Different Degrees Of Absorption Research Articles

Solvation effects on the excitation dynamics, structural and photorelaxation, quantum chemical investigation, and photophysical properties of 2D p-expanded quinoidal terthiophene (2DQTTs): Outlook from Ab-initio calculations

All dyes have different degrees of absorption. The present study delves into the intricate interplay between solvation and the photophysical behaviors of 2D p-expanded quinoidal terthiophene (2DQTT) dye compounds represented as A3, A4, and A5. In this study, a comprehensive investigation is presented, elucidating how solvation impacts excitation dynamics, ground and excited state geometry, photophysical characteristics. and photorelaxation dynamics of 2DQTTs. The energy gap data shows that the energies of the compounds increased in polar mediums and were greater for compound A3 which had ΔE values of 3.5227 eV in water, and 3.5225 eV in DMSO while compound A5 had the highest ΔE in all phases, with a ΔE value of 3.5453 eV in EtOH. Relaxation of the compounds leads to changes in the bonds and structural conformation of the 2D P-expanded quinoidal terthiophene (2DQTT) compounds as the compounds de-excite back to a lower energy level, and the photon causes a change in structural bonding (Stokes shift) in the heteroatoms which was taken into consideration. This manuscript not only advances our fundamental understanding of the interactions between solvation and molecular structure but also provides valuable insights into optimizing the performance of 2DQTT in optoelectronic devices as the compounds display a high absorption band in all phases, especially in water medial with compound A3, A4 and A5 recording absorbances of 785.32 nm, 787.13 nm, and 786.78 nm respectively, a high light harvesting efficiency LHE, great electron exciton energy and an injecting capacity (ΔGinject) greater than 0.20 eV in all phases. This work contributes significantly to the design and application of novel materials for next-generation optoelectronic technologies hence we hope that experimental research tests the studied compound towards the mentioned application.

Using Sabine’s and sound power relation to study: The effect of diffusers on measured sound absorption

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of the number of diffusers placed in the same room, as well as the effect of diffusers with a flat area (8.4, 13.2, and 18 m2) on the calculated sound absorption coefficient in a reverberation room, when an iterative procedure based on the evaluation of the sound power level is applied (this is done by using the sound power equation and substituting with different values of equivalent absorption area on both sides of the transformed equation to reach the correct value for absorption area, which achieves equality on both sides of the equation in order to achieve the goal). The sound absorption coefficient at random incident of three materials having different degrees of absorption—has been measured in a reverberation room according to ISO 345: a highly absorbent material (sponge) a medium absorbent material (rubber) and a low absorbent material (wood).There is a noticeable convergence between the calculated and measured sound absorption coefficient from the usual ISO 354 procedure and from the sound power level equation from ISO 3741,when diffusers are present. The difference in sound power level is close to 1.0 dB depending on the position of the source with the diffuser area. Thanks to the diffusers effect, the difference between the measured and the calculated sound absorption coefficient can be considerably reduced.

Angular X-ray transmission measurements of gold absorption gratings: comparison of different laboratory X-ray sources

Over the past few years, numerous advances have been made in X-ray imaging technology. X-ray imaging plays an important role in the non-destructive exploration of the internal structures of objects for research, medical and industrial applications. When X-rays are used in computed tomography (CT), the differences in density of various components of a specimen result in different degrees of absorption of the X-rays and are ultimately responsible for image formation and image contrast. However, in some situations, this contrast is not sufficient for the sample, e.g. in the case of fossils embedded in rock, there are often situations where the fossil and rock have similar grey values. Poor contrast causes the loss of valuable detail and makes further image processing steps such as segmentation challenging. There is a continuous need to improve and develop new image acquisition techniques with the goal to improve the quality of the obtained CT data. Computed tomography techniques have been extended to phase contrast imaging in recent years using the principle of Talbot-Lau interferometers. Initially performed in synchrotron facilities the method was extended to work with incoherent polychromatic X-ray sources by introducing a source grating into the setup and therefore reducing the requirements on the spatial coherence of the source significantly. In this work, we report on the experimental characterization of gold absorption gratings used in such a laboratory-based cone-beam phase contrast setup. The gold gratings are characterized by Angular X-ray Transmission using different laboratory X-ray sources, providing insights not only into the grating feature sizes but also validating the suitability of the available laboratory source for phase contrast imaging. This work is the first step in a project implementing phase contrast X-ray imaging in laboratory setups in South Africa.

Terahertz spectroscopic detection of amino acid molecules under magnetic field

Terahertz (THz) waves can cover the characteristic spectra of substances such as plasma, organisms, and biomolecules, whereas THz photons have low energy and do not damage biological tissues. Therefore, its absorption characteristics in the THz region can be used to characterize the internal structure of biomolecules. In this study, we designed a microfluidic chip and combined it with THz technology. The spectral intensity in descending order was found to be deionized water, phenylalanine, histidine, glycine and glutamic acid by observing the THz wave transmission in the range of 0.1–1.0 THz, comparing the frequency domain spectra of four amino acid solutions with volume fraction of 2% and deionized water. It is inferred that different molecular structures of amino acids resulted in different numbers of hydrogen bonds formed between them and water molecules, leading to different degrees of absorption of THz waves. In addition, magnetic fields parallel to the THz wave transmission were used to study the variation of different amino acids with magnetic field intensity. It is found that increasing the magnetic field strength decrease the transmission of THz waves. This is because under the action of the magnetic field, on the one hand, the hydrogen bonds formed by water molecules are strengthened and the absorption of THz waves is enhanced; on the other hand, amino acid molecules aggregate and the radius of molecular clusters increases, thus blocking the transmission of THz waves. Finally, we also calculated the electric conductivity of the solutions to prove the accuracy of the experimental results from a theoretical point of view.

Treatment of patients with Covid-19 with a high dose of ulinastatin.

Currently, there are no specific therapeutic agents available for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). The present study aimed to assess the efficacy of high-dose ulinastatin for the treatment of patients with Covid-19. A total of 12 patients hospitalized with confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection were treated with a high dose of ulinastatin alongside standard care. Changes in clinical manifestations, laboratory examinations and chest images were retrospectively analyzed. A total of 10 patients with severe Covid-19 and two patients with moderate Covid-19 received ulinastatin treatment. The average age of the patients was 68.0±11.9 years (age range, 48-87 years). In total, nine of the 12 patients (75.0%) had one or more comorbidities. The most common symptoms on admission were fever (8/12, 66.7%), cough (5/12, 41.7%) and dyspnea (5/12, 41.7%). The percentage of lymphocytes was decreased in 41.7% of patients (5/12) and 58.3% of patients (7/12) had elevated hypersensitive C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (mean, 49.70±77.70 mg/l). The white blood cell levels and the percentage of lymphocytes returned to normal in all of the patients, and CRP was significantly decreased and returned to normal in 83.3% of patients (10/12; mean, 6.87±6.63 mg/l) on day 7 after ulinastatin treatment. Clinical symptoms were relieved synchronously. The peripheral oxygen saturation improved and 66.7% of the patients (8/12) did not require further oxygen therapy 7 days after ulinastatin treatment. No patients required intensive care unit admission or mechanical ventilation. All patients revealed different degrees of absorption of pulmonary lesions after treatment. Compared with the standard care group, ulinastatin treatment significantly prevented illness deterioration. In conclusion, these preliminary data revealed that high-dose ulinastatin treatment was safe and exhibited a potential beneficial effect for patients with Covid-19.

The influence of Indian medicine on traditional Chinese medicine from Dunhuang medical literature

Through the Silk Road, Chinese medicine has different degrees of absorption on different levels of indic medicine. On the whole, Chinese medicine's absorption of indic medicine is "based on me" , "the way of my own, using the instrument." Taking the four levels of "rational, legal, prescription, and medicine" as the entrance, and analyzing the acceptance attitude of traditional Chinese medicine to Indian medicine with the Dunhuang medical literature as the center.Overall the analysis result on Chinese medicine's absorption of Indic medicine is "Based on our principles, utilising their means" , or can be understood as "fitting the foreign ideas into an already mature infrastructure" .

CT imaging features and image evolution characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019.

To analyze the imaging features of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in different periods, and summarize the characteristics with itsdevelopment. We retrospectively analyzed the CT image data of COVID-19 patients diagnosed by nucleic acid test and CT examination in 57 patients in Zhuzhou Central Hospital and Zhuzhou First People's Hospital, and summarized the characteristics of CT imaging and the development of lesions. Most of the cases were characterized by peripheral distribution of lesions. A total of 37 cases (64.91%) were purely peripherally distributed, 16 cases (28.07%) coexisted with peripheral and mid-internal distribution, and 4 cases (7.02%) had simple mid-inner band distribution. In peripherally distributed cases, the long axis of the lesion was mostly parallel to the pleura in 36 cases (63.16%). In the case of inner-middle zone distribution, the long axis of the lesion was mostly parallel and surrounded the bronchial vascular bundle, or distributed along the lung lobules (31.58%). All cases had ground-glass-density foci, 31 cases (54.38%) had fine grid shadows in the lesions, 46 cases (80.70%) had thick vascular shadows in the lesions, and 23 cases (40.35%) showed signs of bronchial inflation. Among the 10 cases of "wrinkling shape" lesions in the first CT examination, except for 1 case without reexamination, the remaining 9 cases had different degrees of absorption in the second CT examination. Among the 26 cases of "wrinkling shape" lesions in the second CT examination, except for 11 cases without reexamination, the other 15 patients had different degrees of absorption in the third CT examination. The early CT manifestations of COVID-19 are mostly ground-glass-density foci distributed in the subpleural region, some of which are distributed near the bronchial blood vessel bundle and in the central area of the lobule. As the course of the disease progresses, there may be varying degrees of solid components in the lesion. When the lesions show a "wrinkling shape", it is often suggested that the lesions will evolve towards the direction of absorption. These characteristics are of great value in assisting clinical diagnosis and dynamically observing changes undersuch condition.

P‐162: Z‐Axis Polarizer for the Reduction of Panel Dark Light Leakage

A Z‐axis absorption film that can be integrated with a polarizer is proposed. The film provides different degrees of absorption for front and side views to solve the light leakage behavior of the IPS panel in a dark side view state. The front view brightness of the panel can be three times higher than the side view of the dark state, thereby effectively improving the light leakage of the IPS panel in the dark state of the large viewing angle.

Absorbing aerosols at high relative humidity: linking hygroscopic growth to optical properties

Abstract. One of the major uncertainties in the understanding of Earth's climate system is the interaction between solar radiation and aerosols in the atmosphere. Aerosols exposed to high humidity will change their chemical, physical, and optical properties due to their increased water content. To model hydrated aerosols, atmospheric chemistry and climate models often use the volume weighted mixing rule to predict the complex refractive index (RI) of aerosols when they interact with high relative humidity, and, in general, assume homogeneous mixing. This study explores the validity of these assumptions. A humidified cavity ring down aerosol spectrometer (CRD-AS) and a tandem hygroscopic DMA (differential mobility analyzer) are used to measure the extinction coefficient and hygroscopic growth factors of humidified aerosols, respectively. The measurements are performed at 80% and 90%RH at wavelengths of 532 nm and 355 nm using size-selected aerosols with different degrees of absorption; from purely scattering to highly absorbing particles. The ratio of the humidified to the dry extinction coefficients (fRHext(%RH, Dry)) is measured and compared to theoretical calculations based on Mie theory. Using the measured hygroscopic growth factors and assuming homogeneous mixing, the expected RIs using the volume weighted mixing rule are compared to the RIs derived from the extinction measurements. We found a weak linear dependence or no dependence of fRH(%RH, Dry) with size for hydrated absorbing aerosols in contrast to the non-monotonically decreasing behavior with size for purely scattering aerosols. No discernible difference could be made between the two wavelengths used. Less than 7% differences were found between the real parts of the complex refractive indices derived and those calculated using the volume weighted mixing rule, and the imaginary parts had up to a 20% difference. However, for substances with growth factor less than 1.15 the volume weighted mixing rule assumption needs to be taken with caution as the imaginary part of the complex RI can be underestimated.

Spectral Transmittance of Intraocular Lenses under Natural and Artificial Illumination: Criteria Analysis for Choosing a Suitable Filter

To compare the spectral transmission of different intraocular lenses (IOLs) with either ultraviolet (UV) or blue-light filters, and to analyze the performance of these filters with artificial light sources as well as sunlight. Experimental study. The spectral transmission curve of 10 IOLs was measured using a PerkinElmer Lambda 800 UV/VIS spectrometer (Waltham, MA). Different filtering simulations were performed using the D65 standard illuminant as daylight and standard incandescent lamp and fluorescent bulb illuminants. Spectral transmittance of the IOLs. All the IOLs studied provide good UVC (200-280 nm) and UVB (280-315 nm) protection, except for one that presented an appreciable window at 270 nm. Nevertheless, both natural and artificial sources have practically no emission under 300 nm. In the UVA (315-380 nm) range the curves of the different IOLs manifested different degrees of absorption. Not all the UV filters incorporated in different IOLs protect equally. The filters that provide greater photoprotection against UV radiation, even blue light, are yellow and orange. Then, yellow and orange IOL filters may be best suited for cases requiring special retinal protection. The filters that favor better photoreception of visible light (380-780 nm) are those that transmit this radiation close to 100%. Artificial illumination practically does not emit in the UV range, but its levels of illumination are very low when compared with solar light. A possible balance between photoprotection and photoreception could be a sharp cutoff filter with the cutoff wavelength near 400 nm and a maximum transmittance around 100%.

Similarity and Diversity in Policymaking

Transatlantic Policymaking in an Age of Austerity: Diversity and Drift. Edited by Martin A. Levin, Martin Shapiro. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2004. 344 pp., $29.95 (ISBN: 1-589-01031-0). In the literature on public policymaking, interest in explicit cross-Atlantic comparisons has been a casualty of the somewhat artificial distinction between comparative and American politics. The prevalent image has emphasized a one-way diffusion of US ideas and practices to European countries, with different degrees of absorption by the latter. Transatlantic Policymaking in an Age of Austerity tries to offer a more nuanced and complex picture of what is, in reality, a two-way street between Europe and the United States—with several turns, stops, and drifts along the way. In Transatlantic Policymaking in an Age of Austerity Martin Levin, Martin Shapiro, and their contributors explicitly compare a wide set of domestic policymaking areas in different European and North American nations. The major goal of the book is to explain how different national institutional structures on both sides of the Atlantic cope with common exogenous challenges. The book develops a story of persisting transatlantic divergences behind a facade of common challenges and apparent convergences in policy solutions. Politics, on both sides of the Atlantic, is very much “reform without change, change without reform,” as Jacob Hacker, one of the contributors, characterizes it. But, behind this general, albeit superficial, pattern, the book emphasizes the variety of divergent paths, resulting from domestic political dynamics whose rhythm is imparted by the various specific national institutions and political structures. Looking at different countries, the various chapters examine, at different levels of theoretical articulation, how national policymaking confronts common challenges in ways that are largely shaped by context-specific and path-dependent processes. The result is a quite diversified picture of policies across countries. In some areas, progressive convergence has occurred between European and US experiences. In other areas, divergence persists. In still others, a disjointed pattern in the way the policies evolve prevails. Transatlantic Policymaking in an Age of …

Disposition and metabolism of almotriptan in rats, dogs and monkeys

Almotriptan is a new highly potent selective 5-HT1B/1D receptor agonist developed for the treatment of migraine, and the disposition of almotriptan in different animal species is now addressed in the current study. Almotriptan was well absorbed in rats (69.1%) and dogs (100%) following oral treatment. The absolute bioavailability was variable reflecting different degrees of absorption and first-pass metabolism (18.7–79.6%). The elimination half-life was short and ranged between 0.7 and 3 h. The main route of elimination of almotriptan was urine with 75.6% and 80.4% of the dose recovered over a 168-h period in rats and dogs, respectively. The γ-aminobutyric acid metabolite formed by oxidation of the pyrrolidine ring was the main metabolite found in urine, faeces, bile, and plasma of rats and in monkey urine. By contrast, the unchanged drug, the indole acetic acid metabolite formed by oxidative deamination of the dimethylaminoethyl group, and the N-oxide metabolite were the main metabolites in dog.

Retrieved optical properties of thin films on absorbing substrates from transmittance measurements by application of a spectral projected gradient method

The refractive index and the extinction coefficient of thin films deposited on absorbing substrates, as well as their thicknesses, are obtained from measurements of direct transmittance. The inversion approach is based on application of a spectral projected gradient method (SPGM). First, simulated transmittance spectra are used to compare the performance of the method with published results considering films with different degrees of absorption and thickness, and then inversions from real measurements taken over the solar spectral range are carried out. It is shown that the use of the SPGM, to minimize the difference between measured and computed transmittance spectra, becomes a powerful tool to solve efficiently the problem of obtaining the optical constants of thin films from spectroscopic measurements.

Nutrient and bowel segment dependency of human intestinal control of gastric secretion.

The gastric secretory effects of protein, fat, and carbohydrate infused at different levels of the small bowel were investigated in seven healthy subjects. Similar caloric loads (53.4 kcal) of protein (essential amino acids), lipid (oleic acid), and carbohydrate (glucose) in isomolar (280 mosmol/l) similar pH (7.4) solutions were infused into 60-cm segments of small bowel (isolated between two occlusive balloons), located distal to the ligament of Treitz (proximal), proximal to the ileocecal valve (distal), and between the two (middle). A submaximal gastric secretory background was provided by continuous intravenous pentagastrin. Protein stimulated acid secretion in the proximal (increase of 8.7 meq/h, representing 84 +/- 5% of control level) and middle (increase of 1.9 meq/h, representing 16 +/- 2% of control level) segments, while it inhibited acid secretion when infused into the distal segment (decrease of 3.7 meq/h, representing 33 +/- 4% of control level). In contrast, both lipid and carbohydrate inhibited acid secretion similarly (33-38% of control level) at all levels of the bowel. The different effects of protein at different levels of the bowel could not be explained by differences in serum gastrin, different degrees of absorption, or different postabsorptive levels of alpha-amino nitrogen. This suggests the presence of hormonal (nongastrin) or neural mechanisms in the proximal bowel to stimulate acid secretion and/or in the distal bowel to inhibit acid secretion. Thus, factors that determine specific nutrient loads to specific segments of bowel can have important physiological effects on gastric acid secretion.

Cadmium in deciduous teeth of Norwegian children

Two thousand one hundred and sixty‐nine deciduous teeth were collected from cities, industrialized areas, rural and fishing communities in several Norwegian counties. Teeth from Medieval Bergen were also included. Cd‐analysis revealed that a third of the collected teeth had a level below 60 ng/g. It is suggested that this corresponds to a back‐ground level in an ideal uncontaminated environment. There was no correlation between industrialization or urbanization and tooth‐Cd levels in Norway. Buskerud and Hordaland had the highest county levels. The study did not reveal the sources of Cd absorption or register undue burdens in Norwegian children. It is assumed, however, that different dental levels reflect different degrees of absorption, dependent on Cd‐content in food, beverages and drinking water. The levels presented may serve as references in future research on Cd‐absorption in Norway as it is believed that tooth‐Cd can be used as an index to body burden.

The influence of the characteristics of the activating polyelectrolyte in the preparation and on the properties of interpolymer ion exchange membranes. III. Some considerations concerning peculiarities of the functional properties of polyelectrolyte activated “internal swelling” membranes

The basic assumption of the fixed charge theory of ionic membranes in its classical form, that the functional groups of ion exchange membranes are held immovably in the rigid pore structure of such membranes, is not adequate in the case of many polyelectrolyte activated membranes. Except in the case of extremely narrow pored matrices, the polyelectrolyte in the pores of such membranes can undergo configurational changes and different degrees of absorption and desorption according to the ambient ionic strength, and also according to the pH of the milieu in the case of weak-acid and weak-base activating polyelectrolytes. The spatial distribution of the functional ionic groups in such membranes depends therefore on the electrolyte content of the ambient solution. The term “internal swelling” membranes is suggested for membranes of this nature to distinguish them sharply from the nonswelling membranes of the classical type which have an invariant internal structure. Internal swelling membranes, particularly in the range of medium matrix porosities, can be expected to show characteristic differences in their functional behavior, according to the ambient milieu. The anticipated hydraulic, electroosmotic, permeability, and osmotic peculiarities of internal swelling membranes are discussed, and reference is made to the few pertinent experimental data available in the literature.

Effect of film absorption on a film-substrate reflection polarizer

An analysis is made of the effect of film absorption on the characteristics of a reflection polarizer consisting of a thin film on an absorbing metal substrate. Monochromatic polarized light is obtained when one component of polarization is extinguished by means of interference. A method of analysis is developed for determining the angle of incidence and the film thickness for which polarization occurs. Numerical reflectance results are presented for polarizers having a silver substrate and films with different degrees of absorption. Very weakly absorbing or transparent films may give rise to excessive sensitivity of the extinguished component to departures from the polarizing angle and from the optimum film thickness, particularly when the substrate is highly reflecting (e.g., silver). The use of properly selected absorbing films can provide a low degree of sensitivity for the extinguished component and still yield adequately high reflectances for the unextinguished component.

Effect of Inelastic Waves on Electron Diffraction

The effect of inelastic scattering on electron diffraction by crystals is theoretically studied. It is proved that the effect of inelastic scattering gives rise to an additional complex term to Fourier coefficient of the inner potential. The imaginary part of the additional term explains qualitatively the observation that two components of a doubly refracted electron beam are subjected to different degrees of absorption (Honjo and Mihama, J. Phys. Soc. Japan 9 (1954) 184). The real part of the additional term gives a correction of about 6∼7 % to the calculated value of mean inner potential at accelerating voltages of 30∼40 kv. This explains the systematic difference between the mean inner potential experimentally obtained by electron diffraction and that calculated by the use of diamagnetic susceptibility (Miyake, Proc. Physico-Math. Soc. Japan 22 (1940) 666).