Different Concentrations Of Bovine Serum Albumin Research Articles

Effect of Protein (Bovine Serum Albumin) Content on the Frictional Behaviour of Soft Contact Lenses Using a Dynamic Oscillating Tribometer

Proteins can adsorb on the surface of materials, such as soft contact lenses (SCLs), and can affect the hydrophobicity, roughness, and surface properties of the contact lenses (CLs), which, in turn, can influence the friction between the lenses and the ocular surface. Excessive friction between contact lenses and the ocular surface can lead to discomfort for the wearer and may cause irritation or inflammation of the cornea, better known as corneal ulcers (keratitis). Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) is often used as a standard protein in biocompatibility testing of materials, including contact lenses. One standard commercial contact lens was tested under lubricated conditions to access the coefficient of friction (CoF). The contact was lubricated with a tear-like fluid (TLF) solution containing six different concentrations of BSA. In all cases, good linearity of the results of the friction force was verified, suggesting that the first friction law can be applied to determine the value of the coefficient of friction. It was found that friction increases with the increase in protein concentration.

Effect of different concentrations of bovine serum albumin on freezing of goat semen

Objective. Evaluate the effect of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) concentration on the freezability of goat semen in a Tris-based lyophilized preservative-diluter, without performing seminal washing, compared with a control preservative-diluter of lactose-skimmed milk (DC), removing the seminal plasma by centrifugation. Materials and methods. It will cover 90 ejaculates, volume, motility, concentration, viability, and sperm morphology. The fit ejaculates were mixed and the pool divided into five portions, each receiving one of 4 lyophilized combinations based on Tris-Glucose-Ac. Citrus and Glycerol with different concentrations of BSA (0.1%, 0.5%, 1% and 2%) or DC. It was frozen in 0.1 ml pellets in nitrogen vapors, and after 2 min., They were stored in liquid nitrogen until thawing 7 days later, the following were determined: motility percentage (30, 120 and 240 minutes), viability, damaged acrosomes and total anomalies (30 and 120 minutes) and were compared using a Binary Logistic Regression model. Results. The highest sperm motility and viability (p <0.05) in the three times was for 0.5%, 1% and 2% of BSA, which were higher than 0.1% of BSA and DC. Damages acrosome and total abnormalities at 30 and 120 minutes were lower (p <0.05) for 0.5%, 1% and 2% of BSA compared to 0.1% and DC. Conclusion. The cryopreservation of goat semen does not require seminal washing by centrifugation if 0.5-2% BSA is used as a membrane protector in a lyophilized dilute-conservative based on Tris-Glucose-Citric Acid and Glycerol.

Effects of Different Concentrations of BSA on In Vitro Corrosion Behavior of Pure Zinc in Artificial Plasma

When medical metallic materials are implanted in the body and come into contact with the body fluid environment, proteins will be rapidly adsorbed on the surface and affect the corrosion process of the material. Currently, there is no uniform understanding of the effect of protein adsorption on the corrosion behavior of materials due to the limitations of the nature of metal materials, protein concentrations, and different media environments. The effect of various bovine serum albumin (BSA) concentrations in artificial plasma (AP) on the corrosion behavior of pure Zn during 14 days of immersion was investigated in this research. The corrosion rate of pure Zn was slowed down by the addition of BSA, and the decelerating effect of lower protein concentration on the corrosion rate of Zn was more significant in the initial stage of immersion. With prolonging the immersion time, the corrosion rate of pure Zn in different media slowed down and stabilized, and the corrosion rates of pure Zn showed a decreasing trend with an increase of BSA concentration. Furthermore, the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model was utilized to study the relationship between the BSA concentration and corrosion behavior of pure Zn and to analyze the role of proteins in the degradation mechanism of pure Zn. This work could be useful for further exploration of potential clinical applications of zinc alloys.

Fabrication of Carboxylated Carbon Nanotube Buckypaper Composite Films for Bovine Serum Albumin Detection

The salient point of this study is to fabricate carbon nanotube (CNT) buckypaper composite films prepared through the methods of pumping filtration and spin coating. Firstly, carboxylated CNTs were used to make the original buckypaper specimen and further modify the buckypaper surface by incorporating different surface modifiers. Then, all of original (unmodified) and modified buckypaper composite films had different concentrations of bovine serum albumin (BSA) added, and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) electrochemical measurement was used to measure the characteristics of the various buckypaper composite films, after adding different concentrations of BSA. The experimental results show that the contact angles for four modified specimens are smaller than that of the original unmodified S–BP specimen (62°). These results indicate that the four modifiers used in this study can improve the hydrophilic properties of the original, unmodified S–BP specimen, and benefit the subsequent bonding of a modified specimen with aqueous BSA. In addition to the improvement of the hydrophilic properties of the modified specimen, which affects the bonding with BSA, the bonding type produced by the modifier also plays an essential role in the bonding between specimen and BSA. Therefore, the S–BP–EDC/NHS and S–BP–TA specimens have better linear dependence between log (BSA concentration) and oxidation current data.

Denaturation of selected bioactive whey proteins during pasteurization and their ability to modulate milk immunogenicity.

This research communication relates to the hypothesis that the consumption of raw or unprocessed cow's milk contributes to lowered prevalence of allergies. Thermal pasteurization of bovine milk can result in denaturation of minor whey proteins and loss of their bioactivity. Denaturation of bovine serum albumin (BSA), immunoglobulin G (IgG) and lactoferrin (LF) in skim milk was studied under different temperature (72, 75 or 78°C) and time (0-300 s) combinations. Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) results revealed that denaturation of all 3 proteins occurred at 72°C and progressed with increase in temperature and holding time. About 59% of LF and 12% of IgG denatured under high-temperature short-time (72°C/ 15 s) pasteurization, while BSA was least impacted. To assess modulation of milk immunogenicity, secretion of selected T helper (Th)-type cytokines by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was studied in vitro in response to different concentrations of BSA (0.4-1.0 mg/ml) and IgG (0.8-1.6 mg/ml) in unheated skim milk. Addition of IgG at 1.6 mg/ml induced a prominent Th1-skewed cytokine profile that may not trigger a Th2-skewed allergic reaction. BSA did not appear to modulate milk immunogenicity to any significant extent.

Fast and simple detection of bovine serum albumin concentration by studying its interaction with gold nanorods

Nowadays, the detection of albumin and determination of its concentration for early diagnosis of kidney diseases has attracted considerable attention as a simple and rapid method. In this work, two methods for detection and determination of albumin concentration were investigated and compared by using gold nanorods (GNRs) and spectrophotometry of their interaction with bovine serum albumin (BSA).By the changes in the typical synthesis protocol, GNRs' samples were synthesized and characterized. Synthesized GNRs were mixed with different concentrations of BSA. Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy and X-ray Fluorescence (FL) spectroscopy were applied to examine the mixed samples. The change of absorption spectrum in the UV region showed the detection limit of BSA concentration of 0.2 mg/mL. The detection limit of BSA concentration of 0.05 mg/mL was obtained from the investigation of absorption spectrum in visible-infrared (Vis-IR) regions. However, the study of the FL spectra proved the detection limit is as low as 0.0013 mg/mL. Therefore, it was found out that very low concentrations of albumin could be very accurately detected by FL spectroscopy. Also, comparing of the spectra obtained from the samples at various time intervals indicated that the measurement of concentration is possible after 1–20 min of mixing GNRs and BSA.

Label-free detection of bovine serum albumin based on an in-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometric biosensor.

We propose and experimentally verify an innovative label-free optical fiber biosensor based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometer for bovine serum albumin (BSA) concentration detection. The proposed fiber biosensor utilized a micro-cavity within a single-mode fiber to induce Mach-Zehnder interference. A remarkable feature of this biosensor is that external media can directly interact with the fiber core signal through microfluidic channels connected to the micro-cavity and sensor surface. The device was fabricated by means of femtosecond laser micromachining and chemical etching. A fiber interferometer of this type exhibits an ultrahigh refractive index sensitivity of -10,055 nm/RIU and a detection limit of 3.5 × 10-5 RIU. Different concentrations of BSA with an infinitesimally small refractive index difference can be clearly differentiated in situ by the interferential spectra of the structure. Experiments demonstrated the biosensor exhibited a BSA solution concentration sensitivity of -38.9 nm/(mg/mL) and a detection limit of 2.57 × 10-4 mg/mL, respectively. Moreover, this biosensor is a sub-microliter dose and ultrasensitive at the low concentrations detected in BSA, which make it a promising for biochemical applications such as DNA hybridization, cancer screenings, medicine examination and environmental engineering, etc.

A Rapid and Sensitive Impedance-Based Immunosensor Utilizing Dielectrophoretic Manipulations of Polyaniline Modified Nanoprobes

In this paper, we have fabricated a simple impedimetric bioanalytical device for the sensitive label free detection of specific immunoreactions. The device consists of a gold interdigitated microelectrode array that utilizes a positive dielectrophoretic (DEP) force to focus and concentrate the nanoprobes (conductive PANI-coated Al2O3 nanoparticles conjugated to antibody). A novel surface modification technique has been used to obtain a strongly adhered coating while antibody immobilization occurs via covalent bonding between the amino groups on the PANI surface and the aldehyde groups of the binder, glutaraldehyde. As proof of concept, we have used this immunosensor for detecting the immunoreaction of bovine serum albumin (BSA) with antibovine serum albumin. We have compared the sensitivity of the device at different concentrations of BSA ranging from 1 nM to $1~\mu \text{M}$ , with and without using DEP. Results show that the impedance change is directly proportional to the concentration of BSA used and can be magnified to about 2–3 times using DEP, thus providing an effective means for immobilization of the nanoprobes and improving the overall sensor sensitivity. Experimental impedance results match well with simulated results obtained using an equivalent circuit model. Thus, this disposable lab-on-a-chip device can be used in clinical settings for the quantitative detection of immunoassays with results obtainable within an hour.

Bio-interfacing of resonant transmission characteristics of InSb-based terahertz plasmonic waveguide

We have investigated, both experimentally and numerically, the transmission of terahertz (THz) electromagnetic waves in indium antimonide waveguides with stubs along the waveguide. The resonant transmission characteristics of the device at THz frequencies are exploited for sensing biological samples. The transmission characteristics of the waveguide were simulated using finite element method techniques for various sizes of waveguide width and stub length. The waveguides were fabricated by laser micromachining, and their transmission characteristics were measured by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. The experimental results are consistent with the simulation results. The stubs of the device were loaded with bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein molecules dissolved in water. A significant change in the THz transmission coefficient was observed for different concentrations of BSA, thus indicating the potential of the device for bio-sensing. The calculated absorption coefficients of the BSA samples agree well with the reported ones.

Study on the in vitro release behavior of bovine serum albumin from calcium phosphate coating on pure titanium surface

To study the incorporation rate and release behavior of bovine serum albumin (BSA) incorporated into the calcium phosphate coating by biomimetic deposition, as well as the physical and chemical properties of the hybrid coating, and to provide experimental basis for the fabrication of growth factor/biomimetic calcium phosphate coating and exploration for the loading/release behavior of growth factors. Pure titanium specimens were immersed into saturated calcium phosphate solutions(SCP) containing no BSA (controlled group) and 3 different concentrations of BSA (experimental groups) : 1, 10 and 100 mg/L. Biomimetic calcium phosphate coating was formed on titanium surface and BSA was incorporated into the coating through co-deposition. The topography of the specimen was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Chemical structure and phase composition of coatings were detected by Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis and X-ray diffraction (XRD) respectively. BSA incorporation rate and release profile were determined by bicinchoninic acid protein assay kit. The biomimetic calcium phosphate coating was mainly composed of hydroxyapatite and octacalcium phosphate. BSA was successfully incorporated into the calcium phosphate coatings in all the 3 experimental groups. With the increase of BSA concentration, plate-like units of the coatings were turned into small grid structure. BSA incorporation rates of the three experimental groups were (72.4 ± 2.4)%, (62.3 ± 0.9)% and (42.2 ± 1.7)% respectively. The in vitro release test showed that all three BSA release profiles could be divided into two significant different stages: early burst release stage and later sustained release stage. The amount of BSA release of the 3 experimental groups in 24 h and 30 d were (1.57 ± 0.09), (8.82 ± 0.93), (140.24 ± 3.12) µg, and (2.39 ± 0.29), (14.39 ± 0.70), (151.06 ± 2.00) µg respectively. Biomimetic calcium phosphate coating can be used as an effective carrier for protein. BSA concentration has an impact on the incorporation rate and release speed of BSA from the calcium phosphate coating. Favorable BSA incorporation rate and release behavior can be obtained at BSA concentration of 10 mg/L.

The synthesis and characterization of monodispersed chitosan-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles via a facile one-step solvothermal process for adsorption of bovine serum albumin.

Preparation of magnetic nanoparticles coated with chitosan (CS-coated Fe3O4 NPs) in one step by the solvothermal method in the presence of different amounts of added chitosan is reported here. The magnetic property of the obtained magnetic composite nanoparticles was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and magnetic measurements (VSM). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) allowed the identification of spherical nanoparticles with about 150 nm in average diameter. Characterization of the products by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) demonstrated that CS-coated Fe3O4 NPs were obtained. Chitosan content in the obtained nanocomposites was estimated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The adsorption properties of the CS-coated Fe3O4 NPs for bovine serum albumin (BSA) were investigated under different concentrations of BSA. Compared with naked Fe3O4 nanoparticles, the CS-coated Fe3O4 NPs showed a higher BSA adsorption capacity (96.5 mg/g) and a fast adsorption rate (45 min) in aqueous solutions. This work demonstrates that the prepared magnetic nanoparticles have promising applications in enzyme and protein immobilization.

Kinetics of Advanced Glycation End Products Formation on Bovine Serum Albumin with Various Reducing Sugars and Dicarbonyl Compounds in Equimolar Ratios

Reducing sugars and reactive dicarbonyl compounds play a major role in glycation of proteins in vivo. Glycation of proteins is the first step in of a nonenzymatic reaction, resulting in advanced glycation end products (AGEs). AGEs can inactivate proteins or modify their biological activities. Therefore, it is important to understand the mechanism of AGE formation. Here, we systematically analyzed the kinetics of AGE formation in vitro by fluorescence and absorption measurements utilizing a microplate reader system and bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model protein. Comparing different concentrations of BSA, we applied various reducing sugars and reactive dicarbonyl compounds as AGE-inducing agents at different concentrations. In summary, this experimental setup enabled us to measure the kinetics of AGE formation in an efficient and defined way.

Twitching motility among pathogenic Xylella fastidiosa isolates and the influence of bovine serum albumin on twitching-dependent colony fringe morphology

Fourteen Xylella fastidiosa isolates from grapevines exhibiting Pierce's disease symptoms in California, Texas, and South Carolina were examined for type IV pilus-mediated twitching motility, a phenotype previously observed in a Temecula isolate from California. All isolates except one from South Carolina (SC 19A97) exhibited colonies with a peripheral fringe on PW agar, a feature indicative of twitching motility; however, when individual cells of SC 19A97 were examined at higher magnifications twitching motility was observed. The presence and width of colony peripheral fringes were related to the amount of bovine serum albumin (BSA) present in the medium; no or low levels of BSA (0-1.8 g L(-1)) permitted development of the widest fringe, whereas higher levels (3.5-6.0 g L(-1)) severely limited, and in many instances prevented, peripheral fringe development. The growth rate of the wild-type Temecula isolate in PW broth with different concentrations of BSA was similar for all tested concentrations of BSA; however, growth was significantly reduced in medium without BSA.

Twitching motility among pathogenicXylella fastidiosaisolates and the influence of bovine serum albumin on twitching-dependent colony fringe morphology

Fourteen Xylella fastidiosa isolates from grapevines exhibiting Pierce's disease symptoms in California, Texas, and South Carolina were examined for type IV pilus-mediated twitching motility, a phenotype previously observed in a Temecula isolate from California. All isolates except one from South Carolina (SC 19A97) exhibited colonies with a peripheral fringe on PW agar, a feature indicative of twitching motility; however, when individual cells of SC 19A97 were examined at higher magnifications twitching motility was observed. The presence and width of colony peripheral fringes were related to the amount of bovine serum albumin (BSA) present in the medium; no or low levels of BSA (0-1.8 g L(-1)) permitted development of the widest fringe, whereas higher levels (3.5-6.0 g L(-1)) severely limited, and in many instances prevented, peripheral fringe development. The growth rate of the wild-type Temecula isolate in PW broth with different concentrations of BSA was similar for all tested concentrations of BSA; however, growth was significantly reduced in medium without BSA.

Effect of the State of Water as Studied by Pulsed NMR on the Function of RUBISCO in a Multienzyme Complex

Summary Calvin cycle enzymes function in situ in stroma where protein concentration is extremely high and water is remarkably limited. The state of water molecules in spinach leaves, chloroplasts and aqueous solutions of hydrophilic macromolecules like bovine serum albumin (BSA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) was studied by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The results showed that water existed in two states in spinach leaves and chloroplasts. The relaxation times of the two components of water in leaves were 243 ms and 51 ms. In the chloroplasts, a further reduction in the mobility with relaxation times of 78 ms and 24 ms was observed, suggesting that most of the water molecules in situ may be bound to a variety of macromolecules and hence highly immobile. The aqueous solutions of hydrophilic macromolecules demonstrated a reduction in the mobility, in a concentration dependent manner. The solutions of BSA above 50 % showed the state of water to be similar to that in vivo . The binding of water molecules in vivo would reduce the aqueous potential of the cellular water affecting solvation capacity as well as diffusion and also influence the activities of the enzymes. In order to study the consequence of the reduced mobility of water on the function of enzymes, R-5-P + ATP and RuBP dependent CO 2 fixation activities of RUBISCO in the multienzyme complex of isomerase, kinase and RUBISCO were examined at different concentrations of BSA and PEG. Both the activities were inhibited to a similar extent at high concentrations of polymers due to a severely water restrained condition. The identical inhibition of R-5-P + ATP dependent coupled reaction support the hypothesis that RuBP may be channeled to RUBISCO in this multienzyme complex and channeling of intermediates might be offering a functional advantage in a crowded condition.

Bovine serum albumin (BSA) can replace patient serum as a protein source in an in vitro fertilization (IVF) program.

Alternate protein sources have been suggested to replace the commonly used cord or patient serum for in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedures. During an 11-month period 127 patients treated for in vitro fertilization had either their serum (N = 71) or bovine serum albumin (BSA; N = 56) used as the protein source in the insemination and growth media. Ham's F-10 + 0.5% BSA was used for sperm swim-up and insemination media and 1% BSA was used for the growth media. Patient's serum was added to Ham's F-10 culture media at concentrations of 7.5 and 15% for insemination and growth, respectively. Embryo transfer was performed with Ham's F-10 containing 90% maternal serum in both groups. Fertilization rate of 259 oocytes inseminated in medium containing patient's serum did not differ when compared with 200 oocytes inseminated in medium containing BSA. Likewise, rates of abnormal fertilization, cleavage, and pregnancy were similar in both groups. In a second experiment, 148 normally fertilized oocytes were transferred after 24 hr in culture to growth media containing two different concentrations of BSA (0.5 or 1%). Cleavage rates for the two groups were similar and the percentage of embryos developed to greater than or equal to 4 cells did not differ significantly. We conclude that a single concentration of BSA can safely be used to supplement culture media in human IVF with several practical and economical benefits.