Different Forms Of Response Research Articles

“Stirring it up!” Emotionality in audience responses to political speeches

Speaker-audience interaction in political speeches has been conceptualised as a form of dialogue between speaker and audience. Of particular importance is research pioneered by Atkinson (e.g., 1983, 1984a, 1984b) on the analysis of rhetorical devices utilised by politicians to invite audience applause. Atkinson was not concerned with emotionalisation in political speech-making, rather with how applause was invited in relation to group identities through ingroup praise and/or outgroup derogation. However, his theory has provided important insights into how speakers invite audience responses, and a powerful stimulus for associated research. The purpose of this article is to address the shortfall of emotionalisation research within the realm of political speeches. We begin with an account of Atkinsons influential theory of rhetoric, followed by a relevant critique. The focus then turns to our main aim, namely, how key findings from previous speech research can be interpreted in terms of emotionalisation. Specifically, the focus is on audience responses to the words of political speakers, and how different forms of response may reflect audience emotionality. It is proposed that both duration and frequency of invited affiliative audience responses may indicate more positive emotional audience responses, while uninvited interruptive audience applause and booing may provide notable clues to issues on which audiences have strong feelings. It is concluded that there is strong evidence that both invited and uninvited audience responses may provide important clues to emotionalisation - both positive and negative - in political speeches.

Response of Millennial Muslims to Religious Minority Groups in Indonesia

Religious minority groups have historically been positioned as the trigger for religious and social disharmony. This paper aims to explore the millennial Muslims’ basis for their positioning towards minority groups in Indonesia. The data collected through questionnaires, interviews, and document studies were analyzed and then converted into narrative form, tables, diagrams, and charts. The findings show that there are two millennial Muslim responses towards religious minority groups. First, some are responding with acceptance of non-Islamic affiliated minority groups. Of the 412 surveyed respondents, 280 or 67, 96% stated their acceptance based on the juridical-constitutional reason that every citizen has the same rights and obligations, including the rights to live and obey the law. Representing the second millennial response, most respondents also rejected Islamic-affiliated minority groups. 383 respondents (93%) stated this rejection noting that they believe in the existence of these groups damaging Islam’s image. The different forms of response are based on theological, juridical, and cultural reasons that can be found in religious arguments, legislation, and values of the local wisdom of the Indonesians. This study proposes the need of building better understanding among millennial Muslims regarding social diversity in Indonesia, and finding common ground for these differences that can be applied to avoid religious conflicts in the future.

Comparison of growth pattern, condition factor, gonadosomatic index of Manggabai (Glosogobius giuris) and Payangka (Ophieleotris aporos) in Limboto Lake, Gorontalo, Indonesia

Abstract. Hasim, Tuheteru J, Fazrin DN. 2021. Comparison of growth pattern, condition factor, gonadosomatic index of Manggabai (Glosogobius giuris) and Payangka (Ophieleotris aporos) in Limboto Lake, Gorontalo, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 3388-3393. Manggabai and Payangka are endangered native fishes in Limboto Lake due to continuous degradation in the lake. In addition, silting lake along with its area that continues to narrow can threaten the life of both fishes although the government has stipulated restoration of Limboto Lake as the ecosystem of the fishes. However, the current information on the fishes remains considerably limited in terms of making it as a conservation strategy. This study aims to analyze the relationship between the total length and weight of Payangka and Manggabai. Furthermore, it analyzes the condition factors and the gonadosomatic index of the two fishes. The research method integrates survey and laboratory techniques. The fishes are collected by using trap made of bamboo and motorcycle tires that are installed for three days and the catches are 60 fishes including 30 Manggabai and 30 Payangka. Then the total length and weight of the fish and their gonad weight were measured. Data analysis used mathematical formulation of the relationship between total weight and length, condition factor, and gonadosomatic index. The result of the analysis shows that the growth pattern of the Manggabai was negative allometric whereas the Payangka was positive allometric. The condition factor for both types is generally less than 1.7. The gonadosomatic index of Manggabai ranges from 4.10-20.00% and Payangka ranges from 0.05-1.98%. These conditions indicate that differences in growth pattern, condition factor, and gonadosomatic index are different forms of response to environmental conditions and in the spawning season of both types of fish.

Peculiar polarization response in chiral liquid crystal stacks for multispectral camouflage.

Chiral liquid crystals are self-organized Bragg reflectors which respond to circularly polarized light. Manipulation of the chiral structure has aroused great research interest. The x-y plane two-dimensional patterning of chiral liquid crystals leads to reflective planar optics, and the z-axis modulation results in a variety of photonic bandgap controls. Here, the optical properties of even-number left- and right-handed chiral liquid crystal stacks are investigated, with emphasis on the linear polarization response. Under certain conditions, a linearly polarized incidence can result in a linearly polarized reflected light. More intriguingly, the linear polarization has different forms of response to thick and thin chiral liquid crystal sublayers and responds to the rotation of liquid crystal alignment. Based on the peculiar polarization response, a new type of wavelength-response camouflage and anti-counterfeiting is conceptually proposed, which can hide two different images simultaneously within a small spectral range. Our work paves the way for three-dimensional manipulation of chiral liquid crystals and enlightens novel applications.

ТЕОРЕТИКО-МЕТОДОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ОСНОВАНИЯ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ ЭТНОКУЛЬТУРЫ МЕДИЦИНСКОГО ТУРИЗМА

Целью исследования является установление теоретико-методологических оснований, необходимых для проведения исследований в сфере этнокультуры медицинского туризма.
 Методологическая база исследования в общетеоретическом плане основывается на социологических теориях этноса в социокультурном аспекте, имеющих потенциал для изучения этнокультуры медицинского туризма.
 Результаты исследования. Важнейшим аспектом проведенного анализа, позволяющим прийти к теоретически и эмпирически значимым результатам, является установление социокультурного смысла признаков этноса с позиций их соотношения со здравоохранительными и конкретно медицинскими проблемами. Этничность глубоко укоренена в культуру. Это приводит к тому, что различные этносы обладают разными формами реагирования в определенных видах деятельности. Эти формы зависят от ценностей, стереотипов, установок, традиций, паттернов и т.д. В полном объеме подобный вывод касается и такой сферы, как медицина. Поведение социальных акторов в сфере медицины обусловлено социокультурными факторами, которые в значительной степени опосредуются категорией этничности, поэтому мы убеждены, что процессы, протекающие в сфере медицинского туризма, зависят от сложившегося комплекса, где в равной мере смешиваются социокультурные основания, этнические и медицинские. Причем последние в значительной степени зависят от ресурсов, которые имеются в каждом конкретном социуме. Эти ресурсы определяют траектории медицинского туризма, корректируемые этничностью в рамках заданных социокультурных границ.
 Перспективы дальнейших исследований авторы усматривают в применении сконструированных теоретико-методологических оснований к изучению потенциала медицинского туризма в разных этнических практиках.

Sobre violencia obstétrica: respuesta y resistencia de las embarazadas en un hospital público

The present paper describes the different forms of response, resistance and negotiation of medical attention to women users, as opposed to the practices, discourses and attitudes of obstetric violence by the medical staff. The study was conducted in a maternity hospital in the city of Merida, Yucatán, using qualitative methodology, with an ethnographic design with the approach of medical anthropology. We interviewed women who were in the process of receiving attention from childbirth and puerperal, family members and medical staff from the same institution.

THE POLITICS AND HISTORY OF THE ARMED STRUGGLE IN ZIMBABWE: THE CASE OF ZIMBABWE AFRICAN NATIONAL UNION (ZANU) IN ZAKA AND ZIMBABWE AFRICAN PEOPLE’S UNION (ZAPU)1 IN THE BULILIMA DISTRICT

The armed struggle in Zimbabwe is a well-documented phenomenon. In their preoccupation with the general politics and history of the armed struggle, these studies have, however, neglected one of the most important aspects of the armed struggle: the difference in political and historical pursuance and execution of the war in the former rural Rhodesia between ZANLA and ZIPRA guerrillas, as having different levels of impact on rural peasants on the one hand, and attracting different forms of response from the Rhodesian Security Forces on the other. Due to these differences, this article claims as case studies of the districts of Rhodesia that both the political and historical developments within ZANLA operated areas in the Zaka District were different from those in the Bulilima District where ZIPRA guerrillas waged their armed struggle. It is argued that the way peasants in Zaka felt and experienced the armed conflict in the former Rhodesia was different from the way peasants in ZIPRA operated Bulilima experienced the same phenomenon.2 Given that the Rhodesian security forces also responded to the political and historical development of the armed struggle in a particular district, it is suffice to note that the armed struggle in rural Rhodesia was a complicated phenomenon that had profound effects on Bulilima and Zaka peasants. The article concludes that, only through a district focused comparative analysis of the effects of the armed struggle in the former Rhodesia, can such differences in experience and impact on peasants be identified and appreciated.

Effective Organizational Leadership in the Implementation of Integrated Care; Lessons from 9 cases in the iCoach Project

Introduction: Policy makers in many countries are encouraging the development of integrated care strategies and the development of new models of integrated care. These new models require changes at a clinical or service level, organizational level and system level with strong leadership necessary at all three levels. Despite the key role of leadership in these efforts, there has been only limited study of what organizational leadership approach is successful in different contexts for integrated care. Theory/Methods: This paper analyses the organizational leadership behaviors and strategies in the iCOACH project (Integrated Care for Older Adults with Complex Health Needs) for 9 integrated care projects in 3 jurisdictions: New Zealand, and the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec. Data are derived from interviews with leaders, policy makers and providers in these cases. We draw on institutional logics and institutional entrepreneurship theories to explore how leaders engaged external stakeholders and developed strategies to optimize the effectiveness of integrated care within and between their organizations in these different contexts. Results: There are concerted efforts to develop integrated care models of community based primary health care in all three jurisdictions. However, the policy environments vary in the latitude and resources provided to organizational leaders to develop organizational forms and networks. In Ontario and New Zealand there have been considerable variations in the nature of integrated care organizations and networks, while in Quebec the government has mandated new organizational forms and specified their relationships with other providers. Preliminary analysis of our data suggests that institutional entrepreneurship takes different forms in response to these environments, and other policy issues, such as the development of health care resources for Maori have also influenced the support and direction of integrated care. There is also variation in the entrepreneurial styles within and across these organizations, balancing the need for external stakeholder management and developing local capability for more integrated care based on the vision for the organization. Discussion: Leadership is a critical resource in the development of new organizational forms and in carrying out the negotiations needed to garner the resources and legitimacy necessary for effective organizations. However, leadership strategies can vary in different contexts, and the types of institutional entrepreneurship necessary for building these organizations varies as well. Conclusions: Understanding successful leadership strategies and entrepreneurial behaviors in different contexts helps to illuminate the similarities and differences across different policy and organizational environments. Lessons learned: While leadership is essential for integrated care, there is no single model that has been successful across the contexts we have studied. Limitations: The analysis of the data described here is still underway. Our data is derived from cases in three jurisdictions and these are likely not fully representative of the range of policy and organizational environments. Suggestions for future research: Further research on the leadership strategies that are successful in different environments is needed to confirm and extend the analysis from the 9 cases we have studied.

The Influence of Responses to Self-Disclosure on Liking in Computer-Mediated Communication

The relationship between self-disclosure and liking another person is well-known, as is the prevalence and importance of self-disclosure in computer-mediated interactions. The effects of conversation partners’ responses to disclosures are an overlooked issue, implicated but not examined in most previous research. An original experiment examined whether different forms of response to self-disclosure in computer-mediated communication affect liking differently. Participants engaged in dyadic online chat with either their friend or a stranger. An interviewer communicated one of three types of response to another individual’s self-disclosures: reciprocal self-disclosures, compliments, or neutral deflections. Both reciprocal self-disclosure and compliments generated greater liking than did deflection. The effects of response types on attraction did not differ between friends and strangers. The findings indicate the importance of different forms of response to self-disclosure in interpersonal attraction online and the role of responsiveness to disclosure in initial as well as established relationships.

Teste melódico de processamento temporal: análise de diferentes formas de respostas

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar os resultados nas diferentes formas de respostas no teste melódico de ordenação temporal para frequência e duração. Métodos A amostra foi composta por 33 sujeitos, por conveniência, com idade entre 17 e 27 anos, normo-ouvintes, sem queixas de processamento auditivo e de histórico de risco para alterações auditivas, ausência de síndromes ou malformações craniofaciais, deficiência física (manual), bem como de alterações neurológicas e de linguagem e com escolaridade superior a nove anos de estudo. Os sujeitos foram submetidos ao teste de ordenação temporal com tom musical, a saber: Teste de Padrão de Duração (TPD) e Teste de Padrão de Frequência (TPF), aplicados sob três condições de respostas (verbal, humming e motor,) e realizados na mesma data. Para isso, os sujeitos foram solicitados, primeiramente, a reconhecer os estímulos verbalmente, em seguida a caracterizar os estímulos em um padrão imitativo e, por fim, a identificar os estímulos com respostas manuais. Resultados Não houve diferenças significativas entre as três formas de resposta para o TPD e TPF. No entanto, observou-se que, para o TPF, houve maior número de alterações que o TPD, independente da forma de resposta. Ainda, as formas motor e verbal tiveram mais alterações que o humming, no TPF. Conclusão As diferentes formas de respostas (verbal, humming e motor) para os testes TPD e TPF melódicos não alteram o seu resultado.

Introduction: The Re-emerging China and Its Implications in East Asia and Beyond

Introduction: The Re-emerging China and Its Implications in East Asia and Beyond Joshua MOK Ka-ho and Alex HE Jingwei The discourse on China’s rise and its implications for the world has attracted wide international interest and equally intense scholarly debates. While earlier studies predominantly focused on big-power relations, the “China threat” theory, military expansion and collective containment, another body of literature has grown in recent years that broaches new topics, such as soft power, public diplomacy, and new tides of emigration and their impacts on the realisation of China’s strategic ambitions. The proliferation of disciplinary approaches and focal points involved in these debates is reminiscent of the multifaceted dimensions of China’s rise, a prominent global phenomenon that has far greater implications than the country’s deeper involvement in global governance, the worrisome increase in its defence budget, or its rapid economic expansion. This special issue contains a rich menu of distinctively different studies that examine China’s re-emergence in the global arena and the implications from various perspectives. The geographic focus is primarily on East Asia, including Southeast Asia, given its position in China’s immediate regional environment and the increased significance of regional issues such as the escalation in Sino-Japanese tensions, the North Korean nuclear threat and stalled six-party talks, and territorial disputes in the South China Sea. Apart from the norm to include an international relations article that assesses China’s relationships with major East Asian powers, this special issue also examines issues such as the effect of China’s quest for a sustainable energy supply on its relationship with Southeast Asian countries, and whether China’s massive investment in [End Page 3] cultural expansion and educational aid is conducive to enhancing its soft power and serving its ambition for a peaceful rise. Another article lends theoretical analysis on how the Chinese conceive and construct international relations theories indigenous to China that provide theoretical and rhetorical justification for its new foreign policies. This introduction serves twofold purposes. First, it surveys the multifaceted dimensions of China’s rise by dissecting major conclusions drawn from the five articles of this special issue. Second, it attempts to synthesise the insights that arise from this special issue and extend them into the broader theoretical and policy literature in order to enrich our understanding of the impacts of China’s rise not only in the conventional realm of international relations or big-power politics, but also in new critical areas. The Rise of China in the Context of East Asia The current debate about China’s rise and its implications for East Asia and beyond largely echo arguments of the days when China was ruled by the Qing dynasty and scholars began to examine how China should respond to the West. Towards the end of the dynasty, many politicians and intellectuals conducted heated debates about how China should respond to the growing influences of the West, particularly in the face of the its defeats to the West in various wars. They adopted different forms of response, such as the advocacy of “self-strengthening through Western studies”, then industrialisation, and subsequently institutional reform, the movement for revolution and republicanism, the cult of “Science and Democracy”, the literary “renaissance”, the adoption of party tutelage, and “democratic centralism”—all of which (and many other programmes) have had their day and contributed to the long struggle of remaking Chinese life.1 All of the aforementioned responses clearly demonstrate how China struggled to face the new world with the opening up of the country to that world and the military threats posed by Western powers. The downfall of the Qing dynasty and the establishment of the new republic, the wars with Japan, the rise of the People’s Republic of China, and the implementation of the socialist model have driven Chinese people, who have long taken pride in their national history, cultures and traditions, to deeply reflect upon their past experiences and search for ways to attain new heights for their country.2 The “open door” policy adopted by Deng Xiaoping after the death of Mao Zedong offered China another window of opportunity to transform itself through economic reforms...

Analysis the Influence of Layered Sediment on Seismic Responses of Concrete Dam

Studied a certain thickness layered sediment of different distribution form for the seismic response of a concrete dam, Based on pressure wave equation of saturated porous fluid-solid medium, the layers of sediment thickness is different, divided the layered sediment into three different distribution forms, the physical parameters of each layered sediment divided into the same and the different two situations, prediction the seismic response magnitude of concrete dam. Application of the method of a typical example shows the influence on the same physical properties different forms of response to the seismic response was not significant, the distribution of different forms of seismic response shows a significant effected. solid medium, the layers of sediment thickness is different, divided the layered sediment into three different distribution forms, the physical parameters of each layered sediment divided into the same and the different two situations, prediction the seismic response magnitude of concrete dam. Application of the method of a typical example shows the influence on the same physical properties different forms of response to the seismic response was not significant, the distribution of different forms of seismic response shows a significant effected.

Industrial Voluntarism in Canada

The term “industrial voluntarism” has been used to describe the norm that dominated union organizing and, more broadly, union-management relations in Canada during most of the first half of the 20th century. In practical terms, the principle defines situations in which unions and employers initiate, develop, and enforce agreements without state assistance or compulsion. This paper investigates the history of voluntarism in Canada with attention to post-war legal accommodations and various manifestations of voluntarism related to union recognition. We show how aspects of the Framework of Fairness Agreement (FFA) negotiated between Magna International and the Canadian Auto Workers (CAW) in 2007 is informed by industrial voluntarism. The FFA facilitates voluntary recognition of CAW locals at Magna plants in exchange for a no-strike promise and acceptance of many features of Magna’s existing human resource management system. Overall, the historical and contemporary evidence show that voluntarism continues to manifest in different forms in response to changing labour relations conditions.

Race, culture and psychiatry: a history of transcultural psychiatry

The term 'transcultural psychiatry' has encompassed changing notions of race, culture and psychiatry and, as a result, it is a difficult concept to define. For a long time psychiatrists and social scientists have been commenting on how the psyches and psychiatric illnesses differ in non-White populations. However, transcultural psychiatry was not created as a distinct discipline until after World War II. This article will attempt to tell the story of transcultural psychiatry, charting its genesis in the aftermath of World War II, and then go on to describe how it has taken different forms in response to developments within psychiatry and wider sociocultural changes.

National Defence vs. Foreign Affairs

David Dewitt is professor of political science and director of York's Centre for International and Security Studies. Jeff Plante is an advanced doctoral student in the Graduate Program in History, York University, and a research assistant for this project. We are pleased to acknowledge the financial support of the SSHRC and the indirect support of YCISS and the Security and Defence Forum, Department of National Defence. The Faculty of Graduate Studies, York University, provided additional support to Jeff Plante. Our thanks to colleagues from the academic and policy communities who offered insightful comments on a preliminary draft of this article.INTRODUCTIONThe purpose of this article is to explore whether and, if so, in what ways the introduction and evolution of the concept of human security in the articulation and operations of security policy within Canada's Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade(1) affected policy and operations within Canada's Department of National Defence.The research is predicated on a number of analytic and conceptual distinctions.(2) The concept of strategic culture as employed in this project is constructed from two factors, the concept of security and operational principles. Together these serve, along with the socio-historic environment, as intervening variables, which mediate between the independent variable of relative power and the dependent variable of grand strategy. The key question which informs this paper is whether the evolution, presentation, and interpretation of human security within the relevant departments of the government of Canada (most notably DFAIT) then carried over to inform and affect the definition of mandate and of threat as well as the policies, procedures, planning, deployment, and operating principles and practices of DND and the Canadian forces? In particular we are interested in whether and, if so, in what ways the discourse on security and the operational principles informing the deployment and application of military force (and other forms of coercive means such as police or special forces) incorporated or were affected by the emergence of the ideas of human security and their incorporation into the international security discourse of DFAIT, the department which leads on Canada's role in international affairs. Further, we have explored the extent to which the internationalization of the human security discourse and policy objectives, as they were adopted and enunciated by a variety of countries, including those who are members of the Human Security Network, contributed to the saliency of human security thinking within both policy and operational branches of the Canadian government. Did this have any impact on security or strategic culture within DND?Human security, like so many labels, has a range of meanings both contested and agreed upon. There is general acknowledgment that our understanding of human security is at least partially derivative of its lineage from the United Nation's human development report of 1994. Agenda for Peace, which recognized that the end of the Cold War brought with it a much more complex security agenda for the United Nations system and its member states, is also viewed as a primary precursor document, articulating the need to more adequately differentiate various types of insecurities and conflicts which, in turn, require different forms of response.(3)CANADIAN INTERNATIONAL SECURITY POLICYThe end of the Cold War provoked a common concern among scholars and practitioners in many countries--how to define one's security interests in this new world, a world where the security architecture of the previous half century no longer applied. Canada was no different, and one can readily identify a range of scholarship and policy reviews which had this concern as at least one of its motivating factors. The much vaunted peace dividend failed to materialize and was replaced by a remarkably active series of military interventions--some labelled as humanitarian interventions in which human security was voiced as a guiding or at least contributing factor--to counter both interstate and intrastate hostilities. …

Anarcho-Environmentalists

This article explores experiences of environmental activism from the viewpoint of members of a radical environment group. It is based on data collected during eight months of participant observation and through semistructured interviews with ten core members and two ex-members. Working on personal feelings, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors (self-work) was central to the strategy for social change employed by this group. Drawing on Weber's sociology of religion, this article explores the way the high expectation the activists had of themselves matched Weber's typification of the rationally active ascetic. It is argued that asceticism is an enduring element of Western culture that takes different forms in response to historical conditions. In this case, we see a form of secular asceticism that responds to the conditions of late modernity.

Heterogeneity of bronchial response to exercise among children with asthma

Exercise-induced broncho-obstruction (EIB) is common among asthmatic children with a prevalence rate of 40–90. It is one of the leading causes of the deterioration of the general condition of asthmatics and the limitation of physical activity. Therefore, early recognition and provision of adequate therapy is necessary. However, it is not possible to achieve this without first having information about the features of the bronchial response. The aim of the present study was to determine the bronchial response to exercise and to establish a connection between bronchial response and the clinical features of the disease in asthmatic children. One hundred and three clinically stable children with different clinical severities of asthma were studied with a standardized step-up exercise test. The airway response to exercise was investigated by peak flowmetry to measure the peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR). Bronchial permeability was determined before and after exercise at 0, 5, 10, 15, 30 and 60 min and then hourly for the next 11 h. These determinations were repeated at the same time points on a non- exercise (control) day. The test resulted in four types of response to exercise: (i) non-obstructive; (ii) isolated early airway response (EAR); (iii) dual-waved; and (iv) prolonged EAR. The frequency of these responses in the study population was 33.0, 39.81, 26.21 and 0.97%, respectively. No significant difference in clinical features, such as severity and duration of disease, baseline values for PEFR, atopic status, age and gender, was observed with different forms of response to exercise. However, children with moderate and severe asthma had significantly more frequent EIB- positive type responses than children with a mild form of asthma. Responses to exercise in asthmatic children are heterogeneous and, quite possibly, are particular to each individual patient.

Effect of magnetic fields on combustion electromotive force

A magnetic field is observed to affect the electrical response of a system burning under self-propagating high-temperature synthesis conditions. With the synthesis of lithium ferrite as an example, it is shown that, depending on its strength and direction, applying a magnetic field induces different forms of response. The greatest effect is observed in the postprocess region. Possible reasons for the ionization of the reaction mixture are examined, along with the role of morphological and electrochemical factors in the frontal combustion of mixtures in a magnetic field.

Parent characteristics and educational program involvement.

Researchers have noted the apparently contradictory phenomenon of parents highly supportive of their deaf or hard of hearing child but apparently uninvolved with their child s school program (e.g., Bennet, 1988; Boone, 1992; Harry, 1993). This study explored this phenomenon by asking: What are the characteristics of these children s care providers? What is the nature of involvement? Is there a relationship between involvement or noninvolvement and parents characteristics? One hundred and five parents of deaf children ages 2 to 8 years in five U.S. cities were interviewed to ascertain the characteristics of those providing care for these children and their ability to respond to educational program initiatives requiring a specific set of values as well as certain personal resources. The authors found that (1) there are distinct subgroups of parents with distinct capabilities for responding to their children s educational needs; (2) there are different forms of response to a child s educational needs; (3) there is an interaction between parent type and nature of the response.

The structure of the sleeping genome: Implications of sperm DNA organization for somatic cells

The tertiary structure of the DNA that makes up the eukaryotic genome is remarkably plastic, taking many different forms in response to the different needs of the cell. During the cell cycle of one cell, the DNA is replicated, reorganized into mitotic chromosomes, and decondensed into interphase chromatin. Within one cell at any given point in time, the chromatin is divided into hetero- and euchromatin reflecting active and inactive states of the DNA. This organization varies within one organism since different parts of the genome are active in different cell types. This article focuses on the most dramatic cell-type-specific DNA organization, that found in spermatozoa, in which the entire genome is reorganized into an inactive state that is more highly condensed than mitotic chromosomes. This unique example of eukaryotic DNA organization offers some interesting clues to the still unanswered questions about the role that the three-dimensional packaging of DNA plays in its function.