Elements Of Different Orders Research Articles

Arbitrarily high-order accurate simulations of compressible rotationally constrained convection using a transfinite mapping on cubed-sphere grids

We present two major improvements over the Compressible High-ORder Unstructured Spectral difference (CHORUS) code published in Wang et al., “A compressible high-order unstructured spectral difference code for stratified convection in rotating spherical shells,” J. Comput. Phys. 290, 90–111 (2015). The new code is named CHORUS++ in this paper. Subsequently, we perform a series of efficient simulations for rotationally constrained convection (RCC) in spherical shells. The first improvement lies in the integration of the high-order spectral difference method with a boundary-conforming transfinite mapping on cubed-sphere grids, thus ensuring exact geometric representations of spherical surfaces on arbitrary sparse grids. The second improvement is on the adoption of higher-order elements (sixth-order) in CHORUS++ vs third-order elements for the original CHORUS code. CHORUS++ enables high-fidelity RCC simulations using sixth-order elements on very coarse grids. To test the accuracy and efficiency of using elements of different orders, CHORUS++ is applied to a laminar solar benchmark, which is characterized by columnar banana-shaped convective cells. By fixing the total number of solution degrees of freedom, the computational cost per time step remains unchanged. Nevertheless, using higher-order elements in CHORUS++ resolves components of the radial energy flux much better than using third-order elements. To obtain converged predictions, using sixth-order elements is 8.7 times faster than using third-order elements. This significant speedup allows global-scale fully compressible RCC simulations to reach equilibration of the energy fluxes on a small cluster of just 40 cores. In contrast, CHORUS simulations were performed by Wang et al. on supercomputers using approximately 10 000 cores. Using sixth-order elements in CHORUS++, we further carry out global-scale solar convection simulations with decreased rotational velocities. Interconnected networks of downflow lanes emerge and surround broader and weaker regions of upflow fields. A strong inward kinetic energy flux compensated by an enhanced outward enthalpy flux appears. These observations are all consistent with those published in the literature. Furthermore, CHORUS++ can be extended to magnetohydrodynamic simulations with potential applications to the hydromagnetic dynamo processes in the interiors of stars and planets.

The Main Drivers of Wetland Evolution in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Plain

Analysis of the driving mechanism of wetland change can help identify the spatial differences in the mechanisms of different elements in order to better scientifically prevent and utilize wetlands. The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Plain (BTHP) was selected as the study area, and the dynamic degree model and change intensity index were utilized to examine the spatial and temporal changes of wetlands based on four periods of land use data. After establishing a wetland change evaluation system that included topography, geology, meteorological, and human activities, we utilized a random forest model to study the driving mechanism of wetland change from 1990–2020. Based on the developed zoning map, we then offered specific protection policies. We have four major findings: (1) the wetlands reduced significantly in the BTHP and underwent a change process from decreasing to increasing, and reservoirs and rivers, particularly along the Bohai Rim, were the primary determinants of wetland changes; (2) the impact of topographic factors such as elevation showed a significant gradient effect, the impact of geological factors such as hydrogeological division was low and indirect, the impact of meteorological factors was nonlinear, and the impact of anthropic factors was most significant and showed clear spatial directivity; (3) the urban expansion and agricultural reclamation had significant dominant effects, coupled with the topographical effects of elevation and slope, the geological environmental effects of surface subsidence and hydrogeological division, and the cumulative effects of temperature and precipitation, which resulted in the spatial change of wetlands; and (4) protecting wetland integrity, dynamic monitoring, restricting human activities, and establishing wetland buffer zones should be applied to the general area, natural factors area, anthropic factors area, and significant comprehensive area, respectively.

Three-layer business model canvas (TLBMC) as a recycling support tool to achieve sustainable development goals in waste management systems.

Traditional strategies for waste management in developing countries face high-cost problems, severe pollution, limited viable data, lack of global coverage, inefficiency, and slowness. The rapid expansion of the Internet have made new opportunities in waste management, especially waste collection. Online waste management in developing countries can create a revolution and help the government and society to achieve the goals of sustainable development. In this study, a modified three-layer business model canvas (TLBMC) was used to describe the duties of each actors involved in waste management and interactions between different elements in order to show the existing capacities in view point of economic, social, and environmental dimensions. In this online marketplace, the flow of information, the flow of materials and the flow of money in any company or entity or person active in the field of waste, are effectively connected to each other. Supply and demand information is provided in the created platform, and various waste actors are connected to look for options to trade. After agreement between the customer and the buyer, the information is delivered from the website or platform created by the supplier to the applicant. This network can have its usual structural features and create appropriate mechanisms for the continuation of its business operation and the realization of sustainable development of waste management, especially the recycling industry.

A Mixed Finite-Element Method on Polytopal Mesh

In this paper, we introduce new stable mixed finite elements of any order on polytopal mesh for solving second-order elliptic problem. We establish optimal order error estimates for velocity and super convergence for pressure. Numerical experiments are conducted for our mixed elements of different orders on 2D and 3D spaces that confirm the theory.

A new formation model of the Atlantic-Arctic heterochronous rifting system: A concept and basic provisions

A new formation model of the global Atlantic-Arctic heterochronous rifting system is substantiated, according to which the Central and North Atlantics, Labrador-Baffin seas, and Arctic Ocean represent morpho-tectonic elements of different orders of the united recent Atlantic-Arctic Ocean. Evolution of the global rift system of this ocean includes three stages: the first stage (D–J1) was expressed by establishment of a tectonic zone in the lithosphere of Pangea with formation of the ophiolite ultrabasite-gabbro association; the second stage (J1–₽1) represented stretching of the continental crust to form depressions and uplifts with areal manifestation of trap magmatism of Cretaceous and other ages; and the third one (₽2–present) is neotectonic-magmatic reactivation with formation of a middle ridge, that is being accompanied by outpouring of glassy basalts and by hydrothermal manifestations. Within the framework of this model, the history of formation is reconstructed of the Eurasian Basin and the Gakkel Ridge, that were included in the Russia's updated application for expansion of the outer continental shelf border.

What Explains Millennials’ Intention to Invest in the Stock Market? An Extension to the Theory of Planned Behavior

The study intends to determine the factors that influence millennial investors’ attitudes and behavioral intention to invest in the stock market in a developing nation. We extended the “Theory of Planned Behavior” (TPB) by including two motivating factors, namely, financial knowledge and parental influence, and one inhibiting factor, hassle, to measure intention of millennial investors in India. The study used cross-sectional and quantitative approaches using a questionnaire-based survey process to collect the responses of 196 millennials. We used PLS-SEM to determine the proposed relationship between constructs. We also created the importance-performance matrix to further refine the results. The study found TPB variables to be most significant in influencing behavioral intention. In addition, parents’ influence was found positively impactful on financial self-efficacy, which leads to high behavioral intention. The study contributes by identifying different elements in order to enhance education and awareness related to financial products, risk and return, and types of investments that can increase millennials’ intention to invest in the long term. <b>TOPICS:</b>Wealth management, emerging markets, quantitative methods, statistical methods, legal/regulatory/public policy <b>Key Findings</b> ▪ Theory of Planned Behavior explains millennial investors’ intention to invest in the stock market. ▪ In a developing country like India, parents’ influence positively impacts investor’s financial self-efficacy and intention to invest. ▪ Financial knowledge enhances the financial attitude and reduces the hassle factor for millennial investors’.

Mapping, framing, shaping: a framework for empirical bioethics research projects

BackgroundThere is growing interest in the use and incorporation of empirical data in bioethics research. Much of the recent focus has been on specific “empirical bioethics” methodologies, which attempt to integrate the empirical and the normative. Researchers in the field are, however, beginning to explore broader questions, including around acceptable standards of practice for undertaking such research.The framework:In this article, we further widen the focus to consider the overall shape of an empirical bioethics research project. We outline a framework that identifies three key phases of such research, which are conveyed via a landscaping metaphor of Mapping-Framing-Shaping. First, the researcher maps the field of study, typically by undertaking literature reviews. Second, the researcher frames particular areas of the field of study, exploring these in depth, usually via qualitative research. Finally, the researcher seeks to (re-)shape the terrain by issuing recommendations that draw on the findings from the preceding phases. To qualify as empirical bioethics research, the researcher will utilise a methodology that seeks to bridge these different elements in order to arrive at normative recommendations. We illustrate the framework by citing examples of diverse projects which broadly adopt the three-phase framework. Amongst the strengths of the framework are its flexibility, since (as the examples indicate) it does not prescribe any specific methods or particular bridging methodology. However, the framework might also have its limitations, not least because it appears particularly to capture projects that involve qualitative – as opposed to quantitative – research.ConclusionsDespite its possible limitations, we offer the Mapping-Framing-Shaping framework in the hope that this will prove useful to those who are seeking to plan and undertake empirical bioethics research projects.

Construction of a p-Adaptive Continuous Residual Distribution Scheme

A p-adaptive continuous residual distribution scheme is proposed in this paper. Under certain conditions, primarily the expression of the total residual on a given element K into residuals on the sub-elements of K and the use of a suitable combination of quadrature formulas, it is possible to change locally the degree of the polynomial approximation of the solution. The discrete solution can then be considered non continuous across the interface of elements of different orders, while the numerical scheme still verifies the hypothesis of the discrete Lax–Wendroff theorem which ensures its convergence to a correct weak solution. We detail the theoretical material and the construction of our p-adaptive method in the frame of a continuous residual distribution scheme. Different test cases for non-linear equations at different flow velocities demonstrate numerically the validity of the theoretical results.

Some results of mesh convergence estimation for the spectral element method of different orders in FIDESYS industrial package

The article describes the Mesh convergence estimation for the method of spectral elements of different orders in FIDESYS industrial package. Estimation is done using the automated testing system developed for FIDESYS package. The tasks with known exact solutions were used for estimation. By changing the spectral element order the exponential decrease computational errors is shown against the degree of approximating polynomials.

Evaluation and Priorities the Promotion Mix Elements for Corporate Banking Customers Using MCDM Methods In Eghtesade Novin Bank

Among the mixed components of marketing, decisions regarding the promotion tools are very important due to their direct and rapid effect on the target market. With regard to the implementation of new models of banking business in recent years in Iran, the purpose of this research is to priorities the promotion mixas antecedent of integrated marketing communication and strongtools in order to influence the target market of corporative banking customers. The objective of promotion mix in the research emphasized the Increase sales volume, attract new customers, grow market share, enhance brand image, strengthen brand loyalty and increase profitability in the long term. For this purpose, with the help of marketing experts and using models of Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methods such as AHP, TOPSIS, SAW, ELECTREand using Entropy weighting methods we have prioritized the components of promotion based on business goals. Finally, according to the fact that using the mentioned models had different results, we used the geometric mean of rates methodin finalized the finding ranking. According to the achieved finding, the different elements in order of priority to meet theconsidered business objectives in this studyinclude sales promotion, direct sales by the account managers, public relations and advertising, Objectives or ratings’ criteria.The finding illustrated that although ads are most effective in strengthening the brand, but the other two elements of personal selling and close sales promotion also has the most influence on corporative banking customers. The results of research shows that the most important instruments in advertising is television, in public relations is holding professional seminars for various industries, in advancing the sales is discount in the loan interest rate and fees, and in the in person sales also is verbal marketing by account managers of corporative banking.

Inclusive jet spectrum for small-radius jets

Following on our earlier work on leading-logarithmic (LLR) resummations for the properties of jets with a small radius, R, we here examine the phenomenological considerations for the inclusive jet spectrum. We discuss how to match the NLO predictions with small-R resummation. As part of the study we propose a new, physically-inspired prescription for fixed-order predictions and their uncertainties. We investigate the R-dependent part of the next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO) corrections, which is found to be substantial, and comment on the implications for scale choices in inclusive jet calculations. We also examine hadronisation corrections, identifying potential limitations of earlier analytical work with regards to their $p_t$-dependence. Finally we assemble these different elements in order to compare matched (N)NLO+LLR predictions to data from ALICE and ATLAS, finding improved consistency for the R-dependence of the results relative to NLO predictions.

Hierarchical Bases for Polygonal Finite Elements

Finite elements that are the shape of an arbitrary polygon offer several advantages over traditional triangles and quadrilaterals. Elements with linear and quadratic precision have been reported, but they have interpolatory bases. Hierarchical bases are described here. Elements with up to cubic precision are tested and it is confirmed that they give the expected convergence as the mesh density is increased, even when the elements are reentrant polygons. A magnetostatic problem is solved with elements of different orders.

Tectonic zoning of the sedimentary cover of the Sea of Okhotsk based on lithophysical, structural and structural-lithophysical indicators

In terms of tectonics, the Sea of Okhotsk (Fig.1) is the epi-Mesozoic Okhotsk plate comprising the heterogeneous basement that is mainly pre-Cenozoic (the lower structural stage) and the sedimentary cover that is mainly represented by the Paleogenic-Neogenic-Quaternary deposits with the Upper Cretaceous sedimentary rocks observed locally without a visible hiatus (the upper structural stage). Results of tectonic zoning of the sedimentary cover based on lithophysical indicators (Fig. 2) are represented in the format of maps showing lithophysical complexes (LC) within the limits of four regional seismo-stratigraphic complexes/structural layers (RSSC I-IV) corresponding to the following time intervals: the pre-Oligocene К 2 -P 1-2 (RSSC I), the Oligocene – Lower Miocene P 3 -N 1 1 (RSSC II), the Lower-Mid Miocene N 1 1-2 (RSSC III), and the Upper Miocene – Pliocene N 1 3 -N 2 (RSSC IV). Diverse lithological-facies associations composing the RSSCs are grouped into the following lithophysical complexes (LC): 1 - coal-bearing silty-clayey-sandy terrigenous, 2 - sandy-silty-clayey terrigenous, 3 - silty-clayey-siliceous, and 4 - sandy-silty-clayey volcanic [Sergeyev, 2006]. Tectonic zoning of the sedimentary cover based on structural indicators is carried out with reference to the sediment-thickness map [Sergeyev, 2006], including a significantly revised segment showing the area of the Deryugin basin [Semakin, Kochergin, 2013]. Results of such zoning are represented in the format of a structural-tectonic map (Fig. 3) showing orientations and morphology of the structural elements of the sedimentary cover, the thickness of the sedimentary cover, and amplitudes of relative uplifts and troughs. With reference to the structural-tectonic map (see Fig 3), the structural elements of different orders are grouped by their sizes, spatial positions and orientations and thus comprise tectonic sistems (Fig. 4), structural zones (Fig. 5) that unclude relative uplifts and troughs that are considered as structural elements of smaller sizes (Fig. 6) Tectonic zoning of the sedimentary cover based on the structural-lithophysical indicators (Fig. 7-10) is carried out with reference to the maps of the lithophysical complexes of the four regional seismo-stratigraphic complexes/structural layers (see Fig. 2) and the map of high-order structural elements in the sedimentary cover (see Fig. 6).

Adaptive meshless local maximum-entropy finite element method for convection–diffusion problems

In this paper, a meshless local maximum-entropy finite element method (LME-FEM) is proposed to solve 1D Poisson equation and steady state convection---diffusion problems at various Peclet numbers in both 1D and 2D. By using local maximum-entropy (LME) approximation scheme to construct the element shape functions in the formulation of finite element method (FEM), additional nodes can be introduced within element without any mesh refinement to increase the accuracy of numerical approximation of unknown function, which procedure is similar to conventional p-refinement but without increasing the element connectivity to avoid the high conditioning matrix. The resulted LME-FEM preserves several significant characteristics of conventional FEM such as Kronecker-delta property on element vertices, partition of unity of shape function and exact reproduction of constant and linear functions. Furthermore, according to the essential properties of LME approximation scheme, nodes can be introduced in an arbitrary way and the $$C^0$$ C 0 continuity of the shape function along element edge is kept at the same time. No transition element is needed to connect elements of different orders. The property of arbitrary local refinement makes LME-FEM be a numerical method that can adaptively solve the numerical solutions of various problems where troublesome local mesh refinement is in general necessary to obtain reasonable solutions. Several numerical examples with dramatically varying solutions are presented to test the capability of the current method. The numerical results show that LME-FEM can obtain much better and stable solutions than conventional FEM with linear element.

Tectonic zoning of the sedimentary cover in the Deryugin basin of the Sea of Okhotsk based on structural-material (lithophysical) indicators

In terms of tectonics, the Deryugin basin (Fig. 1) is a part of the epi-Mesozoic Okhotsk plate comprising the heterogeneous basement that is mainly pre-Cenozoic (the lower structural stage) and the sedimentary cover that is mainly represented by the Paleogenic-Neogenic-Quaternary deposits with the Upper Cretaceous sedimentary rocks observed locally without a visible hiatus (the upper structural stage). The acoustic basement (AB) is composed of the metamorphosed Upper Cretaceous-Paleogenic silty-clayey-siliceous deposits (the western part of the region), amphibolites, gneisses, crystalline schists, weakly metamorphosed sandstones, siltstones, and mudstones (often siliceous), as well as intrusive and effusive rocks of basic, intermediate, and rarely persilic composition (the eastern part of the region). AB is generally dated as Mesozoic–Paleozoic. Results of tectonic zoning of the sedimentary cover based on material (lithophysical) indicators (Fig. 2) are represented in the format of maps showing lithophysical complexes (LC) within the limits of four regional seismo-stratigraphic complexes/structural layers (RSSC I-IV) corresponding to the following time intervals: the pre-Oligocene К2–P1-2 (RSSC I), the Oligocene – Lower Miocene P3–N11 (RSSC II), the Lower – Mid Miocene N11–2 (RSSC III), and the Upper Miocene – Pliocene N13–N2 (RSSC IV). Diverse lithological-facies associations composing the RSSCs are grouped into the following lithophysical complexes (LC): 1 - coal-bearing silty-clayey-sandy terrigenous, 2 - sandy-silty-clayey terrigenous, 3 - silty-clayey-siliceous, and 4 - sandy-silty-clayey volcanic [Sergeyev, 2006]. In the studied area (Fig. 2), the deposits of the pre-Oligocene RSSC are identified in limited areas within its northern, northwestern, and southwestern parts; they are represented by coal-bearing silty-clayey-sandy terrigenous and silty-clayey-siliceous LCs. Other RSSCs (II, III, and IV) in this area represented mostly by sandy-silty-clayey terrigenous and silty-clayey-siliceous LCs, and only the extreme southwestern part along the eastern Sakhalin coast contains narrow bands of the coal-bearing silty-clayey-sandy LC. The sandy-silty-clayey volcanic LC is absent in the Deryugin basin. Tectonic zoning of the sedimentary cover based on structural indicators is carried out with reference to the sediment-thickness map [Sergeyev, 2006] that was significantly revised in its segment showing the area of the Deryugin basin. Results of such zoning are represented in the format of a structural-tectonic map (Fig. 3) showing orientations and morphology of the structural elements of the sedimentary cover, the thickness of the sedimentary cover, and amplitudes of relative uplifts and troughs. With reference to the structural-tectonic map (see Fig. 3), the structural elements of different orders are grouped by their sizes, spatial positions and orientations and thus comprise structural zones (Fig. 4) that include relative uplifts and troughs that are considered as structural elements of smaller sizes (Fig. 5). Tectonic zoning of the sedimentary cover based on structural-material (lithophysical) indicators (Fig. 7–10) is carried out with reference to the maps of the lithophysical complexes of the four regional seismo-stratigraphic complexes/structural layers (see Fig. 2) and the map of high-order structural elements in the sedimentary cover (see Fig. 5).

Fractional order filter with two fractional elements of dependant orders

This work is aimed at generalizing the design of continuous-time filters in the non-integer-order (fractional-order) domain. In particular, we consider here the case where a filter is constructed using two fractional-order elements of different orders α and β. The design equations for the filter are generalized taking into consideration stability constraints. Also, the relations for the critical frequency points like maximum and minimum frequency points, the half power frequency and the right phase frequency are derived. The design technique presented here is related to a fractional order filter with dependent orders α and β related by a ratio k. Frequency transformations from the fractional low-pass filter to both fractional high-pass and band-pass filters are discussed. Finally, case studies of KHN active filter design examples are illustrated and supported with numerical and ADS simulations. Graphical Abstract [Display omitted] Highlights► General fundamentals of the fractional-dependent-order filters are introduced. ► The stability analysis of the fractional-order filters is presented. ► The critical frequencies (max., half-power, and right-phase) are calculated generally. ► A general transformation between the types of these filters is introduced. ► The fractional-order KHN filter is chosen to validate the presented concepts.

Gradient-Singular, Hierarchical Finite Elements for Vector Electromagnetics

New tetrahedral finite elements are described for the analysis of vector electromagnetic fields. They are singular elements that are more accurate than conventional, polynomial-based elements near sharp edges and corners. They are hierarchical, meaning that elements of different orders (accuracies) are available and may be placed together in the same mesh without violating continuity of the field. The elements are formed from a series of scalar singular elements by taking the gradient, and are therefore called gradient singular. Results using the new elements in p-adaptive analysis, orders 1 to 3, demonstrate that when they are used in place of conventional elements the scattering parameters are as much as 10 times more accurate for the same number of unknowns.

Structural elements of the sedimentary cover in the Deryugin Basin of the Sea of Okhotsk

A map of the tectonic zoning of the sedimentary cover in the Deryugin Basin area was constructed based on the structural data. For this purpose, a structural-tectonic map of the sedimentary cover was compiled using CDP seismic reflection and gravimetry data. Depending on the size, spatial position, and orientation, the structural elements of different orders were grouped into tectonic systems. The latters were subdivided into structural zones consisting of higher order structural elements in the form of relative rises and troughs. The corresponding maps and schemes are also presented in this paper.

Écritures de l'exil chez Elias et Veza Canetti

The exiled Viennese Sepharad writers, Elias and Veza Canetti, were confronted with the problem of their relation with the host country, England, and with the land of their origins, Vienna. The situation of exile reinforced their belonging to Spanish culture and to the Mediterranean and more generally the “Oriental” world. The present article deals with their trajectory looking at three different elements in order to explain why Veza failed where her husband finally succeeded. Veza died in 1963 and didn’t manage to publish any of her works, and for that reason there are but few examples of the work of this socialist and feminist author to enable us to understand her. Her last known work, a spirited comedy in English style, shows her desire to integrate and her ability to intertwine lightness and earnestness in weaving the thematic threads of exile into an entertaining play.

Overcoming the Clash of Legal Cultures: The Role of Interactive Arbitration

MANY YEARS ago, many of us then commencing our professional careers came to London responding to the kind invitation extended by one of the pioneers of international commercial arbitration – Mr Cedric Barclay. With his arbitration activities – and his friendship – he managed to interest many of us in the cause of arbitration. Back in those days, international commercial arbitration was a small artisanal speciality. As the much esteemed former Secretary General of the ICC's International Court of Arbitration, Frederick Eisemann, quite rightly told us, arbitration was only worth as much as the quality of the arbitrators. At that time, there was only a handful of law firms which represented parties in arbitration proceedings, although each of those firms was becoming familiar with the rules of the game being established through flexible procedures. Today, on the contrary, great economic battles are fought and a true arbitration industry has emerged. It has ceased to be the activity of a few and has now become a universally accepted solution for the resolution of international commercial conflicts. The number of uhose of us who today participate as arbitrators is extensive. Few companies, dedicated to the world of commerce, industry or international finance, have escaped participation in one way or another in international commercial arbitrations. The generalized inclusion of arbitration clauses in those contracts which they execute daily have attracted law firms from very different backgrounds and with distinct approaches to the world of arbitration. As a result, international arbitration is presently undergoing a process of harmonization in its basic notions through a limitless combination of its different elements in order to achieve a pleasing effect: the adaptation of legal systems throughout the world to a global economic market and, following innovations in telecommunications and the development of a global information infrastructure, to …