Different Concentrations Of Extract Research Articles

Allelopathic activity of coffee extracts: implications for germination and initial growth in select weeds and polyploidy in Lactuca sativa L

ABSTRACT Coffee beans contain compounds with allelopathic activity, such that some beans that do not meet quality standards might rather be used to obtain a natural herbicide which consequently might be employed to control undesired plants and avoid economic losses. Thus, the objectives of this study were: (1) to investigate the allelopathic effect of different concentrations of green (GC) and roasted (RC) coffee extracts on the inhibition of germination and initial growth of Lactuca sativa L. Bidens pilosa L. and Cyperus rotundus L. and (2) determine the induction of changes in the cell cycle of L. sativa L. and (3) quantify some compounds in the GC and RC extracts with possible allelopathic effects. Seeds and tubers were sown on germination paper, moistened with water or different concentrations of extracts, stored in transparent plastic boxes, and maintained in a germination chamber. Caffeine was found at higher concentrations of 79.768 and 15.532 g/L in GC and RC extracts, respectively. In general, RC extract for L. sativa L. and GC for B. pilosa L. diminished germination parameters. For C. rotundus L. GC extract decreased growth regardless of the concentration. An increased frequency of cell cycle alterations was observed in the root cells of L. sativa L. This study is the first to report that the studied extracts possess allelopathic potential, as they are effective in reducing germination and/or initial growth of weed species and L. sativa L. as well as inducing alterations in the cell cycle of L. sativa L.

Anti-oxidative, anti-AChE and neuroprotective effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of Sansevieria cylindrica leaves and Plumeria obtusa seed pods in Wistar rats

The rising incidence of neurodegenerative diseases represents a significant global health concern. The prognosis for such diseases is often unfavorable, and patients require supportive treatment to manage their condition effectively. The present study investigated the anti-oxidative, anti-acetylcholinesterase (anti-AChE) effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of Sansevieria cylindrica leaves and Plumeria obtusa seed pods in Wistar rats. Plants were authenticated followed by pharmacognostic evaluation. The antioxidant and anti-AChE activities were evaluated by scopolamine-induced oxidative stress and acetylcholine level alterations in Wistar rats. On the 0th, 7th, and 14th days during study period behavioral parameters were evaluated, including open field test, new object recognition test, and Morris water maze task. Different antioxidant enzymes were also evaluated in brain homogenate post 7 days treatment. AChE levels in rats’ brains were assessed post 14 days of treatment. Finally, histopathology of brains samples was performed. Correspondingly, in-vitro and in-silico studies were done to support the study findings.ResultsSansevieria cylindrica and Plumeria obtusa exhibited strong antioxidant and anti-AChE activities due to secondary metabolites content. Rearing and, line crossing by rats showed substantial alteration (p < 0.05) by combination of both plants at high dose. The escape latency found to be reduced significantly (p < 0.05) by Sansevieria cylindrica individually and in combination with Plumeria obtusa at all doses. The lipid peroxidation level in brain was decreased significantly than standard at 1:1 combination of plants extracts. The levels of GSH, CAT and SOD were attenuated significantly by different concentration of extracts (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively). The reduction in AChE levels was around 34.62% and 31.10% in male and female rats, respectively in combination of both plants at high dose compared to disease control group. It was further evident in brain histopathology. All in-vivo results were supported by in-vitro free radicals scavenging effect and in-silico study.ConclusionThe hydro-alcoholic extracts from Plumeria obtusa seed pods and Sansevieria cylindrica leaves showed a strong natural antioxidant, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitions which can aid in the treatment of neurodegerative diseases including Alzheimer.

Extraction, characterization, and antineoplastic effect of Macadamia nut extracts against cutaneous melanoma cells: a comprehensive study focused on SK-MEL-28 cells

In this study the potential of macadamia nut extracts against cutaneous melanoma cells was evaluated. The extracts were obtained through ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), where the effects of solid–liquid ratio, irradiation power, and temperature were assessed. Additionally, pressurized ethanol extraction (PEE) was performed, focusing on the impact of pressure, flow rate, and temperature. In both methods, a gas chromatography was used to characterize the extracts in terms of fatty acids. To evaluate the antineoplastic effect, SK-MEL-28 cells were treated with different concentrations of extracts (0.01–10 mg.mL−1) for 24 h. The MTT assay was used to assess cell viability. Furthermore, mitochondrial transmembrane potential and apoptotic bodies formation were evaluated. The highest global yield value obtained by UAE and PEE was 52.73 % and 38.84 %, respectively. The chemical characterization indicated that the main fatty acids were the methyl cis-9 oleate followed by methyl palmitoleate, methyl palmitate. With respect to the antineoplastic effect, both macadamia extracts significantly reduced melanoma cell viability, lowered mitochondrial transmembrane potential, and induced the formation of apoptotic bodies. Extract from UAE had superior antineoplastic effect than extract PEE. This fact is based on the influence of extraction techniques on the concentration of extracted compounds. The results suggest that macadamia extracts have potential to be used as adjuvant therapy in melanoma context.

The Growth Inhibition Effect of Different Extracts of Taraxacum Peregrinum Leaves on Breast Cancer Cell Line MDA-MB-468

Background and Objectives: The dandelion plant (Taraxacum officinale) is one of the plants with beneficial effects. In this study, we evaluated the growth inhibition of different extracts of Iranian dandelion (Taraxacum peregrinum) on breast cancer cells. Methods: Ethanolic, methanolic, hydroalcoholic, and aqueous extracts and juice of dandelion leaves were first prepared by the Maceration method. Seven concentrations (0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100, 1000, and 10000 mg/mL) were prepared from different extracts. Cisplatin was used as a standard anticancer drug. Their half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were evaluated by the MTT assay. Data analysis was done in Excel and GraphPad Prism 8.0.2 software. Results: By increasing the concentration of different extracts, the growth inhibitory effect on cancerous cells increased after 72 hours of exposure. The greatest growth inhibition effect was shown by ethanolic extract (IC50=0.75±0.31 mg/mL) after 72 hours of exposure followed by methanolic extract (IC50=6.25±0.76 mg/mL) and aqueous extract (IC50=6.59±0.94 mg/mL). Their effects were much more significant and better than Cisplatin (IC50=42.57±1.73 mg/mL). However, hydroalcoholic extract and juice of dandelion leaf did not show a significant growth inhibition effect. Conclusion: Given the significant effects of ethanolic, methanolic, and aqueous extracts of Taraxacum peregrinum leaves on inhibiting the growth of the MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cell line, this plant can be used as an herbal supplement for the treatment of breast cancer.

Phytotoxic effect of Carica papaya extract on seed-borne fungus of African Yam Bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa Hochst ex. A. Rich. Harms) seeds

Extracts of many higher plants have been reported to exhibit antifungal properties under laboratory experiments. This study was therefore carried out to investigate the effect of Carica papaya plant extracts on the African Yam Bean seed-borne pathogen. The seed health test of African Yam Bean was carried out using the blotter paper method. The experiment was conducted at the Plant Pathology Laboratory of the Department of Crop Science and Horticulture, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. Test of plant extract for inhibition of radial growth of seed-borne pathogen of African yam bean was studied under in vitro experiment at 0%, 50%, 75% and 100% concentrations with 0% as the control. The design was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. The test plant extracts of different concentrations were added into Petri dishes containing molten-sterilized Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) and swayed gently on the laboratory bench to allow an even mixture These were allowed to gel. Then nine millimeter discs of a seven-day pure culture of Aspergillus flavus were aseptically placed on the centre of the Petri dishes containing the SDA-extract mixture. Records on the radial inhibition effect of the test plant extract were kept for further analysis. Data on radial inhibition of fungus were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Results showed that Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus terreus were isolated from incubated African Yam Bean seeds. Carica papaya leaf extract used was very effective and the higher the concentrations of extract, the more effective in the inhibition of radial growth of the test fungus. It could therefore be recommended that farmers should always conduct viability tests on procured seeds before planting. Farmers should rather use plant extract such as the one used in this experiment in controlling seed-borne fungal pathogens of African Yam Bean seeds than synthetic fungicides.

Study of antibacterial properties of extracts of the herb Speranskia tuberculata (Bunge) Baill

The article deals with the problem of developing antibacterial drugs of plant origin, focusing on the properties of the herb Speranskia Tuberculata (Bunge) Baill, which is still understudied. The aim was to determine the antibacterial activity of preparations of the herb Speranskia Tuberculata (Bunge) Baill, extracted with different solvents. Materials and methodology. Crude extracts were obtained using four solvents: petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and aqueous solutions. Subsequently, the dried extracts were weighed and dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide to prepare working solutions with 10 to 500 µg/mL concentrations. Colonies of three types of bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Propionibacterium Acnes, were used as the object of the study. The degree of antibacterial activity was determined by measuring the antibacterial zone formed after treating bacteria with different concentrations of extracts compared to the control group (treatment with distilled water). In addition, the total content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids was determined by chemical methods. Antioxidant activity, volume of the dry residue of crude extracts, and content of flavonoids and phenolic compounds were compared with the results of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry on the presence of antibacterial substances in the extracts known from the literature. It was shown that the ethyl acetate extract among the 4 studied extracts had a clearly expressed antibacterial effect. The calculated value of IC50 for this extract varied between 112‒135 μg/mL for different bacteria. Other solvents did not show a pronounced antibacterial effect. The weakest effect was associated with petroleum ether extracts. At the same time, the mass of the dry residue, when extracted with petroleum ether, was the maximum among all solvents; on the contrary, with ethyl acetate, it was the minimum. Regarding the content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, the results of the studies were opposite; namely, the maximum concentrations were characteristic of the ethyl acetate extract, and the minimum concentrations were characteristic of the petroleum ether extract. According to the literature, twelve compounds found in the extracts have pronounced antibacterial activity. Suppose the presence of an aromatic ring and a carbon-linked hydroxyl group OH- is taken as the main sign of belonging to phenolic compounds. In that case, 8 of 12 invented antibacterial compounds belong to phenols and flavonoids. Experimentally proven high antibacterial activity of preparations of the herb Speranskia Tuberculata (Bunge) Baill based on ethyl acetate extracts. This property is related to the extract's high content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids.

Hypolipidemic And Testicular Cytoarchitecture Protective Effects of the Hydromethanol Leaf Extract of Craterispermum schweinfurthi in Male Wistar Rats

Hyperlipidemia is implicated in many disease states, including arteriosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, obesity and stroke amongst other illnesses. The present study describes the hypolipidemic and testicular cytoarchitecture protective effects of hydromethanol leaf extract of Craterispermum schweinfurthi using male Wistar rats as models. 64 male Wistar rats were acclimatized and subsequently randomly divided into 8 groups of 8 rats each. Diabetes was induced in all rat groups except Groups 1 and 8 using alloxan at a dose of 200mg/kg bw administered intraperitonially. Diabetes was confirmed after 72 hours of alloxan administration if the blood glucose level is ≥ 11.1 mmol/L (200mg/dl) and were daily treated with different concentrations of extract and phytosterol only for 28 days. Expectedly, significantly higher values of total cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein, low values of high-density lipoprotein and significant reduction in the population of epithelial germ cells and normal matured spermatozoa in the testes were observed amongst group 2 (Untreated Diabetes) rats administered 200mg/kg bw of alloxan, compared to group 1 (Control) rats (p&lt;0.05). Suggesting a possible hyperlipidemic and harmful testicular effects of alloxan in male Wistar rats. By corollary, extract administration significantly lowered values of total cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein, increased values of high-density lipoproteins and reversed the reduction in germ cells and matured spermatozoa population amongst Groups 4 and 5 rats administered 500mg/kg bw and 750mg/kg bw of the extract of Craterispermum schweinfurthi compared to Group 2 (Untreated Diabetes) rats (p&lt;0.05). Suggesting a possible reversal and protective effects of the extract. Craterispermum schweinfurthi extract administration lowered total cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein, increased serum high density lipoprotein concentration and promoted germinal epithelial cells ...

АЛЛЕЛОПАТИЧЕСКАЯ АКТИВНОСТЬ ТРЕХРЕБЕРНИКА НЕПАХУЧЕГО (TRIPLEUROSPERMUM INODORUM (L.) SCH. BIP.)

The purpose of reseach was to study the allelopathic activity of T. inodorum in laboratory conditions against seeds and seedlings of watercress (Lepidium sativum L.). Objectives: to identify the effect of aqueous extracts of different concentrations of the dry aerial part of T. inodorum on the dynamics of germination and the initial growth of test plant seedlings; to compare the allelopathic effects of T. inodorum identified by two biotesting methods. We used classical methods for determining the allelopathic activity of plants by biotesting on seeds and seedlings of higher plants. The preparation of a concentrated (1 : 25) aqueous extract was carried out using the hot extraction method (4 g of the above-ground part of the three-rib was poured into 100 ml of boiling water and infused for 1 hour). By successively diluting the initial extract, solutions of lower concentrations were obtained (1: 50, 1: 100 and 1: 200). The results obtained indicate a high allelopathic activity of aqueous extracts of the dry aerial part of T. inodorum, which is expressed in a decrease in seed germination and inhibition of seedling growth. With an increase in the concentration of aqueous extracts of three-ribs, the sizes of the root and hypocotyl naturally decrease. Moreover, the most sensitive organ of the test plant is the root, the size of which at the weakest concentration (1: 200) decreases by almost 2 times, while the size of the hypocotyl decreases slightly. A more clear concentration dose-effect relationship was shown by the results of biotesting for root elongation. As the concentration of extracts increases, the size of watercress roots gradually decreases, and the toxicity index of aqueous extracts increases from 21.4 to 86.6 %.

Potential of Animal Bile as Bio-molluscicide against Land Snail Monacha cartusiana

Background: One of the pests that can be detrimental to crops in agroecosystems is the land snail, also known as Monacha cartusiana. Molluscicides that are chemical are the first line of defense against land snails; however, because of their toxicity to both land and aquatic life, there has been an increase in interest in the discovery of biological molluscicides that are acceptable and eco-friendly. These molluscicides are a natural and environmentally safe alternative to synthetic poisons. Methods: The purpose of this study is to examine the efficacy of animal bile liquid against Monacha cartusiana in vitro. Molluscicides were tested using a dipping approach on snails isolated from agricultural land. PBS was utilized as a control. Furthermore, four different concentrations of extract (12.5, 25, 50 and 100%) were evaluated across different periods, and changes in snail viability were recorded (5, 10, 20 and 40 minutes). A chemical analysis was carried out using GC-MS to determine the presence of numerous expected active chemical components in animal bile fluids. Result: The results clear that the bile had significant efficacy in killing snails at 100%, 61%, 41% and 20% after 20 hours. The findings suggest that bile contains potent chemicals and is a promising strategy for molluscicide. More research is needed to identify the specific active compounds found in animal bile, as well as their modes of action and application in vivo.

Phytochemical Screening and Evaluation of Antibacterial, Anticandidal, and Sporicidal Properties of Euphorbia tirucalli Extract in Terengganu, Malaysia

Euphorbia tirucalli, commonly known as the pencil cactus or milk bush plant, is used as an alternative medicine. The current study evaluated the phytochemical contents, antibacterial, anticandidal, and antisporicidal potential of the E. tirucalli methanolic extract. The antibacterial and anticandidal activity of E. tirucalli methanolic extract was determined by performing a disc diffusion assay, MIC, MBC, and MCC. The sporicidal activity was tested at different concentrations of extract and exposure times. Phytochemical analyses revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, and tannins in E. tirucalli methanolic extract. Results demonstrated inhibition zones of the extract against Gram-positive bacteria were in range of 22.00-7.00 mm. Meanwhile, inhibition zones of the extract against Gram-negative bacteria were in range of 13.00-7.00 mm. All bacteria were inhibited with MIC values at 1.56-25.0 mg/ml and can be completely killed with MBC values of 20-200 mg/ml. Inhibition zones of E. tirucalli methanolic extract against Candida spp. were in the range of 20.00-8.00 mm. All Candida spp. were inhibited with MIC values at 1.56-100.00 mg/ml and MBC values of 100-300 mg/ml. All concentrations of the extract inhibited all Bacillus spp. spores at different exposure times. In conclusion, the methanolic extract of E. tirucalli exhibits antibacterial, anticandidal, and sporicidal activities. The findings indicated that the methanolic extract of E. tirucalli has good potential for prospective nature-based antimicrobial agents.

Physicochemical properties of yogurt enriched with nanoliposomes containing bitter melon extract

Bitter melon is a medicinal plant for treating many diseases, such as diabetes. However, this plant has a bitter taste, and encapsulation is an appropriate method for its use in food formulations. In this study, bitter melon extract-loaded nanoliposomes were prepared at different concentrations of extract (0.5 and 1%) and lecithin (1, 3, and 5%), and then added to the prepared yogurt. Physicochemical properties and sensory evaluation of yogurt samples were investigated. The results showed that adding encapsulated extract did not affect the pH and acidity of yogurt samples, but it significantly reduced syneresis and increased viscosity. With increasing lecithin concentration, the index L * and b * decreased, and the index a* increased. Sensory evaluation of yogurt samples demonstrated that the samples containing nanoliposomes scored higher in odor, texture, taste, color, and overall acceptability than those containing free extract. Examining charantin release from the nanoliposomes in yogurt in simulated gastrointestinal conditions showed a slow and controlled release. The best model for the release of nanoencapsulated compounds was the first-order equation. The results of this study proved the high efficiency of nanoliposomes for loading the bioactive compounds of bitter melon extract and the possibility of using it in food formulations.

Anti-oxidant and cytotoxic activity of Spirulina platensis ethanolic extract against Caco-2 and HepG2 cancer cell lines

Spirulina platensis is blue-green algae received significant attention for its high nutritional value, it is a source of powerful antioxidants. The cytotoxicity of crude extract is not well recorded. The aim of current study to evaluate the cytotoxicity of S. platensis extracts on colon cancer (CaCo-2), hepatic cancer (HepG2) cell lines, normal fibroblast cells line (HdFn) and also antioxidant activity. The percent of 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity was determined for serial concentrations of extract ranging from 3.125 to 200 μg/ml. Cell lines were treated for 24 hours with different concentrations of extract ranging from 25 to 400 µg/ml. Cell viability testing using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay which determined how the extract affected caspase 9 activity. The results revealed that extract had moderate antioxidant activity, showing the DPPH scavenging activity reached 58% in a concentration of 200μg/ml, and IC50 was 95.84 μg/ml. The extract significantly decreased CaCo-2 cell viability with IC50 99.12 µg/ml, compared to HdFn viability with IC50 157.6 µg/ml. On CaCo-2 cells, the extract's cytotoxicity was more evident (P&lt; 0.05) than HdFn cells. The extract had more significant (P&lt;0.05) cytotoxicity on cancer cell lines and also significantly decreased the viability of HepG2 cells with IC50 167.4 µg/ml, than the viability of HdFn with IC50 214.9 μg/ml. The extract revealed significantly higher (P&lt; 0.05) cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells than the normal HdFn cells. This study concluded that the extract exerted a dose-dependent anti-proliferation effect on CaCo-2 cells and HepG2 cells by comparing them with HdFn cells.

Investigation of Antimicrobial Activity of Aloe vera and it’s Application

Aloe vera consists of about 420 species, and has been used as a traditional medicine for about 3000 years. The preliminary phytochemical screening of the aloe vera gel powder revealed the presence of steroids, phenolics, glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and tannins. Invitro antibacterial studies on the leaf extract were carried out on medically important bacterial strains, including Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans using agar disc diffusion method. The bacterial strains were exposed to the following four different concentrations of extracts: 25µl, 50 µl, 75 µl and 100 µl. The result of our antibacterial assay revealed that the extract showed good inhibitory activity against all the tested pathogens.

Influential versatile potential of Entada rheedii and Myristica beddomei – an ethnobotanical approach

Aim of the study is to determine the anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic (α-amylase activity) and radical scavenging potentials of both leaf and stem ethanolic extracts of Entada rheedii and Myristica beddomei. DPPH, ABTS, H2O2, superoxide, hydroxyl and nitric oxide activity relate to inhibition ratio with different concentrations of extracts (μg/mL). Antidiabetic (α-amylase activity) and anti-inflammatory activities were also analyzed which showed high radical scavenging activity in a dose depending manner. Comparatively, leaves and stems of Entada rheedii showed higher radical scavenging activities compared to Myristica beddomei. Furthermore, both leaves and stem of Entada rheedii showed appreciable α-amylase inhibitory effects when compared with acarbose (standard drug) and also possess a strong anti-inflammatory effect (Diclofenac sodium, standard drug), compared to Myristica beddomei extracts. Overall, our results established the key evidence for Entada rheedii and Myristica beddomei extracts to be considered as a natural therapeutic aliment as the substitution for oxidative stress.

Investigating the Effect of Lippia Citriodora Leaf Hydro-Ethanolic Extract on Two Prostate Cancer Cell Lines PC-3 and LNCaP Alone and in Combination with Docetaxel

Background: Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men. Docetaxel is the most important drug for prostate cancer, but drug resistance reduces its effectiveness. One of the important strategies to increase the drug efficacy is the use of combination therapy. This study investigated toxic effect of Lippia citriodora leaf extract on two prostate cancer cell lines and its effect on docetaxel cytotoxicity.&#x0D; Methods: Cytotoxicity of Lippia citriodora leaf extract was evaluated individually or in combination with docetaxel. Cells were cultured in 96-well plates. After treating cells with different concentrations of extracts and drugs, their survival was measured by MTT assay.&#x0D; Results: Lippia citriodora leaf extract showed a highly toxic effect on prostate cancer cells. The extract at the highest concentration, decreased the percentage of viable cells to 18.01 ± 1.37 in PC-3 cells and to 20.80 ± 1.06 in LNCaP cells. The IC50 value of the extract was 78.14 mg/ml for PC-3 cells and 88.76 mg/ml for LNCaP cells. In addition, the extract increased the cytotoxicity of docetaxel. In the maximum increasing effect, the percentage of survival in PC-3 and LNCaP cells decreased from 50.87 ± 2.46 to 26.48 ± 1.12 and from 54.13 ± 1.83 to 28.84 ± 1.69, respectively.&#x0D; Conclusion: Lippia citriodora leaf extract had a remarkable toxic effect on prostate cancer cells in vitro and increased docetaxel cytotoxicity. The antitumor effects of the extract can be further evaluated in vivo and clinical trials.

Molluscicidal activity of Nigella sativa seed, Azadirachta indica leaf and Khaya senegalensis bark ethanolic extracts against Bulinus truncatus snails

In order to control schistosomiasis, a strategy involves eliminating the intermediate host responsible for its transmission. Plant-derived molluscicides have been extensively researched as a cost-effective approach to combat this disease, seeking alternative solutions to synthetic molluscicides. The study aimed to analyze the phytoconstituents and assess the molluscicidal impact of ethanolic extracts on adult Bulinus truncatus snails. Dried plant materials were ground into powder, and then extracted using ethanol 96%. Preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out using standard procedures. In vitro Molluscicidal activity was evaluated for the three plants extracts in different concentrations (125, 250, 500 and 1000 ppm). Every 5 adult snails were placed in a plastic cup containing a specific amount of dechlorinated water with plant sample. Control negative was prepared by placing the snails in dechlorinated water only, the numbers of survived and dead snails were recorded after 24 and 48 hours. The Lethal dose and Standard deviation were calculated. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of different chemical constituents in the three plants samples. The result showed that all the plants extracts possessed molluscicidal activity against B. truncatus snails. The A. indica leaf extract was the most effective with LD50 of 74.32544 ppm. From the findings of this study, Molluscicide of plant origin could be useful against the common snail species in Sudan; therefore, the selected plants can play a big role in community based Schistosomiasis control.

Larvacidal effects of methanolic and ethanolic leaf extracts of &lt;i&gt;Xienemia americana&lt;/i&gt; against female &lt;i&gt;Anopheles gambiae&lt;/i&gt; S.L. (Culicidae: Diptera)

Anopheles gambiae complex is the most important vector of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. It is thought that Nigeria comprises about 45 species of Anopheles mosquitoes of which Anopheles gambiae is the most prevalent. Extract of different concentrations were evaluated at the level of 2.00 3.00, 4.00, 5.00 and 0.00 (Control) mg/ml. Distilled water only was used as control. Twenty (20) larvae were put into four (4) cups containing 100ml of the test solution of each concentration. Larval to pupa mortality were recorded and calculated after 24, 48 and 72h after treatment. Mortality results were used to determine LC50 and LC90 using probit analysis. The larvicidal activity of methanol and Ethanolic extracts of the X. Americana were evaluated on 4th instar larvae of Anopheles gambiae. From the results concentration of X. americana with ethanol has shown high larvicidal effect with 10%, 12%, 3% adult emergence when compare with control. While Methanol concentration reveals low larvicidal effect with 16 % adult emergence. Treatment group X. Americana showed highest survival from pupa to adult (28, 18% and 6%) recorded, this means concentration of ethanol has larvicidal effect against A. gambiae. However, methanol concentration shows low activity with 45, 21 and 16% followed by X. Americana with 18, 15 and 10% recorded the highest larvicidal activity among all the concentrations with methanol respectively. Concentration of 5.0 mL, 12.0 mL, 20.0 mL, 25.0, 30.0mL compare to control group. All the extracts proved to be toxic to the test organism, though there was a remarkable difference in the concentrations and timing of their activity.

In vitro Evaluation of Nerium oleander Leaf Extract against Sarcoptes scabiei var. cuniculi Mite Isolated from Naturally Infested Rabbits

Background: Infestation of the mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. cuniculi is one of the most frequent skin diseases in rabbits all over the world. Disease is characterized by intense pruritus, alopecia, erythema, scales and crusts around the head, neck, trunk, feet, ears, nose and genitals, resulting in hypertensive reactions, considerable losses in body weight and productivity causing significant economic losses in rabbit production. Methods: This study is aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Nerium oleander extract against S. scabiei var. cuniculi mite in vitro. Acaricidal bioassay,a dipping method was conducted on mites isolated from naturally infested rabbits. PBS and ivermectin were used as the negative and positive controls, respectively. In addition, three different concentrations of extract (100, 200 and 400 ìg/ml) weretested at different periods and changes over time in the viability of mites were registered for (0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 hours). A chemical assay was performed via GC-MS to investigate the presence of several anticipated active chemical compounds in Nerium oleander leaf extract. Result: The results showed that the extract had high efficacy in killing mites at 100%, 78% and 49% and ivermectin 91%, respectively, for 8 hours. The results indicate that Nerium oleander possesses effective compounds as a valuable therapeutic method for treating scabies. Further studies are needed to determine the precise active chemicals present in Nerium oleander leaf extract and their modes of action and application in vivo.

CORRECTION OF SOWING QUALITY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS SEEDS WITH ECHINACEIA EXTRACTS

The paper presents experimental data on the effect of echinacea extracts on the sowing qualities of medicinal herbs. The biological activity of extracts obtained from the areal part (EAP) and rhizomes with roots (ERS) of pale echinacea was investigated. The object of study was the sowing quality of the seeds of such medicinal plants as blue cornflower (Centaurea cyanus L.), purple echinacea (Echinacea purpurea (L. Moench.), pale echinacea (Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt.), St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.), forest mallow (Malva sylvestris L.), which are of industrial importance for medicinal plants. The seeds were soaked in 0.01%-0.0001% solutions of extracts, under the control they were treated with water, after that they were germinated in Petri dishes by generally accepted methods according to the standards. The best results were obtained in mallow seed extracts. The solution of EAP at a concentration of 0.001% increased the energy of germination by 19.2% compared to the control, and when using ERS in all concentrations, a positive effect was obtained (by 18.2 %-23.6% to the control). Germination of variants treated with EAP solutions increased by 1.12-1.21 times, and ERS – by 1.09-1.21 times. Treatment of Echinacea purple seeds with EAP solutions was not effective, but rhizome extract treatment with roots had a positive effect on both germination energy and germination resulting 12.0%-17.3% and 8.3%-9.5% compared to the control, respectively. Similar regularities were observed in variants with the treatment of Echinacea seeds with extracts in different concentrations. The action of EAP solutions did not statistically exceed the control, but when using ERS, the results reliably exceeded the control by 10.8%-13.8% (germination energy) and by 11.0%-17.8% (germination). Treatment of St. John’s wort and cornflower seeds with extracts did not lead to changes in seed quality indicators. A general trend of greater activity of extracts in concentrations of 0.01%-0.001% was observed.

Effect of the Addition of Guava Leaf Extract (Psidium guajava L.) to Coconut Milk Yoghurt (Niyoghurt) as A Functional Food

Niyoghurt is yoghurt made from coconut milk. Coconut milk has a creamier, softer texture, and provides a distinctive taste compared to cow’s milk. Guava leaf contain a flavonoid compound, quercetin, which is antibacterial. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the addition of guava leaf extract (Psidium guajava L.) to coconut milk yoghurt (niyoghurt) as a functional food. This study aimed to identify the water content, ash content, fat content, protein content, pH, total lactic acid, antioxidant activities, and hedonic color, flavor, taste, and texture from two types guava leaves (guava leaf and crystal guava leaf) and different concentration of extract (3%, 4%, and 5%). The results of the study showed that types of guava leaves had very significantly effects (P&lt;0.01) on protein content, total lactic acid, hedonic color, texture and taste. The concentration of guava leaf extract had a very significantly effect (P&lt;0.01) on fat content, protein content, total lactic acid, antioxidants, hedonic color, aroma, texture and taste, but did not have a significantly effect (P&gt;0.05) on water content and ash content. The interaction between the type and concentration of guava leaf extract had a very significantly effect (P&lt;0.01) on the hedonic color, texture, aroma and taste.