Different Concentrations Of Salinity Research Articles

Impact of Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles on Growth, Pigment Content, Membrane Stability, DNA Damage, and Stress-Related Gene Expression in Vicia faba under Saline Conditions

This study investigates the effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nTiO2) on Vicia faba under salinity stress. Plants were treated with either 10 or 20 ppm nTiO2 and subjected to two different concentrations of salinity (100 and 200 mM NaCl) as well as the combined effect of nanoparticles and salinity. Salinity induced a reduction in dry weight, increased electron leakage and MDA content, increased chromosomal aberrations and DNA damage, and reduced transcript levels of some stress- and growth-related genes. nTiO2 treatment increased dry weight in unstressed plants and mitigated the salinity-damaging effect in stressed plants. nTiO2 application improved cell division, decreased chromosomal aberrations, and reduced DNA damage in plants under saline conditions. The upregulation of antioxidant genes further supports the protective role of nTiO2 against oxidative stress. Particularly significant was the ability of nTiO2 to enhance the upregulation of heat shock protein (HSP) genes. These findings underscore the potential of nTiO2 to reduce the osmotic and toxic effects of salinity-induced stress in plants.

Evolution of aniline degradation and nitrogen removal performance in electro-enhanced sequence batch reactor under salinity stress: Sludge characteristics and microbial diversity

To explore the influence mechanism of different concentrations of salinity on the electro-enhanced aniline biodegradation system, a control group and experimental groups (0%-NaCl, 0.5%-NaCl, 1.5%-NaCl, 2.5%-NaCl, 3.5%-NaCl) were established. The experimental results showed that the electric field strengthened the denitrification performance, while salinity had little effect on the degradation efficiency of aniline and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The removal rate of TN reached 79.6% and 74.9% in 0.5%-NaCl and 1.5%-NaCl, respectively, which were superior than 0%-NaCl. As salinity increased, the nitrogen removal effect was negatively affected. Microbial diversity analysis indicated that the microbial community structure was uniform in the control group, 0%-NaCl, and 0.5%-NaCl, with the dominant genus OLB8 ensuring the nitrogen removal performance. In contrast, in the 2.5%-NaCl and 3.5%-NaCl experimental groups, the organic degrading bacteria were still active, while nitrifiers and denitrifiers were severely damaged. In conclusion, this study suggested that low concentrations of salinity can improve the decontamination performance of the electro-enhanced aniline biodegradation system, while high concentrations of salinity could lead to the collapse of the decontamination mechanism.

Effect of Saline–Alkali Stress on Sugar Metabolism of Jujube Fruit

Sugar, an osmoregulatory substance used by plants to adapt to abiotic stresses such as drought and salinity, is one of the most important indexes of fruit quality. In this study, 0–150 mM saline–alkali solutions (NaCl:NaHCO3 = 3:1) were used to irrigate the roots of 10-year-old “Junzao” fruit trees during the growth period to explore the regulation mechanism of different concentrations of saline–alkali stress on sugar and reactive oxygen metabolism in jujube fruit at maturity. The results showed that under low stress (0~90 mM), the contents of sucrose, glucose, and fructose in the jujube fruit and the activities of sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), sucrose synthase decomposition direction (SS-I), and sucrose synthase synthesis direction (SS-II) increased with increases in stress concentration, results that were consistent with the relative expression trends of the SPS and SS genes; however, the results were reversed under high concentrations (120 and 150 mM). The soluble acid invertase (S-AI) activity decreased with increases in stress concentration under low stress, and the results were reversed with high stress, which was consistent with the relative expression trends of the ZjcINV3, ZjnINV1, and ZjnINV3. Research regarding the response of antioxidant enzymes in fruits under saline–alkali stress showed that only the differences in peroxidase (POD) activity under saline–alkali stress were consistent with sugar accumulation; the proline (PRO), catalase (CAT) decreased and the malondialdehyde (MDA) superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased with increases in saline–alkali stress. These results indicate that the sugar metabolism and antioxidase jointly promote and regulate sugar accumulation in jujube fruits in a low saline–alkali environment.

Evaluation of the Effects of Magnetically Treated Saline Water on Physiological, Antioxidant and Agronomic Traits of Jojoba [Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider

Salinity poses a serious challenge to agriculture across the globe. In the Middle East, countries such as Saudi Arabia are facing potential problems of salinity due to the use of processed saline Red Sea water for agriculture. To tackle this challenge, the current study was conducted with the objective of assessing the effects of magnetically (1.80 mT) treated normal agriculture water (NW = 2.11 DSm−1) and different concentrations of Red Sea water (RSWC1 = 5.61 DSm−1 and RSWC2 = 7.01 DSm−1) on the physiological traits (chlorophyll, photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and membrane damage), antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase), proline and agronomic characteristics (germination percentage, germination rate, shoot length and root length) of jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) seedlings. The experiment was set in a glasshouse with three replicates, using RCBD with two factorial arrangements. The data were collected and subjected to statistical analysis using statistix8.1 and R-program. All magnetically treated concentrations of saline water showed significant improvements in all traits compared with their respective controls, except proline, membrane damage (MD) and germination rate (GR). However, the response of these all traits was more significant at NW compared with RSWC1 and RSWC2. Furthermore, correlation, PCA and heat map analysis revealed that all traits are significantly interlinked in determining the jojoba response to different concentrations of salinity, both in the presence and absence of MF.

Effect of different salinity concentrations on hatching rate and larval development of Patin buah, Pangasius nasutus (Bleeker, 1863)

ABSTRACT The effects of water salinity on hatching rate and larval performance of Patin Buah (Pangasius nasutus) were studied. The fertilized eggs were incubated at 27.5–28°C in different concentrations of salinity (0, 1, 2, and 3 ppt) until hatch. The hatching rate of 0 ppt (48.6 ± 3.7%), 1 ppt (52.5 ± 3.7%), and 2 ppt (39.7 ± 6.4%) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than in 3 ppt (14.8 ± 2.0%). The percentages of larval survival at day 30 were 65 ± 1.5%, 72 ± 5.0%, 57 ± 15.0%, and 32 ± 3.1% in 0 ppt, 1 ppt, 2 ppt, and 3 ppt respectively. Survival rates were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in 0 ppt and 1 ppt compared to 2 ppt and 3 ppt. This study reveals that salinity did not significantly improve hatching and the survival rate of P. nasutus, but 1 ppt could be used for the hatching process and larval nursing.

Salinity-mediated changes in hematological parameters, stress, antioxidant responses, and acetylcholinesterase of juvenile olive flounders (Paralichthys olivaceus)

The purpose of this study was to confirm the limit of salinity tolerance in juvenile olive flounders (Paralichthys olivaceus) by changes in blood parameters, AChE, antioxidant and stress responses. The P. olivaceus (mean weight 38.8 ± 4.2 g and mean length 16.4 ± 1.2 cm) were exposed to different concentrations of salinity (seawater, 16, 8, 4, 2, and 0 psu) for 2 weeks. Plasma osmotic pressure was significantly decreased in the P. olivaceus at 0 psu. Hematological parameters such as hematocrit and hemoglobin were significantly decreased in the P. olivaceus at low salinity. Plasma components also changed significantly in the low salinity environment. As a stress indicator, cortisol was significantly increased at low salinity. SOD and GST antioxidant responses, were significantly increased. GSH level in the liver was significantly increased, whereas a significant decrease was observed in the gill GSH level. AChE was significantly increased in P. olivaceus at low salinity. The results of this study indicate that exposure to salinities lower than 8 psu leads to changes in hematological parameters, neurotransmitter, antioxidant and stress responses of P. olivaceus.

Histopathological changes in the internal organs of female striped gourami (Trichogaster fasciata) exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of salt water

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of climate induced salinity on histoarchitecture of liver, kidney and ovary tissue of female striped gourami (Trichogaster fasciata) exposed tothree sub-lethal concentrations (3, 6 and 9 ppt) of crude salt along with a control group (0 ppt) for a periodof 30 days. The 96-h LC50 value of crude salt for striped gourami was previously estimated as 11.107 ppt. Toconduct the experiment 12 plastic tanks each having 70L water holding capacity were used for the fourtreatments with three replications for each. Water exchange was done on every 10th day and crude salt wasused to maintain desired salinity. Several histopathological changes were observed in fish liver, kidney andovary exposed to different concentrations of salinity. Increasing necrosis, hemorrhage, hepatic rupture,melano-macrophage cells, degenerated cell and vacuums in the liver tissue were found in salt water treatedgroups. Similarly, a number of changes such as, vacuole, cellular degeneration, hemorrhage, disintegratedglomeruli, destructed renal tubule and extensive vacuolein were observed in the kidney tissue of salt watertreated groups. Degenerated oocyte, inter-follicular space, disrupted oocytes, etc. were observed in ovarywith increasing concentration of salinity and time of exposures. Physiological and metabolic dysfunctionsmight have happened to female stripped gourami due to changes in vital internal organs like liver, kidney andovary. Therefore, the present research further suggested that climate induced salinity intrusion is capable ofstressing freshwater fishes resulting in deformities of liver, kidney and ovary.

In Vitro Antileishmanial Activity of Achillea santolina Essential Oil against Leishmania infantum Promastigote by Methylthiazole Tetrazolium (MTT) and Trypan Blue Colorimetric Methods.

Leishmaniasis causes parasitic infections, especially in developing countries. The disease has not yet been controlled because of the absence of an effective vaccine and low-cost treatment. Achillea santolina essential oil (ASEO) might control the disease as it has antimicrobial properties. This study investigated the in vitro antileishmanial activity of ASEO against Leishmania infantum promastigote using the methylthiazole tetrazolium (MTT) and trypan blue colorimetric methods. The standard strain of L. infantum (MCAN/IR/96/LON49) promastigotes was prepared and cultured in a 96-well Novy-MacNeal-Nicolle (NNN) medium. The effects of different concentrations of saline, ASEO, and glucantime (10, 50, 100, 200, 500, and 1000 mg/mL) were examined in 24-, 48-, and 72-hour intervals using the MTT and trypan blue test methods.The use of ASEO reduced viability in all concentrations compared to the control group in times of 48 (p&lt;0.05) and 72 h (p&lt;0.05). Treatment with glucantime and ASEO had similar efficiency with the concentration of 1000 mL/mg in both methods after 72 h. The results showed that viability was significantly lower in the ASEO group with increases in time using both methods (p&lt;0.05). Cohen's Kappa coefficient showed a significant agreement between the obtained results for the two methods (Kappa=0.856; p&lt;0.001).In sum, the results showed in vitro antileishmanial activity of ASEO, but more clinical studies are needed to confirm the efficiency. ASEO can be used as an agent and/or in combination with synthetic agents for the treatment of leishmaniasis disease.

Estimation of evaporation from saline water.

Evaporation, as the main source of water loss from closed lakes, makes a significant contribution to the water balance equation of the lake and can lead to changes in the chemical composition thereof. The objective of the study was to develop an equation for estimation of evaporation from the water surface with different depths and concentrations. To that end, 48 barrels were used to model evaporation at 6 different depths and 8 different concentrations of salinity. The experiments have been conducted in the same meteorological condition for all the barrels near the Urmia Lake. Data were collected in March 1, 2019, to Aug 31, 2019. Different equations fitted to data for each concentrations of salinity separately with different depths, and the equations with the least errors were selected. A model was then developed for the estimation of evaporation, considering the effect of salinity and depth, and the results were compared with daily measurements. The results were evaluated using the root mean square error (RMSE), correlation coefficient (CC), and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NS). The results indicated that evaporation (Horizontal row) from water surface with high concentrations of salinity to low concentrations of salinity in different depths had an incremental trend. However, it can be seen in the vertical row that evaporation increased from low depth to high depth, and then decreased at a certain depth (120 cm) while the maximum evaporation rate belonged to 90-cm barrels for each concentration of salinity (in the vertical and horizontal row). At the end, the comparison of evaporation computed from the model and measured data showed that the model estimated evaporation at different depths and concentrations of salinity satisfactorily.

Comparison of the Therapeutic Effects of Salbutamol Nebulize with different Concentrations of Saline on Children with Bronchiolitis

Background Bronchiolitis, which is the most common infection of the lower respiratory tract among infants, is characterized by acute inflammation, edema, increased mucosal production, and bronchospasm. We aimed to investigate the effects of saline usage with different concentrations and salbutamol on the treatment. Materials and Methods: This double-blind, randomized clinical trial was performed on 180 pediatric patients with four weeks to 24 months old admitted to Ali-Ibn-Aboutaleb Hospital in Zahedan, Iran, during 2017-18 for possible diagnosis of acute bronchiolitis. Patients were divided into three groups of 60 patients using the permissive block method. The first group received 0.15 mg of Salbutamol Nebulizer and 5 ml of normal saline 0.9%, the second group received saline 3%, and the third group received saline 5% at the same dose as the first group. Clinical status, oxygen saturation, respiratory and heart rate, intercostal retraction, dyspnea, wheezing before treatment and every 20 minutes after treatment up to 3 times, and Clinical Bronchiolitis Severity Score (CBSS) were collected. Results: In all three groups, there was an increasing trend in oxygen saturation and a decrease in respiratory rate, heart rate, and CBSS. In the first and third groups, there was a significant difference in CBSS after treatment, but in the second group, it was significant only at 20 and 40 minutes after treatment. The mean days of admission for the second group were lower. Conclusion It seems that due to its cost-effectiveness, lack of complication and earlier efficacy of 5% hypertonic saline in the treatment of bronchiolitis, hypertonic saline 5% instead of normal saline 0.9% is more effective and more cost-beneficial achieved in bronchiolitis remedy.

Influence of salinity exposure on the mechanical properties of cement-treated sand

Cement-treated sand (CTS) is widely used to construct earth structures (dam, road sub-base, retaining wall etc.) due to economy and comparatively easier application. Nevertheless, the mechanical properties of CTS can be affected by the repetitive wetting–drying conditions during the design life. The situation may be exacerbated in a saline or coastal zone, as salinity has the potential to affect the strength of CTS. In this study, the effects of different exposure cycles – namely, air-drying and water submergence – on the mechanical behaviour of lightly CTS were studied at two different concentrations of salinity (0.1 M and 1.0 M sodium chloride (NaCl) solution). The unconfined compressive strength (UCS) was evaluated at the end of each cycle, and the results were compared with those under unweathered conditions. The UCS of CTS increased up to three cycles and reduced in the proceeding cycles irrespective of salinity concentrations. The maximum strength increase and decrease for specimens subjected to 0.1 M salinity were 19 and 25%, respectively, with respect to those for specimens under unweathered conditions. However, at the higher concentration (1 M), the strength increased about 12% and a 19% strength reduction was observed. In general, the CTS showed higher strength at 0.1 M salinity concentration compared with that at 1 M salinity concentration at a fixed cycle.

The Beneficial Role of Salicylic Acid, Triacontanol and δ-Aminolevulinic Acid on the Growth, Flowering and Chemical Composition of Pansy (Viola wittrockiana Gams) under Salt Stress Conditions

Two pot trials were carried out during the two successive Winter seasons of 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 at private commercial nursery, Damanhour city, El-Beheira Governorate, Egypt under greenhouse conditions. The objective of these experiments was to study the effect of foliar application with each of salicylic acid (SA) (50 and 100 mgL-1), triacontanol (TRIA) (25 and 50 mgL-1) and δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) (25 and 50 mgL-1) on Viola wittrockiana Gams L. (Blue with Blotch cultivar) grown under different concentrations of salinity (0, 20, 40 and 60 mM of NaCl). Generally, the tested materials were varied in their significant effects on studying characters. The obtained results of the two seasons indicated that increasing salinity levels from 20 to 60 mM significantly reduced all studied parameter levels, i.e., plant height, branches number per plant, shoot dry weight per plant, leaf area, root length and root dry weight, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and chlorophyll contents. While Na+ and Cl- were increased relative to control. Also, the results indicated that the salicylic acid, δ-aminolevulinic acid, and triacontanol significantly increased plant growth and chemical traits, as well as reduced the contents of Na+ and Cl- compared to the control (distilled water only) treatment. Application of triacontanol (25 mgL-1) or salicylic acid (50 mgL-1); improved vegetative, flowering, root growth and leaves chemical composition under salt stress during both seasons. Triacontanol enhanced salinity tolerance in both seasons by increasing proline accumulation. Under each salinity level, triacontanol (25 mgL-1) was the most effective treatment for mitigating the deleterious effect of salt stress in pansy plants

Anterior cingulate cortex modulates the affective-motivative dimension of hyperosmolality-induced thirst.

Neuroimaging studies have shown that the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is consistently activated by thirst and may underlie the affective motivation of drinking behaviour demanded by thirst. But direct evidence for this hypothesis is lacking. The present study evaluated potential correlations between ACC neuronal activity and drinking behaviour in rats injected with different concentrations of saline. We observed an increased number of c-Fos-positive neurons in the ACC after injection of hypertonic saline, indicating strong ACC neuronal activation under hyperosmotic thirst. Increased firing rates of putative ACC pyramidal neurons preceded drinking behaviour and positively correlated with both the total duration of drinking and the total amount of water consumed. Chemogenetic inhibition of ACC pyramidal neurons changed drinking behaviour from an explosive and short-lasting pattern to a gradual but more persistent pattern, without affecting either the total duration of drinking or the total amount of water consumed. Together, these findings support a role of the ACC in modulating the affective-motivative dimension of hyperosmolality-induced thirst.

Adaptation of sugarcane plants to saline soil

Sugarcane is an important crop in tropical regions of the world, often being exposed to environments with high salinity, but little is known of genetic variation in salt tolerance. The aim of this work was to compare the performance of two genetically diverse cultivars of sugarcane under different concentrations of salinity (0, 40, 80 and 160 mM NaCl) over a period of 30 days. SP 81–3250 was more salt-tolerant and maintained its rate of biomass production, photosynthesis and leaf area up to 160 mM NaCl, whereas IAC 87–3396 was sensitive to 80 mM NaCl. SP 81–3250 maintained very low concentrations of Na+ in both leaves and roots with increasing time and salinity, whereas in IAC 87–3396 the Na+ concentrations were 2–5 times higher. SP 81–3250 ha d a greater accumulation of proline, and lower lipid peroxidation, whereas glycine betaine and sucrose concentrations were similar in the two cultivars. This suggests that the tolerance of SP 81–3250 to high salinity was due to its ability to exclude Na+ while taking up water from the soil, and that measurements of Na+ concentration in leaves could be used to select salt-tolerant genotypes for saline areas.

Isolation and Characterization of Bifidobacteria from diverse ecosystems

Bifidobacteria represent the largest group of human intes nal bacteria. They have an important place in human health and represent the dominant group of micro ora. For this reason, they are key members of the human gut microbiota, particularly during the first one to two years following birth. The aim of this study was to test the sensibility of Bifidobacterium isolated from some strains at different concentrations of salinity and high concentration of bile as a criterion to select probiotic strains. Following the behavior of strains of Bifidobacteria isolated from different ecosystems was considered in order to develop the therapeu c aliment food . Samples from newborn infants aged 3 months, bee intestine, fermented commercial milk and yoghurt of bifidus containing Bifidobacteria was used and the isolated strains belonged to -breve and -longum species. The results of resisitance of our species of Bifidobacteria demonstrated a total inibition of croissance at 5.5% of NaCl but in 5% media of NaCl we observed a moderate croissance at di erent me of kinetics croissance .

Nasal irrigation with different concentrations of saline as an adjunctive treatment in allergic rhinitis:A systematic review and Meta-analysis

Objective:To compare the clinical efficacy of different concentrations of saline irrigation in adjuncative treatment of allergic rhinitis by Meta-analysis. Method:According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the studies using random controlled trials were retrieved from the Pubmed, Web of science, The Cochrane Library, Embase et al. The Mata-analysis was performed by using RevMan 5.3 software. Result:In total, 1 457 patients were enrolled in 14 randomized controlled trials, including 739 in the isotonic saline group, 350 in the hypertonic saline group,Times New Roman 368 without saline irragation. The results of Meta-analysis showed that the VAS score of saline irrigation group was lower than no saline irrigation group［95%CI (-1.57, -0.15), P=0.02］, the nasal RQLQ score was lower［95%CI (-3.93, -0.43), P=0.01］, and the effective rate was higher［95%CI(1.15, 1.45), P<0.01］; The score of nasal symptoms and signs in hypertonic saline group was lower than that in normal saline group［95%CI(-1.68, -0.63), P<0.01］, and the effective rate was higher［95%CI(1.19, 1.47), P<0.01］. There were significant differences between the two groups. Conclusion:The efficacy of saline irrigation as an adjunctive treatment in allergic rhinitis is significant. The effect of hypertonic saline irrigation was better than that of isotonic saline.

Parasitic contamination of commonly consumed vegetables in two markets in Ghana.

Fresh vegetables are an important source of vital nutrients. Poor farming practices and improper washing put consumers at risk of parasitic infections. This study explored the presence of parasitic contamination of commonly-consumed vegetables procured from two markets in Ghana. It also explored the decontamination effects of washing vegetables with different concentrations of saline solution. Vegetables were procured from two major open markets in Koforidua, Ghana. Vegetables were thoroughly washed twice using 0.0%, 0.45%, 0.9%, 1.5% concentrations of saline solutions. The deposits were examined under the light microscope for the presence of parasites. Smears were made from sediments, stained and observed with Fluorescence microscope to detect any spores or oocysts of Microsporidium sp., and Cryptosporidium sp. Three hundred and sixty of five types of vegetables were procured. Two hundred and seven (57.5%, 95% Confidence Interval 52.2% - 62.7%) were found to be contaminated with at least one type of parasite. The extent of vegetable contamination was 97.2% (90.3-99.7) of spring onions, 70.8% (58.9-81.0) of lettuce and 50.0% (38.0-62.0) of tomatoes. The commonest parasites were Strongyloides stercoralis (36.4%, 31.4-41.6), Balantidium coli (13.6%, 10.2-17.6) and Cryptosporidium oocyst (11.1%, 8.1-14.8). Parasite recovering rates were 57.5% (52.2-62.7) and 42.2% (37.1-47.5) after first and second washings respectively. The level of parasite contamination is high and consumption of raw vegetables procured from these markets carry a high risk of parasite infection. Washing vegetables twice with saline was not effective for parasite removal. Improved approaches for washing vegetables before consumption are needed. Ensign College-Students Research Award Program of Bob and Lynette Gay.

The best salt solution parameter to describe seed/seedling responses to saline and sodic salts

Results of studies on plant responses to salt stress often are difficult to compare because different salt parameters were used. Our aim was to compare the effects of different combinations of sodium salts on germination/seedling growth of two forage species and determine which salt solution parameter(s) was(were) most closely related to these responses. Seeds of the legume Medicago sativa and the grass Elymus dahuricus were germinated in different concentrations of saline and sodic salts. Various parameters of the salt solutions were determined, and seed germination and seedling growth metrics were measured. Seeds of both species were more tolerant to saline than to sodic salts, and seedlings of E. dahuricus were more salt tolerant than those of M. sativa. Na2SO4 and Na2CO3 were more inhibitory to germination/growth of the two study species than the same concentration of NaCl and NaHCO3 for saline and sodic salts, respectively. For both species, electrical conductivity, salt content (%) and Na+ concentration best correlated with germination/growth for saline salts and Na+ concentration for sodic salts. In evaluating the effects of salt on seed germination and seedling growth, both saline and sodic salts need to be considered, and Na+ concentration is the best salt solution parameter to use in comparing and communicating the results.

Comparative Transcriptional Profiling of Soybean Orthologs of Arabidopsis Trichome Developmental Genes under Salt Stress

The aim of this study was to determine the ultrastructural changes and regulation of trichome-metabolism-related genes against salt stress in soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) plants. The 14-day-old Ataem-7 and S04-05 soybean seedlings were subjected to 0, 50, 100, and 150 mM NaCl stress. While the chlorophyll quantities were reduced, the activities of guaiacol peroxidase were increased in both varieties due to increasing NaCl concentrations. In S04-05 soybean variety, trichome densities were increased on both surfaces of the leaves whereas decreases were recorded in Ataem-7 variety at 150 mM NaCl treatment. Stomatal densities were increased on both surfaces of the leaves of both soybean varieties after salinity stress. We also performed a qRT-PCR analysis to evaluate the relative transcription levels of the soybean orthologs of Arabidopsis trichome developmental genes. qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated an induction of the soybean orthologs of GL2 and GL3 genes in soybean plants after 50, 100, and 150 mM NaCl treatments in both varieties. While the expression level of TTG1 ortholog gene was negatively affected in both soybean varieties under different concentrations of salinity, GL1 ortholog gene expression profile differed as a result of changing salt concentrations in both varieties with respect to control plants. It is observed that the regulation of trichome formation differs between two soybean varieties.

Effect of salinity on germination and early seedling growth of maize

An incubation experiment was conducted at the Department of Soil Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University during Rabi season 2015 to investigate the effects of different levels of salinity on germination and early seedling growth of maize. There were ten treatments consisting of different concentrations of salinity viz. 0, 20, 40, 80, 120, 160, 200, 240, 280 and 320 mM NaCl. The germination experiment was conducted in petri dish lined with a layer of cotton consisting ten ml of each test solution. Germination percentage gradually decreased with the increase of concentration of salt. Up to 80 mM concentration was found safe for maize seed germination. Salinity caused delay in germination. Highest seedling height was found at 40 mM NaCl concentration (21.51 cm) and root length (23.61 cm) was found in 20 mM NaCl concentration. In 320 mM NaCl concentration roots were abnormal, deformed and twisted. The 0 to 80 mM NaCl concentration gave statistically similar shoot fresh weight. Compared to control treatment 20 mM NaCl concentration gave 0.55 % higher fresh weight and at 80 mM NaCl concentration shoot fresh weight reduced by only 6.9 %. The 80 mM NaCl concentration was found acceptable for germination and early seedling growth of maize.Progressive Agriculture 28 (1): 18-25, 2017