Different Degrees Of Host Specificity Research Articles

A novel intermediate host for Taenia serialis (Gervais, 1847): The European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L. 1758) from the Monti Sibillini National Park (MSNP), Italy.

Taeniids are multi-host parasites with an indirect life cycle that strictly depends on a predator-prey relationship. Parasites with a complex life cycle may exhibit different degrees of host-specificity at each life stage. Knowing the host breadth is a fundamental concept of the biology and epidemiology of these multi-host parasites. Morphological identification of tapeworms is challenging and occasionally may produce misdiagnosis. Thus, molecular investigations were carried out for the identification of parasitic cysts detected from muscle tissues in a male roe deer necropsied at the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati” (Central Italy). Sanger sequencing showed 99% query cover, 2e-109 e-value, and 100% identity with Taenia serialis. The exact definitive host was not revealed in this report, but red foxes and Italian wolves may play a significant role as being widespread within the area. Wildlife surveillance is crucial to monitor for human and animal health since global distribution and flexibility in intermediate hosts of many and even more critical taeniids species may enlarge their host range.

Co-structure analysis and genetic associations reveal insights into pinworms (Trypanoxyuris) and primates (Alouatta palliata) microevolutionary dynamics

BackgroundIn parasitism arm race processes and red queen dynamics between host and parasites reciprocally mold many aspects of their genetics and evolution. We performed a parallel assessment of population genetics and demography of two species of pinworms with different degrees of host specificity (Trypanoxyuris multilabiatus, species-specific; and T. minutus, genus-specific) and their host, the mantled howler monkey (Alouatta palliata), based on mitochondrial DNA sequences and microsatellite loci (these only for the host). Given that pinworms and primates have a close co-evolutionary history, covariation in several genetic aspects of their populations is expected.ResultsMitochondrial DNA revealed two genetic clusters (West and East) in both pinworm species and howler monkeys, although population structure and genetic differentiation were stronger in the host, while genetic diversity was higher in pinworms than howler populations. Co-divergence tests showed no congruence between host and parasite phylogenies; nonetheless, a significant correlation was found between both pinworms and A. palliata genetic pairwise distances suggesting that the parasites’ gene flow is mediated by the host dispersal. Moreover, the parasite most infective and the host most susceptible haplotypes were also the most frequent, whereas the less divergent haplotypes tended to be either more infective (for pinworms) or more susceptible (for howlers). Finally, a positive correlation was found between pairwise p-distance of host haplotypes and that of their associated pinworm haplotypes.ConclusionThe genetic configuration of pinworm populations appears to be molded by their own demography and life history traits in conjunction with the biology and evolutionary history of their hosts, including host genetic variation, social interactions, dispersal and biogeography. Similarity in patterns of genetic structure, differentiation and diversity is higher between howler monkeys and T. multilabiatus in comparison with T. minutus, highlighting the role of host-specificity in coevolving processes. Trypanoxyuris minutus exhibits genetic specificity towards the most frequent host haplotype as well as geographic specificity. Results suggest signals of potential local adaptation in pinworms and further support the notion of correlated evolution between pinworms and their primate hosts.

Host preference of three Asian larval parasitoids to closely related Drosophila species: implications for biological control of Drosophila suzukii

Insect parasitoids can attack phylogenetically related hosts that share similar physiological properties and defense mechanisms and, more importantly, overlapping ecological niches. Here, host preferences of three parasitoids, Asobara japonica (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Ganaspis brasiliensis and Leptopilina japonica (Hymenoptera: Figitidae), were examined on two closely related hosts, Drosophila suzukii and D. melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Each parasitoid’s rate of successful parasitism (or offspring survival) on these hosts was first compared in no choice tests. Results showed that A. japonica had higher parasitism levels than G. brasiliensis and L. japonica, and that offspring survival for all parasitoids was similar on both host species. Host preferences in choice tests were then compared, with each parasitoid presented with the two host species at different proportions of host abundance. None of the parasitoids showed host preference or host switching, even though these parasitoids have different degrees of host specificity, from more generalized (A. japonica) to more specialized (G. brasiliensis). Further examination of parasitoid olfactory responses showed all three parasitoid species were attracted to volatiles from fruit infested by either host species and showed no preference to either D. suzukii or D. melanogaster. Results suggest that the hosts’ phylogenetical similarity and a lack of any obvious fitness costs for offspring survival may reduce host preference by these larval parasitoids.

Leptothoe, a new genus of marine cyanobacteria (Synechococcales) and three new species associated with sponges from the Aegean Sea

Cyanobacterial diversity associated with sponges remains underestimated, though it is of great scientific interest in order to understand the ecology and evolutionary history of the symbiotic relationships between the two groups. Of the filamentous cyanobacteria, the genus Leptolyngbya is the most frequently found in association with sponges as well as the largest and obviously polyphyletic group. In this study, five Leptolyngbya-like sponge-associated isolates were investigated using a combination of molecular, chemical, and morphological approach and revealed a novel marine genus herein designated Leptothoe gen. nov. In addition, three new species of Leptothoe, Le.sithoniana, Le.kymatousa, and Le.spongobia, are described based on a suite of distinct characters compared to other marine Leptolyngbyaceae species/strains. The three new species, hosted by four sponge species, showed different degrees of host specificity. Leptothoe sithoniana and Le.kymatousa hosted by the sponges Petrosia ficiformis and Chondrilla nucula, respectively, seem to be more specialized than Le.spongobia, which was hosted by the sponges Dysidea avara and Acanthella acuta. All three species contained nitrogen-fixing genes and may contribute to the nitrogen budget of sponges. Leptothoe spongobia TAU-MAC 1115 isolated from Acanthella acuta was shown to produce microcystin-RR indicating that microcystin production among marine cyanobacteria could be more widespread than previously determined.

Host specificity driving genetic structure and diversity in ectoparasite populations: Coevolutionary patterns in Apodemus mice and their lice.

A degree of host specificity, manifested by the processes of host–parasite cospeciations and host switches, is assumed to be a major determinant of parasites’ evolution. To understand these patterns and formulate appropriate ecological hypotheses, we need better insight into the coevolutionary processes at the intraspecific level, including the maintenance of genetic diversity and population structure of parasites and their hosts. Here, we address these questions by analyzing large‐scale molecular data on the louse Polyplax serrata and its hosts, mice of the genus Apodemus, across a broad range of European localities. Using mitochondrial DNA sequences and microsatellite data, we demonstrate the general genetic correspondence of the Apodemus/Polyplax system to the scenario of the postglacial recolonization of Europe, but we also show several striking discrepancies. Among the most interesting are the evolution of different degrees of host specificity in closely related louse lineages in sympatry, or decoupled population structures of the host and parasites in central Europe. We also find strong support for the prediction that parasites with narrower host specificity possess a lower level of genetic diversity and a deeper pattern of interpopulation structure as a result of limited dispersal and smaller effective population size.

The phylogenetic position of the enigmatic Balkan Aulopyge huegelii (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) from the perspective of host-specific Dactylogyrus parasites (Monogenea), with a description of Dactylogyrus omenti n. sp.

BackgroundThe host specificity of fish parasites is considered a useful parasite characteristic with respect to understanding the biogeography of their fish hosts. Dactylogyrus Diesing, 1850 (Monogenea) includes common parasites of cyprinids exhibiting different degrees of host specificity, i.e. from strict specialism to generalism. The phylogenetic relationships and historical dispersions of several cyprinid lineages, including Aulopyge huegelii Heckel, 1843, are still unclear. Therefore, the aims of our study were to investigate (i) the Dactylogyrus spp. parasites of A. huegelii, and (ii) the phylogenetic relationships of Dactylogyrus spp. parasitizing A. huegelii as a possible tool for understanding the phylogenetic position of this fish species within the Cyprininae lineage.ResultsTwo species of Dactylogyrus, D. vastator Nybelin, 1924 and D. omenti n. sp., were collected from 14 specimens of A. huegelii from the Šujica River (Bosnia and Herzegovina). While D. vastator is a typical species parasitizing Carassius spp. and Cyprinus carpio L, D. omenti n. sp. is, according to phylogenetic reconstruction, closely related to Dactylogyrus species infecting European species of Barbus and Luciobarbus. The genetic distance revealed that the sequence for D. vastator from A. huegelii is identical with that for D. vastator from Barbus plebejus Bonaparte, 1839 (Italy) and Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782) (Croatia). Dactylogyrus omenti n. sp. was described as a species new to science.ConclusionsOur findings support the phylogenetic position of A. huegelii within the Cyprininae lineage and suggest that A. huegelii is phylogenetically closely related to Barbus and Luciobarbus species. The morphological similarity between D. omenti n. sp. and Dactylogyrus species of Middle Eastern Barbus suggests historical contact between cyprinid species recently living in allopatry and the possible diversification of A. huegelii from a common ancestor in this area. On other hand, the genetic similarity between D. vastator ex A. huegelii and D. vastator ex C. gibelio collected in Balkan Peninsula suggests that A. huegelii was secondarily parasitized by D. vastator, originating from C. gibelio after introduction of this fish species from Asia to Europe.

Plant-associated odor perception and processing in two parasitoid species with different degrees of host specificity: Implications for host location strategies

Microplitis croceipes and Cotesia marginiventris (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) are parasitoids of lepidopteran larvae with different degrees of host specificity. Both parasitoid species rely on host-related plant volatiles as odor cues to locate their herbivore hosts. To better understand mechanisms of odor processing in parasitoids, we tested responses of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) in the antennal sensilla placodea of female parasitoids to select plant volatiles and mixtures. The compounds tested include two green leaf volatiles (i.e., cis-3-hexenol and hexanal) and three herbivore-induced plant volatiles (i.e., cis-3-hexenyl butyrate, cis-3-hexenyl acetate and linalool). Single-sensillum recording showed that the test compounds elicited activity in large and small amplitude neurons housed in the short sensilla placodea of both parasitoid species. In general, C. marginiventris showed greater OSN responses to a low dose while M. croceipes showed greater responses to a high dose of test compounds. Binary mixtures of cis-3-hexenol and linalool inhibited OSN activity in M. croceipes, but not in C. marginiventris. These differences may have implications for odor discrimination in the two parasitoid species. In addition, anterograde neurobiotin stainings were performed to map glomerular projections of OSNs in the antennal lobe of the parasitoids. In M. croceipes, a mixture of cis-3-hexenol and linalool inhibited activity of the glomerulus activated by cis-3-hexenol alone. In C. marginiventris, a mixture of cis-3-hexenol and cis-3-hexenyl acetate showed intense labeling in their respective glomeruli, possibly suggesting a synergistic interaction. These differences in detection and coding of single compounds and mixtures may impact host location strategies in the two parasitoid species.

Does interspecies hybridization affect the host specificity of parasites in cyprinid fish?

BackgroundHost specificity varies among parasite species. Some parasites are strictly host-specific, others show a specificity for congeneric or non-congeneric phylogenetically related host species, whilst some others are non-specific (generalists). Two cyprinids, Cyprinus carpio and Carassius gibelio, plus their respective hybrids were investigated for metazoan parasites. The aim of this study was to analyze whether interspecies hybridization affects host specificity. The different degrees of host specificity within a phylogenetic framework were taken into consideration (i.e. strict specialist, intermediate specialist, and intermediate generalist).MethodsFish were collected during harvesting the pond and identified using meristic traits and molecular markers. Metazoan parasite species were collected. Host specificity of parasites was determined using the following classification: strict specialist, intermediate specialist, intermediate generalist and generalist. Parasite species richness was compared between parental species and their hybrids. The effect of host species on abundance of parasites differing in host specificity was tested.ResultsHybrids harbored more different parasite species but their total parasite abundance was lower in comparison with parental species. Interspecies hybridization affected the host specificity of ecto- and endoparasites. Parasite species exhibiting different degrees of host specificity for C. carpio and C. gibelio were also present in hybrids. The abundance of strict specialists of C. carpio was significantly higher in parental species than in hybrids. Intermediate generalists parasitizing C. carpio and C. gibelio as two phylogenetically closely related host species preferentially infected C. gibelio when compared to C. carpio, based on prevalence and maximum intensity of infection. Hybrids were less infected by intermediate generalists when compared to C. gibelio.ConclusionsThis finding does not support strict co-adaptation between host and parasite genotypes resulting in narrow host specificity, and showed that hybrid genotypes are susceptible to parasites exhibiting host specificity. The immune mechanisms specific to parental species might represent potential mechanisms explaining the low abundance of parasites in C. gibelio x C. carpio hybrids.

Species and sexual differences in behavioural responses of a specialist and generalist parasitoid species to host-related volatiles

The relationship between the degree of specialization of parasitoids and their responses to host-related volatiles is an important and current evolutionary question. Specialist parasitoids which have evolved to attack fewer host species are predicted to be more responsive to host-related volatiles than generalists. We tested the above prediction by comparing behavioural responses of both sexes of two parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) with different degrees of host specificity, Microplitis croceipes (Cresson) (specialist) and Cotesia marginiventris (generalist), to different suites of synthetic host-related volatile compounds. The compounds tested at two doses (1 and 100 μg) include two green leaf volatiles (GLVs: hexanal and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol) and four herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs: (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, linalool, (Z)-3-hexenyl butyrate and (E,E)-α-farnesene). Two hypotheses were tested: (i) M. croceipes (specialist) would show relatively greater behavioural responses to the HIPVs, whereas C. marginiventris (generalist) would show greater behavioural responses to the GLVs, and (ii) females of both species would show greater responses than conspecific males to the host-related volatiles. At the low dose (1 μg), females of the specialist showed significantly greater responses than females of the generalist to three of the tested HIPVs, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, linalool and (Z)-3-hexenyl butyrate. In contrast, females of the generalist showed relatively greater responses to the GLVs. The same trends were recorded at the high dose but fewer significant differences were detected. In general, similar results were recorded for males, with the exception of linalool (an HIPV) which elicited significantly greater response in the generalist than the specialist. Comparing the sexes, females of both species showed greater responses than conspecific males to most of the tested volatiles. The ecological significance of these findings is discussed.

Comparison of associative learning of host-related plant volatiles in two parasitoids with different degrees of host specificity, Cotesia marginiventris and Microplitis croceipes

The ability of parasitoids to learn a wide range of volatiles, including ecologically relevant and novel odors, and respond favorably to the learned stimuli has been documented for various species. Comparison of odor learning in closely related species can elucidate adaptive differences in species responses to infochemicals. The present study used a Y-tube olfactometer to compare odor learning and priming of behavioral responses of two parasitoids, Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson) and Microplitis croceipes (Cresson), to four selected host-related volatile compounds which have been previously shown to elicit behavioral response in both species; trans-2-hexanal, α-pinene, cis-3-hexenyl butyrate, and (E,E)-α-farnesene. The two parasitoid species differ in their degree of specialization at the host level with M. croceipes having a more specialized host range, but otherwise represent infochemical generalist parasitoid species at the plant level. Naive females as well as females that had been trained to associate sugar water with the test compounds were tested. Compared to naive females, trained females of C. marginiventris showed a significant increase in behavioral response to all four tested compounds. In contrast, trained females of M. croceipes showed a significant increase in behavioral response only to α-pinene, and (E,E)-α-farnesene. Overall, the species with a wider host range, C. marginiventris showed a greater learning-induced increase in response than the species with a relatively specialized host range, M. croceipes. The results imply that animals with different ecological constraints may show variations in learning. The adaptive significance of behavioral responses as related to dietary specializations of the parasitoids is discussed.

Electroantennogram (EAG) responses of Microplitis croceipes and Cotesia marginiventris and their lepidopteran hosts to a wide array of odor stimuli: Correlation between EAG response and degree of host specificity?

In order to test whether the electroantennogram (EAG) response spectrum of an insect correlates to its degree of host specificity, we recorded EAG responses of two parasitoid species with different degrees of host specificity, Microplitis croceipes (specialist) and Cotesia marginiventris (generalist), to a wide array of odor stimuli including compounds representing green leaf volatiles (GLVs), herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPV), ecologically irrelevant (not used by the parasitoid species and their hosts for host location) plant volatiles, and host-specific odor stimuli (host sex pheromones, and extracts of host caterpillar body and frass). We also tested the EAG responses of female moths of the caterpillar hosts of the parasitoids, Heliothis virescens and Spodoptera exigua, to some of the odor stimuli. We hypothesized that the specialist parasitoid will have a narrower EAG response spectrum than the generalist, and that the two lepidopteran species, which are similar in their host plant use, will show similar EAG response spectra to plant volatiles. As predicted, the specialist parasitoid showed greater EAG responses than the generalist to host-specific odor and one HIPV ( cis-3-hexenyl butyrate), whereas the generalist showed relatively greater EAG responses to the GLVs and unrelated plant volatiles. We detected no differences in the EAG responses of H. virescens and S. exigua to any of the tested odor.

Infection success of different trematode genotypes in two alternative intermediate hosts: evidence for intraspecific specialization?

The evolution of host specificity and the potential trade-off between being a generalist and a specialist are central issues in the evolutionary ecology of parasites. Different species of parasites or even different populations of the same species often show different degrees of host specificity. However, less is known about intraspecific variation in host specificity within a population. We investigated intraspecific variation by experimentally exposing cercariae from different clones of the trematode Curtuteria australis to two species of second intermediate hosts, the New Zealand cockle Austrovenus stutchburyi and the wedge shell Macomona liliana. We found an overall difference in infection success between the two bivalve species, with A. stutchburyi being the more heavily infected host. However, the cercariae showed a consistent preference for encysting at the tip of the bivalve's foot, regardless of host species. Importantly, there were no significant differences among parasite clones in either relative infection success in the two hosts or preference for the host foot tip. This lack of intraspecific variation may be due to the life-history traits of both parasite and hosts in our system, which may limit opportunities for variation in performance and exploitation strategies in different hosts to evolve within the population.

Intrinsic competition between larval parasitoids with different degrees of host specificity

Abstract. 1. Interspecific competition among parasitoids may play a key role in the community dynamics of tritrophic plant–herbivore–parasitoid systems and has important implications for management of herbivorous insect pests.2. A model system was used to explore the outcome of interspecific competition between parasitoids that differ in host specificity. The system included the lepidopteran pest Heliothis virescens, the generalist parasitoid Cotesia marginiventris, and two specialist parasitoids, Microplitis croceipes and Cardiochiles nigriceps.3. The generalist, C. marginiventris, dominated intrinsic competition when given an 8‐h developmental head start over C. nigriceps or when its oviposition was simultaneous with that of M. croceipes. Microplitis croceipes and especially C. nigriceps larvae prevailed when they were allowed to oviposit prior to C. marginiventris.4. Rates of host mortality prior to parasitoid emergence varied with parasitoid species composition and with the order of oviposition.5. Implications for integrated pest management and the adaptive significance of competition as related to host specialisation are discussed.

Life-cycles and Competition-avoiding Strategies of Seed-eating Weevil Species on Broom Species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae / Leguminosae: Genisteae)

In the centre of the Iberian Peninsula, 5 species of seed-eating weevils show different degrees of host specificity inhabiting species of the broom genera Cytisus Linnaeus and Genista (Tournfourt) Almost all of them are confined to one or 2 closely related host species. There are (a) monophagous species: Exapion laufferi (Schilsky 1906), restricted to Genista cinerascens Lange; (b) oligophagous species restricted to one genus: E fuscirostre (Fabricius 1775) to the genus Cytisus, and E putoni (Ch Brisout 1866) to the genus Genista; (c) oligophagous species in a broad sense: E compactum (Desbrochers 1888) and Pachytychius sparsutus (Olivier 1807) exploiting several species of both genera. Species of the broom genera Adenocarpus De Candolle and Retama Rafinesque were not found to be inhabited by seed-eating weevils, perhaps because of the chemical and morphological characteristics of their pods. In accordance with their degree of specialization, there is a close synchrony between the life cycles of the various weevil species and the phenology of their host plants: The weevils reached peak numbers when the respective main food source for their larvae was available, i.e, when the specific host plants began pod formation. The specialization of these weevil species, such as differences in their oviposition sites, ways of entering the seeds as well as the larval feeding positions inside the seed, are strategies to avoid competitors, to foster coexistence, and to enable the optimal explotation of the resource.

Comparisons and Contrasts in Host-Foraging Strategies of Two Larval Parasitoids with Different Degrees of Host Specificity

In theory, the degree of specificity of the signals a parasitoid species needs to successfully locate its host correlates with its level of specialization. We examined this question by comparing the foraging strategies of two parasitoids that differ in their host ranges. In wind-tunnel experiments, we investigated how systemically released herbivore-induced volatiles were used by the generalist parasitoid,Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson) and the specialist,Microplitis croceipes (Cresson). We determined the relative influence of these volatiles as compared to other signals emitted in the host orientation of the two parasitoids. Both the generalist and the specialist parasitoid strongly preferredSpodoptera exigua (Hubner) leaf-induced systemic plants over undamaged plants when no other information was available. When wasps were given a choice between leaf-induced and undamaged plants carrying other plant- or host-related materials, the responses differed for the two species.C. marginiventris appeared to cue primarily on recent damage volatiles, whereasM. croceipes appeared to cue primarily on host frass volatiles. However, recent damage on previously leaf-induced plants, was strongly preferred to recent damage on plants previously damaged by both species. When plants were induced at the squares byHelicoverpa zea (Boddie), onlyM. croceipes exhibited a preference for these plants over undamaged plants. The adaptive significance of the behaviors as related to dietary specializations of the parasitoids is discussed.

Flower Mites and Phoresy: the Biology of Hattena Panopla Domrow and Hattena Cometis Domrow (Acari:Mesostigmata:Ameroseiidae)

Two flower-inhabiting ameroseiid mites exhibited different degrees of host specificity; Hattena panopla occurred only in Bruguiera gymnorhiza, but Hattena cometis occurred in Aegiceras corniculatum, Castanospermum australe, Dendrophthoe vitellina, Erythrina variegara, Aloe sp. and Amyema sp. Both species of mite consumed nectar and probably pollen in the laboratory. Flowers of B. gymnorhiza were short lived and senesced after about 5 days. Most H. panopla inhabited the flower for 1-3 days and relied on birds for transport between flowers, but could move from flower to flower via plant stems and were found on ants visiting dying flowers. H. panopla responded to an aging flower by moving out of the petals onto the calyx. All post-larval stages of H. panopla were phoretic; many immature mites of both species dispersed by climbing onto the dorsal surface of dispersing adult mites. The dispersal of immature mites and the behavioural response of H. panopla to flower age were considered to be adaptations to the mite's ephemeral habitat. Adult female H. cometis and adult male and female H. panopla had sucker-like ambulacra that lacked claws, a probable adaptation for phoresy.

Competition Among Parasitoids of Endophytic Hosts

Previous articleNext article No AccessNotes and CommentsCompetition Among Parasitoids of Endophytic HostsDon C. ForceDon C. Force Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The American Naturalist Volume 126, Number 3Sep., 1985 Published for The American Society of Naturalists Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/284430 Views: 2Total views on this site Citations: 13Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1985 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Y. Feng, S. Wratten, H. Sandhu, M. Keller Interspecific competition between two generalist parasitoids that attack the leafroller Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), Bulletin of Entomological Research 105, no.44 (Jan 2015): 426–433.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485314000923Hai-Yun Xu, Nian-Wan Yang, Fang-Hao Wan, Erik V. Thuesen Competitive Interactions between Parasitoids Provide New Insight into Host Suppression, PLoS ONE 8, no.1111 (Nov 2013): e82003.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0082003PETER M. MAGDARAOG, JEFFREY A. HARVEY, TOSHIHARU TANAKA, RIETA GOLS Intrinsic competition among solitary and gregarious endoparasitoid wasps and the phenomenon of ‘resource sharing’, Ecological Entomology 37, no.11 (Jan 2012): 65–74.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.2011.01338.x 10.1007/BF02380670, CrossRef Listing of Deleted DOIs 56 (Jan 2011).https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02380670MIGUEL R. PANIAGUA, ENRIQUE MEDIANERO, OWEN T. LEWIS Structure and vertical stratification of plant galler-parasitoid food webs in two tropical forests, Ecological Entomology 34, no.33 (Jun 2009): 310–320.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.2008.01079.xJeffrey A. Harvey, Rieta Gols, Michael R. Strand Intrinsic competition and its effects on the survival and development of three species of endoparasitoid wasps, Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 130, no.33 (Mar 2009): 238–248.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.2008.00816.xH. Gibb, J. Hilszczański, J. Hjältén, K. Danell, J. P. Ball, R. B. Pettersson, O. Alinvi Responses of parasitoids to saproxylic hosts and habitat: a multi-scale study using experimental logs, Oecologia 155, no.11 (Oct 2007): 63–74.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-007-0887-8Consuelo M. De Moraes, Mark C. Mescher Intrinsic competition between larval parasitoids with different degrees of host specificity, Ecological Entomology 30, no.55 (Oct 2005): 564–570.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0307-6946.2005.00723.xTania Zaviezo, Nick Mills The response of Hyssopus pallidus to hosts previously parasitised by Ascogaster quadridentata : heterospecific discrimination and host quality, Ecological Entomology 26, no.11 (Oct 2008): 91–99.https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2311.2001.00289.xConsuelo M. De Moraes, A. M. Cortesero, J. O. Stapel, W. J. Lewis Intrinsic and extrinsic competitive interactions between two larval parasitoids of Heliothis virescens, Ecological Entomology 24, no.44 (Dec 2001): 402–410.https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2311.1999.00212.xF. A. N. Alebeek, D. Rojas-Rousse, L. Leveque Interspecific competition between Eupelmus vuilleti and Dinarmus basalis, two solitary ectoparasitoids of Bruchidae larvae and pupae, Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 69, no.11 (Apr 2011): 21–31.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1993.tb01724.xBRADFORD A. HAWKINS Do galls protect endophytic herbivores from parasitoids? A comparison of galling and non-galling Diptera, Ecological Entomology 13, no.44 (Nov 1988): 473–477.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1988.tb00381.xD. C. Force, D. J. Moriarty Effects of patch scale on density-dependence and species-dependence in two host-parasitoid systems, Oecologia 76, no.33 (Aug 1988): 439–444.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00377040