Different Cultivars Of Barley Research Articles

Crude protein fractionation, in situ ruminal degradability and FTIR protein molecular structures of different cultivars within barley, corn and sorghum cereal grains

The objectives of current study was to determine protein characteristics, including crude protein fractionation according to the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS), in situ ruminal crude protein (CP) degradability and Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), among barley, corn, and sorghum cultivars. Cereal grains were collected from the central part of Iran and included 1) moderate, cold, and dry climate barley cultivars, 2) early and late maturity corn cultivars and 3) new and conventional sorghum cultivars. The main differences among cereal types were that corn and sorghum contained more starch and less fibre (NDF) than barley (P < 0.05), while soluble CP fractions (PA and PB1), slowly degradable true protein (PB3) and rate and extent of ruminal CP degradation (in situ) were greater (P < 0.05) for barley than corn and sorghum. The FTIR absorbance intensities for amide I, amide II, the ratio of amide I to amide II, α-helix and β-sheets were greater for barley compared with corn and sorghum grain (P < 0.05). Within barley, the moderate type cultivar contained less soluble CP and NPN and more ADICP than the cold and dry type cultivars (P < 0.05), while in situ CP degradation characteristics were similar among cultivars. Protein molecular structures in different cultivars of barley were similar. In corn grain, the early maturing cultivar contained more ash, EE, soluble CP and PB1 and less PB2, PB3 and NDICP than the late maturing cultivar (P < 0.05). Furthermore, FTIR protein molecular structures amide I and II had different between the two corn cultivars. In sorghum, the new cultivar contained less starch, more CP and PB3, and had slower degradation rate (kd) of CP than the old cultivar (P < 0.05). The FTIR protein molecular structures were similar between the sorghum cultivars according to univariate analysis, but cluster and principal component analysis largely separated the FTIR spectra of the two cultivars in the amide region. In conclusion, differences among three cereal grains and their cultivars were mainly observed for protein sub-fractionation, with minor effects on in situ ruminal protein degradability. Barley had different FTIR protein molecular structure compared with corn and sorghum.

Field Observations with Laser-Induced Fluorescence Transient (LIFT) Method in Barley and Sugar Beet

The laser-induced fluorescence transient (LIFT) method is a non-invasive remote sensing technique for measurement of photosynthetic performance of plants under laboratory and field conditions. We report here a long-term comparative study to monitor the performance of different cultivars of barley and sugar beet during the growth season of these crops. The LIFT measurements provided useful results about photosynthetic light use efficiency on selected leaves in the canopy of the studied crops. The different canopy architectures, with different optical properties, influenced the LIFT measurements.

Grain damage, viability and weight loss in different barley cultivars due to Sitotroga cerealella (Oliv.) infestation

This study was carried out to see the impact of Angoumois grain moth (AGM) on different cultivars of barley so that we must grow resistant variety of barley or improve those which are susceptible to it. Eggs of Sitotroga cerealella (Oliv.) were collected and reared in incubators available in Stored Product Entomology Laboratory, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, under temperature 27 ± 2°C and 60 ± 2% relative humidity. For the experiment, five different cultivars of barley; Sanober-96, Jau-83, Soorab-96, ICBA and Sterling were selected for AGM feed. After an interval of 30, 60 and 90 days of infestation, percentage damage and weight loss in grains were determined. After carrying out laboratory and field germination tests, viability of different cultivars were checked. Damage was maximum in variety Soorab (99.38%), which becomes susceptible while it was minimum in Sanober-96 (90.62%), which becomes resistant. Weight loss was maximum in variety Soorab (49.71%), which becomes susceptible and was minimum in Sanober-96 (45.32%), which becomes resistant. Damage was positively correlated with weight loss and negatively correlated with seed germination. In germination tests, on filter paper, maximum germination was found in variety Sterling (3%) which becomes resistant and it was minimum in ICBA which becomes susceptible (0%). In sand germination test, maximum seeds germinated in variety Sanober-96 (2%), and minimum seeds germinated in ICBA (0%). By calculating the percentage of losses of different cultivars, it was found that none of cultivars proved itself completely resistant or susceptible.

Determination of the suitable planting date and plant density for different cultivars of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in Fars

For a self-cooling building, alternative sources of roofing and ceiling materials in building design was investigated. The thermal property of Rattan palms (Calamus deerratus), Raffia palms (Raphia hookeri) and synthetic Nigerite asbestos sheets were determined using the Lees’ disc apparatus. Results showed that Rattan palms sheet had the lower thermal conductivity (k = 0.046 Wm-1 K-1) and a higher resistivity (r = 21.930 W-1mK) compared with Raffia palms sheet. While both palms showed lower thermal conductivity (k = 0.046 to 0.056 Wm-1K) and higher resistivity (r = 17.73 to 21.930 W-1mK) than asbestos sheet (k = 0.084 Wm-1K, r = 11.919 W-1mK). The results indicated that Rattan palms have a higher potential for heat resistivity than many other wood based heat-insulating materials and are recommended for ceiling in modern building design. Key words: Self-cooling building, insulators, heat, Lees’ disk, Rattan, Raffia.

Evaluation of regeneration potential of mature embryo derived callus in Indian cultivars of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

A protocol for plant regeneration in Indian cultivars of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) has been developed using mature embryo culture. The influence of various auxins 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), Dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) and Picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) on the callus induction and subsequent plant regeneration revealed highest percent of callus induction form cultivar (cv) BL 2 on MSB5 medium (MS salts + B5 vitamins) supplemented with 6 mg l−1 Picloram, but maximum number of shoot buds (6–13) were regenerated on MSB5 medium containing 0.5 mg l−1 Picloram. Regenerated shoots were rooted on half-strength MSB5 medium. Plantlets were successfully transferred to soil and grown to maturity in greenhouse. The effect of copper sulphate revealed significant improvement in callus induction and plant regeneration when the concentration of CuSO4 was increased to 3 μM (30 times higher than normal MS medium) for cv BL 2. Regeneration potential differed for different cultivars of barley used, with highest for cv BL 2 and lowest for cv BH 924. We conclude that the Indian barley genotypes exhibit plant regeneration from mature embryo cultures. The protocol has potential application in barley improvement through genetic engineering.

Distribution of phytase activity, total phosphorus and phytate phosphorus in legume seeds, cereals and cereal by-products as influenced by harvest year and cultivar

Samples of legume seeds, cereals and cereal by-products ( n = 113) grown in south-western Germany and originating from different cultivars and harvest years were analyzed for phytase activity, total phosphorus (P) and phytate P. Phytase activities determined by means of a direct incubation method were lowest in legume seeds and oats (262–496 U/kg dry matter), intermediate in cereals (except oats) (2323–6016 U/kg DM) and highest in cereal by-products (9241–9945 U/kg DM). However, the application of an extraction procedure for the determination of phytase activities in legume seeds resulted in values below the detection limit of 50 U/kg. On average, about 0.67 of total P in legume seeds, cereals and their by-products is bound to phytate. There was a significant influence (P<0.001) of harvest year (1998–2000) on phytate P contents in wheat. Furthermore, total P and phytate P concentrations differed (P<0.05) between different cultivars of wheat. Moreover, phytase activities differed (P=0.023) between different cultivars of barley. Total P and phytate P concentrations were highly correlated in legume seeds ( r = 0.95) and cereal by-products ( r = 0.96) and, to a smaller extent, in cereals ( r = 0.66). Milling of cereal grains to bran and flour revealed that phytase activity, total P and phytate P are highly concentrated (P<0.001) in the outer grain layers of cereals. The influence of preservation of intact legume seeds with propionic acid over a period of 4, 8 or 12 weeks resulted only in a marginal decrease in phytase activity. Due to high native phytase activities in cereals (except oats) and their by-products these feedstuffs may contribute substantially to the gastrointestinal hydrolysis of phytate in non-ruminant animals, whereas the contribution of native phytases originating from legume seeds in terms of improving the availability of plant P seems to be rather limited.

A β‐(1→4)‐xylosyltransferase involved in the synthesis of arabinoxylans in developing barley endosperms

A β‐(1→4)‐xylosyltransferase (XylTase; EC 2.4.2.24) participating in the synthesis of arabinoxylans was investigated using microsomal membranes prepared from developing barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) endosperms. The microsomal fraction transferred Xyl from uridine 5′‐diphosphoxylose (UDP‐Xyl) into exogenous β‐(1→4)‐xylooligosaccharides derivatized at their reducing ends with 2‐aminopyridine. HPLC analysis showed chain elongation of pyridylaminated β‐(1→4)‐xylotriose (Xyl3‐PA) by repeated attachment of one to five single xylosyl residues depending on the reaction time, leading to the formation of Xyl4−8‐PA. Methylation analysis and enzymatic digestions with β‐xylosidase (EC 3.2.1.37) and endo‐β‐(1→4)‐xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8) confirmed that the transfer of xylosyl residues into the newly synthesized products occurred through β‐(1→4)‐linkages. The activity of the XylTase was maximal at pH 6.8 and 20°C and most enhanced in the presence of 0.5% Triton X‐100 and 5 mM MnCl2. The apparent Michaelis constant and maximal velocity of the enzyme for Xyl3‐PA were 2.1 mM and 25 400 pmol min−1 mg protein−1, respectively. The enzyme also transferred [14C]Xyl from UDP‐[14C]Xyl into higher β‐(1→4)‐xylooligosaccharides and birchwood xylans through β‐(1→4)‐linkages. The enzyme activity varied according to the stage of development (7–35 days after flowering) of the endosperms. Maximal activity occurred at 13–16 days; no activity was detectable in mature seeds. A comparison of endosperms from 10 different cultivars of barley harvested 11–22 days after flowering showed no correlation between enzyme activity and the amount of Xyl in the cell walls.

Variation in Ferulic Acid Concentration among Diverse Barley Cultivars Measured by HPLC and Microspectrophotometry

Ferulic acid (FA) is a low molecular weight phenolic acid that is a common component of the outer layers of cereal grains. It has been implicated in resistance to both insect and fungal pathogens. The FA concentrations of 18 cultivars of 2-row and 6-row barleys, grown in 2 locations, were quantified by HPLC analysis following acid hydrolysis. The FA concentrations ranged from 365 to 605 μg/g dry weight. The concentration of FA varied significantly among the different cultivars of barley. A genetic basis for FA levels is inferred by the similar ranking of the cultivars in both locations. FA levels were also measured by the absorbance at 340 nm of the acid-hydrolyzed extract, and in situ detection of fluorescence intensity of the ground grain using a UMSP80 microspectrofluorimeter. Both of these methods are more rapid than HPLC and may allow the practical screening of FA concentrations in numerous barley lines.

Exploration and exploitation strategies of powdery mildew on barley cultivars with different levels of nutrients

The mass fractal dimension (MFD) of colonies of mildew (Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei) growing on barley was calculated as a measure of their spatial structure. Despite the elongated shape of the colonies imposed by the leaf cellular structure, the MFD remained constant with scale. The mildew MFD differed on different cultivars of barley, and was greater on leaves produced under higher nutrient level indicating a physiological component. Lower MFD values correspond with the thin spreading growth associated with exploration strategies and higher values correspond to the denser, more branched structure associated with exploitation of the substrate. Cultivars showing exploration strategies induced by resistance expression responded to increased nutrient levels more than those expressing little resistance such as Golden Promise.

Effect of prehelminthosporol, a phytotoxin produced by Bipolaris sorokiniana, on barley roots

The effects of prehelminthosporol, a toxin produced by Bipolaris sorokiniana, were investigated on barley roots. A concentration of 30 μg∙mL−1 prehelminthosporol or higher in nutrient solution significantly increased the rate of nuclear disintegration in the root cortex cells. The toxin also increased leakage of ATP from intact roots of barley seedlings grown in nutrient solution, but the growth rate of the seedlings was not significantly affected. However, diluted filtrate from liquid shake cultures of the fungus inhibited the growth of the seedlings by 21 – 73% over a 5-day period. The results indicate that the toxin may play an important role in pathogenesis by killing or weakening plant cells in advance of the growing hyphae and facilitating nutrient uptake and further growth of the fungus in plant tissue. Different cultivars of barley differed in sensitivity to prehelminthosporol, but sensitivities were not correlated with known levels of resistance to B. sorokiniana. Key words: Cochliobolus sativus, Hordeum vulgare, root cortex, toxin, prehelminthosporol, ATP.

Long-term cultures of barley synthesize and correctly deposit seed storage proteins

Long-term cultures of four different cultivars of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) have been established. Both callus and suspension cultures formed embryogenic structures at high frequency even after more than 18 months of culture. These compact proembryogenic cell clusters synthesize seed storage globulins whereas loose cell aggregates in callus culture and suspension cultures of fine dispersed consistency were free of globulins. Globulin synthesis was especially intense in compact structures of callus cultures established from suspension culture-derived protoplasts. Within the cells storage globulins are deposited in the vacuolar compartment as in zygotic embryos. The molecular data provided recommend the system for studies on factors determining seed protein gene expression and intracellular protein transport.

THE MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF GELPROTEIN FROM BARLEY, ITS BEHAVIOUR IN WORT-FILTRATION AND ANALYSIS

Gelproteins from barley and malt play a major role in the lauter tun filtration. These proteins (called glutenin in wheat) are partly broken down during malting and then aggregate during mashing. These aggregates form a part of the upper layer of the spent grains (the ‘oberteig’). To obtain more insight into this mechanism the composition of gelproteins of different cultivars of barley were analysed using various electrophoretic techniques. From this work a model can be proposed in which the protein, like its counterpart in wheat consists of high molecular weight (HMW) subunits as a backbone and low molecular weight (LMW) subunits as side chains, joined by inter-and intra-molecular disulphide bonds. During malting the disulphide bonds are reduced and subunits are broken down by proteolysis. During mashing a complex is formed between residual gelprotein in the malt and the glutelins, which gives rise to an impenetrable layer on the spent grains. The quantity of gelprotein as analysed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) or densitometry of Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide electrophoresis (SDS—PAGE) patterns of HMW subunits showed a negative relationship to the lauter tun filtration rate.

The Use of 14C-Labelled Dimeric Catechin to Study the Fate of Dimeric Polyphenols during Malting and Brewing

A radio-dilution technique has been developed for estimating levels of dimeric polyphenols in barley, malt, wort, and beer. Levels present in a number of different cultivars of barley vary from 130...

Formation of Proteinase Inhibitors in Developing Barley Grain

AbstractAssays have been made of the activities of trypsin inhibitors and Aspergillus‐proteinase inhibitors in developing grains of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grown under controlled conditions. Trypsin inhibitor activity appeared early in the development, reaching a near‐maximal value 24 days after anthesis, but Aspergillus‐proteinase inhibitors were synthesized quite late in the development. A half‐maximal value was attained about 25 days subsequent to anthesis. The corresponding half‐maximal value for all the proteins synthesized was about 16 days.The trypsin inhibitor present in developing grains appeared to be immunologically identical with the endospermal inhibitor in mature grains.The concentrations of Aspergillus‐proteinase inhibitors varied between different cultivars of barley. Moreover, each cultivar displayed an almost linear relationship between inhibitor activity and the increasing content of total protein. Great differences between different cultivars were also observable with regard to trypsin inhibitor activities. However, the activities in each cultivar were constant, regardless of the total protein content.The author is greatly indebted to Dr. Juhani Mikola for many helpful discussions during the course of the work, and for several valuable suggestions in regard to the manuscript. I also wish to thank Mrs. Marja‐Leena Niku‐Paavola, Lic. Phil., for valuable help in the immunodiffusion experiments, and Miss Outi Karkkainen for skilful technical assistance. This work was supported by grants from the Emil Aaltonen Foundation and from the E. J. Sariola Foundation.