy data were obtained from the 2011 Pew Survey (N = 1,033), a nationally representative sample of Muslim adults 18 years old and older living in the United States. The sample weights with the exclusion of non-response cases were used for bivariate analyses. For multivariate analyses, multiple imputation procedures were employed to impute missing values on all variables.FindingsMuslim Americans with high levels of religious practices are more likely and Muslim Americans with strong belief in religious tenets are less likely to report experiencing different forms of discrimination. Black, Asian and other/mixed race Muslims with high levels of religious practices report higher rates of discrimination than their white coreligionists. Within group comparison shows that the pure extrinsic group reports higher rates of perceived discrimination than the pro-religious, pure intrinsic and non-religious groups.Originality/valueThe study emphasizes varying effects of religious factors on different Muslim American groups in perceived discrimination and suggests researchers challenge a common perception of viewing religion as a “master status” for the Muslim identity.

Legislative Laws Forcing Outing in Public Schools: Attacks on LGBTQ Rights

The subject of this paper highlights the alarming direction taken by legislative laws in the US public schools forcing LGBTQ students to out their identities. Through reviewing the constitutional rights of these students despite such legislation, especially the freedom of expression and privacy that the students are guaranteed in the First Amendment, the paper easily underlines such infringements. These reforms also confront the major risks that the young LGBT population faces due to the laws being introduced. Based on recent trials and statistics, the goal of this work is to shine a light on the critical implications of such legislation on the social and educational lives of LGBTQ learners. In this evaluation, it forwards the policies that harmonize inclusivity, equality, gender identity, and sexual orientation. The coming out of the LGBTQ students in public school exposes them to risks that ensure their privacy is a major challenge, as well as the shouldering of different forms of discrimination. This is a hostile and damaging setting that wrecks the feelings of safety and belonging as a part of the mental health degradation that leads to depression, anxiety, and suicidal thoughts. At the same time, these laws jeopardize LGBTQ students’ educational progress by hampering them from reaching the desired educational level and developing their sense of social well-being. These challenges can be redressed only by bringing together policymakers, teachers, and advocates to do away with such laws and replace them with policies that grant rights and dignity to LGBTQ youth. A society that is handling stigma and discrimination this way will be more equal and supportive to all students enabling them to achieve and be what they are meant to be.

VOLUNTEERING, DISCRIMINATION, AND DEPRESSION IN OLD AGE: DOES THE FORM OF DISCRIMINATION PLAY A ROLE?

Abstract Older adults experiencing discrimination have an increased risk of poor mental health, such as depression. Discrimination could happen based on age, race, gender, sexual orientation, or other factors but the effects of experiencing different forms of discrimination on depression are unknown. Given the evidence that volunteering in old age promotes mental health, this study explores the relationship between volunteering and depressive symptoms among older adults who experience discrimination, and investigates whether such a relationship differs between those experiencing ageism and those experiencing other forms of discrimination. Using a subsample of respondents 65-96 years of age from the 2016 Health and Retirement Study, 1881 older adults who reported experiencing everyday discrimination were included. Discrimination was measured by the six-item Everyday Discrimination Scale. Among them, 955 respondents named age as the reason behind the discrimination experiences, and 926 named other forms (e.g. race). Controlling for health-related variables (e.g., ADLs/IADLs), SES (e.g., income), and sociodemographics (e.g., gender), findings from the weighted OLS regression models showed that volunteering (doing unpaid work for religious, educational, health-related, or other charitable organizations) related to lower depressive symptoms (8-item CES-D, P<.05). When looking at the groups who experienced different forms of discrimination, volunteering continued to have a negative relationship with depressive symptoms for older adults who experienced ageism (p<.01); however, such a relationship disappeared for the group experiencing other forms of discrimination. Discussions will target the importance of understanding the complicated relationships that may exist in volunteering, mental health, and the forms of discrimination that older adults experience.

A - 31 Perceived Discrimination, Socioeconomic Factors & Subjective Cognitive Decline in Ethnoracially Diverse Older Adults Living in the United States.

Perceived discrimination (PD) is linked to poorer well-being and a higher risk of future cognitive decline. Higher levels of PD are frequently reported by people of color. Subjective cognitive decline (SCD), the self-perceived cognitive decline, has been associated with increased risk for dementia. The present study aimed to examine the relationship among PD, race, socio-economic factors and SCD. A total of 870 community-dwelling older adults (mean age = 67.0, SD = 7.6; range = 55-94; 76% female) living in the United States who self-identified as Latino (n = 126), Black (n = 74), Asian (n = 33), and White (n = 637) completed an online survey during the COVID-19 pandemic. Socio-economic factors included access to resources and resource insecurity. PD was measured with the 7-item Everyday Discrimination Scale, and SCD was measured with the Everyday Cognition scale (ECOG). Higher levels of PD predicted higher SCD in the entire sample (p-values 0.05). There were no significant associations between PD, socio-economic factors, race, and SCD (p-values >0.05). Experiences of discrimination negatively impact health outcomes and risk. Our findings provide further evidence of a relationship between PD and SCD although, this relationship was not moderated by race. Future research should aim to examine the relationship between different forms of discrimination (e.g., systemic discrimination) and SCD.

Pandemonium, Pandemethics, Pantopia: What’s in a Word?

At the margins of the Covid-19 pandemic, religious groups aroused a pandemonium fueled by racism and discrimination against the poor and vulnerable with references to apocalyptic thought patterns. Imagining pantopia versus the “new normal” brings realized eschatology to the dialogue table. God’s option for the poor and the whole of creation is a critique of the neoliberal Anthropocene. It is not only we who try to interpret the virus, the virus is also interpreting us. The hermeneutical circle was suddenly interrupted by a contraflow. The injustices of global neoliberal capitalism and the intersectionality of different forms of discrimination revealed by the virus may not be covered up again but must be tackled by an intercultural pandemethics.

Listening to Students: The Experiences of Disabled Students of Learning in a Selected University in Zimbabwe

Disability is one of the most neglected forms of diversity, which usually results in the different forms of discrimination at community level. Nonetheless, more institutions of higher education are making an effort toward creating more inclusive settings for the students and staff. This study examined the lived experiences of the students with disabilities in an institution of higher education in Zimbabwe. Student experiences and disability are the main themes in this study. This study is phenomenological research that was carried out with a questionnaire survey which was conducted among seven participants. This was triangulated by interviews that involved two participants. Overall results showed that physical disability is the most prevalent amongst the students in the institution considered for the study. Moreover, the disabled students faced challenges at home and in their life at university, which affected them psychologically. In addition, while the students were conscious of the existing international and national protocols that promote their welfare, they were not well aware of those embedded within their university policies. Results also reveal that the disabled students suffered socially from stigma and negligence from their able-bodied counterparts and staff. Further, they had limited access to some of the physical structures that lacked ramps and lifts. To promote full participation of the disabled students in academic life, the institution is expected to formulate and implement a binding disability policy that promotes diversity and inclusive education. In addition, infrastructure, especially the old structures need to be refurbished with the disabled in mind.

Inclusive and Safe Environment for LGBTI+ in Lithuanian Universities? Reflecting Realities and Challenges

This paper discusses the results of the international applied research project ‘UniDiversity – Universities Towards Diversity’ that examined what discriminatory attitudes, beliefs and behaviours based on sexual orientation, gender identity and sex characteristics (SOGISC) exist in the Lithuanian, Greek and Italian academic environment. Specifically, this paper analyses how LGBTI+ individuals conceive of different forms of discrimination in the Lithuanian academic environment. The paper fills the knowledge gap in terms of intolerance and discrimination against LGBTI+ individuals at Lithuanian higher education institutions and provides its theoretical explanation. By focusing on the empirical data collected from survey and focus group interviews, the paper interprets them within the framework of both the sociopolitical context and theoretical debates about heteronormative attitudes. The paper argues that there exists a gap between the declarative openness to LGBTI+ people within Lithuanian universities and persisting stereotypes and discriminatory attitudes towards them.

Ethnic discrimination and mental health in the Sámi population in Sweden: The SámiHET study.

To assess the association between experiences of discrimination and mental health among the Sámi population in Sweden. Cross-sectional study among the self-identified Sámi population living in Sweden in 2021, registered in the electoral roll of the Sámi Parliament, the reindeer mark register and the 'Labour statistics based on administrative sources'. The analysis was based on a final sample of 3658 respondents aged between 18 and 84 years. Adjusted prevalence ratios aPRs for psychological distress (Kessler scale), self-reported anxiety and depression were estimated for four different forms of discrimination (direct experience of discrimination, offended because of ethnicity, historical trauma, and combined discrimination). Higher aPRs of psychological distress, anxiety and depression were observed in women experiencing direct discrimination because of their ethnicity, having been offended because of their ethnicity, and those with a family history of discrimination. Among men, higher aPRs for psychological distress were observed in those experiencing the four different forms of discrimination, but not for anxiety. Depression was only detected in the case of having been offended. Adding experiences of discrimination was associated with a higher prevalence of negative outcomes for all the indicators in women and for psychological distress in men. The observed association between experiences of discrimination and mental health problems would support a gender approach when considering ethnic discrimination in public health policies concerning the Sámi in Sweden.

Women in STEM, Experiences of Mexican Women Scientists

From a gender perspective, it is important to recognize that sexual differences are distinguished from social constructions based on these differences and, like stereotypes, are learned and transmitted culturally and where, historically, women have gone from exclusion to segregation in the field of science and their contributions to scientific knowledge. Even today, women still constitute a minority in training and professional itineraries in the scientific-technical field. Therefore, a study was oriented to make visible through a transversal analysis, to understand the different forms of discrimination, harassment and violence against women in the scientific field. For this purpose, a data treatment was carried out, such as the self-perception of discrimination and violence, in a measurable way, as well as the domestic chores, where it was observed the tendency of particular tasks such as the support with the children continues to be a task of greater proportion for women, which gives space to the exercise of motherhood and the labor and social discrimination itself. Finally, there were anonymous testimonies of discrimination and violence, from the voice of women scientists. Thus, while recognizing the work of numerous institutions, civil associations, the creation of instruments and departments in universities on gender issues and women's own self-recognition, we know that the task that remains pending is to address from the initial stage of school, the visualization of girls in science, the elimination of barriers that are socially and culturally present, breaking those gender roles and stereotypes that interfere in their training, so that science is neutral, without sex and/or gender, and on equal terms.

Forms of Discrimination against Woman in Selected Iraqi Proverbs: A Critical Discourse Analysis

The present study investigates discrimination against a woman in the light of critical discourse analysis (CDA) in selected Iraqi proverbs, specifically those used in Baghdad and Basra. It aims to find out the ideological themes implied in the said proverbs about a woman. The significance of this study is to show the different forms of discrimination against a woman in the these proverbs. The proverbs indicating forms of discrimination against a woman are collected from three important reference books, namely, Aldileeshy(1968), Al-Hanafi (1962), Al-Hanafi (1964) in addition to some proverbs taken from Al-Zubaidi (2019). The proverbs selected for this study are analyzed according to their interpretation in the reference books in which they occur. Moreover, these proverbs are selected on the basis that they seem to have not been tackled from the perspective of CDA. Furthermore, to detect the ideological themes implied in the aforementioned proverbs, a qualitative approach is used. In addition, thirty four proverbs are selected and only nine examples are analyzed to reveal the sexist ideologies whether in the structure or the structure and the function of the previously mentioned proverbs. The findings reached at in the present study include the following forms of discrimination against a woman: hating the birth of a girl child, vilifying a woman, violating her, discriminating against her in terms of gender affinity, marital status and beauty, woman inferiority to a man and undervaluing a woman's work. Additionally, most of the proverbs selected convey discriminatory concepts against a woman through the structure and the function whereas a few of them convey such concepts through the structure only. Further, only one proverb referring to discrimination against a woman through the function occurs.

Living in the Promised Land: The Impact of the Black Lives Matter Movement on Indian American Christians Living in the NYC Metropolitan Areas

Often called a “model community,” Indian Americans have taken root in American society. Indian American Christians have seen the United States of America as their “promised land.” However, living in this promise land, Indian American Christians had to overcome challenges of racism, hate crimes, and different forms of discrimination. Through case studies, interviews, and participatory observations, this article will examine the impact of the Black Lives Matter Movement among Indian Christians living in the New York City Metro area. In doing so, this article seeks to identify reasons for the perceived silence among Indian American Christians and the work that is being done in everyday life for the healing of a nation.

Igualdade de gênero dos ODM aos ODS: avaliações feministas

Abstract For decades, feminism has driven a gender equality agenda in development policies. Decolonial and intersectional feminisms, for example, have played an anti-racist and anti-colonial agenda. Women’s demands have found different degrees of incorporation into international plans, such as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In this scenario, this work compared gender equality in the MDGs and the SDGs to analyze their advances and challenges in the face of the gender mainstreaming agenda and intersectional and decolonial demands. Documental research was carried out on the objectives, targets, and results of the MDGs and the objectives and targets of the SDGs. The results indicate that the SDGs are more ambitious than the MDGs by adopting a broader and more transversal approach to gender equality. However, there are important gaps in operationalizing an approach to gender inequalities that considers the intersections of different forms of discrimination that affect different groups of women.

Triple Marginalization and Struggle for Autonomy: A Study on Dalit Women in Bangladesh

Dalit people have been marginalized in different spheres of life since the dawn of modern civilization. The situation of Dalit women is even more complex. This paper aims at understanding the marginalization of Dalit women at a local context in Bangladesh based on empirical evidences. Data for the study were collected using mixed-method approach. The findings of the study reveal that Dalit women have to confront different forms of discrimination both in their own community as well as wider society. They face various types of patriarchal customs, such as dowry, domestic violence, dehumanization, and child marriage within their society. In addition, they frequently face inequalities in job and not treated with dignity in the wider society. The findings of the study reveal that these realities are constantly changing and Dalit women are continuously working for the betterment of their community as the soulful agents.

Review: Traveling Black: A Story of Race and Resistance, by Mia Bay

Review: <i>Traveling Black: A Story of Race and Resistance</i>, by Mia Bay

Portrait of Filipino healthcare workers’ discrimination experiences during the early part of the COVID-19 pandemic

BackgroundAt the core of a global health crisis, healthcare workers are tasked to perform crucial and life-threatening roles. Despite the heavy-laden responsibilities amid COVID-19 pandemic, these workers are subjected to various forms of stigma and discrimination. ObjectivesThe primary intent of this paper is to investigate the existence of discrimination among healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines. Further, it aims to test the following hypotheses: (1) Discrimination experiences among Filipino healthcare workers are dependent on certain demographic characteristics; and (2) Discrimination experiences vary significantly according to the type of healthcare workers. MethodsThis exploratory study used a two-part survey questionnaire consisting of the baseline data of the respondents and an 8-point Likert-type scale to identify the different forms of discrimination experienced by Filipino healthcare workers. Data yielded by the instruments were descriptively (frequency, mean and percentage) and inferentially (Pearson R, Kendall tau, t-test, and One-Way Analysis of Variance) treated. ResultsAmong the Filipino healthcare workers, the Radiologic Technologists experienced the most forms of discriminatory acts, followed by Nurses and Medical Technologists. Those who work in high-risk duty assignments experienced the most discriminatory incidents such as insulting gestures and physical/social loathing, social media bashing and offensive jokes. ConclusionThe discrimination experienced by Filipino healthcare workers is a valuable platform for health policy interventions at the local and global levels to safeguard the physical, social and psychological well-being of healthcare workers, especially in battling the COVID-19 pandemic.

Italian Society and Gender Role Stereotypes. How Stereotypical Beliefs Concerning Males and Females are Still Present in Italian People at the Beginning of the Third Millennium

There are many forms of discrimination in our society. Why is more attention being paid to discrimination against women with awareness-raising debates, public demonstrations, and more? Women’s discrimination against men is discrimination, too! To cope with this growing phenomenon, it is necessary to understand the roots from which it originates and is fed. Gender role stereotypes may be responsible for this (Ostuni, 2017). In this work, thanks to a survey carried out by ISTAT in 2019 (referred to 2018) on the male and female Italian population aged between 18 and 74 years old, it will be explained if and how our society is "trapped" in stereotypical beliefs. The results obtained show that Italy is divided into two parts and that in the north-central regions stereotypes are less rooted than in the southern ones. The phenomenon is less widespread, for both sexes, both as they grow in age and when they have a higher educational degree. In this context, as far as family society, and the economy is concerned, the role of women aissubordinate to men, especially in the South. As stereotypes are responsible for different forms of discrimination against women, a possible way to establish fair gender equality can be obtained by eliminating them and bringing down the prevailing patriarchal culture.

In every organization, gender stereotypes reduce organizational efficiency and waste productive energy: a systems thinking perspective

PurposeStereotypes are simplified and widely shared visions held by a social group regarding a place, object, event or recognizable set of people united by certain characteristics or qualities. They are “dangerous” mental models because they are widely disseminated, devious and capable of acting even unconsciously in individuals, social groups and organizations altering the rationality of assessments and choices and producing discrimination and prejudice. Stereotypes acritically extend from a characteristic of a significant percentage of a category to the totality of individuals. The process of generalization triggered by a stereotype produces the error of discrimination and prejudice. There are numerous forms of stereotypes, but this study takes into account gender stereotypes because they act pervasively, often subtly, to reduce “productivity”. People who are aware of being discriminated perceive an unsatisfactory fulfillment of their motivations, which reduces their incentive to improve their performance. Since productivity measures the efficient use of energy from working in production processes, the author believes that wherever gender stereotypes are at play, there is a productive “waste of energy”, an inefficiency in work activity with harmful effects for organizations of all kinds, including families.Design/methodology/approachThe work aims to demonstrate that wherever gender stereotypes are at play, a “waste of energy” manifests itself in terms of productivity, representing an inefficiency in work activity with harmful effects for organizations of all kinds, including families. To describe the negative effects stereotypes produce in organizations, some models are presented based on the methods and language of systems thinking. These models, although typically qualitative, are capable of exploring the most accepted theories in the literature: tournament theory, the Pygmalion effect, the Galatea effect, self-fulfilling prophecies, the Queen bee syndrome, the role congruency theory, the glass ceiling theory (“think manager, think male” and “family responsibilities wall”). The paper follows a predominantly organizational and corporate approach, although the copious literature on stereotypes belongs largely to the area of social psychology and organization studies.FindingsThe paper does not consider the psychological origin of stereotypes but highlights their use as routines-shortcuts for evaluations and decisions demonstrating that, when adopted in social systems and within organisations, stereotypes produce different forms of discrimination: in social rights, in work, in careers and in access to levels of education and public services, reducing performance and limit potential. The paper also examines some ways gender and culture stereotypes can be opposed, presenting a change management strategy and some concrete solutions proposed by the process–structure–culture model for social change (PSC model).Research limitations/implicationsThe main limitation of the work is that it focuses on gender stereotypes, choosing not to consider the “intersection effect” of these with other stereotypes: racial stereotypes, religious stereotypes, color stereotypes, age stereotypes, sex and sexual orientation stereotypes, and many others, whose joint action can cause serious inefficiencies in organizational work.Practical implicationsAs stereotypes are a component of social culture and are handed down, by use and example, from generation to generation, the maintenance over time of stereotypes used by individuals to evaluate, judge and act can be seen as an effect of the typical action of a combinatory system of diffusion, which can operate for a long time if not effectively opposed. Il PSC model indicates the strategy for carrying out this opposition.Social implicationsWith regard to gender stereotypes, it should be emphasized that in organizations and social systems, “gender diversity” should be considered an opportunity and not as a discriminating factor and thus encouraged by avoiding harmful discrimination. In fact, this diversity, precisely because of the distinctive characteristics individuals possess regardless of gender, can benefit the organization and lead to an increase in organizational and social performance. The United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (2020) Goal 5: Achieving gender equality and empowering all women and girls is examined in this context.Originality/valueThis study views the action of gender stereotypes as especially harmful “mental models”, highlighting the distortions they cause in the allocation of productive energy in society, groups and organizations. The paper follows a predominantly organizational and corporate approach, although the copious literature on stereotypes belongs largely to the area of social psychology. Using the “logic” and “language” of systems thinking, theories and models that describe and interpret the distorting effects of organizational choices based on stereotypes rather than rational analysis are highlighted. The action of stereotypes and their persistence over time can also be described using combinatory systems theory. With this paper, the author hopes that by acting on the three wheels of change highlighted by the PSC model, through legal provisions, control tools and actions on the culture operated by educational and social aggregative institutions, it should not be impossible to change the prevailing culture so that it becomes aware of the harmful influence of gender stereotypes and other discriminatory mental models and come to reject them. The author hopes this paper will help to understand the need to make this change.