Different Categories Of Applications Research Articles

Characterizing User Behavior in Mobile Internet

Smart devices bring us the ubiquitous mobile accessing to Internet, making mobile Internet grow rapidly. Using the mobile traffic data collected at core metropolitan 2G and 3G networks of China over a week, this paper studies the mobile user behavior from three aspects: 1) data usage; 2) mobility pattern; and 3) application usage. We classify mobile users into different groups to study the resource consumption in mobile Internet. We observe that traffic heavy users and high mobility users tend to consume massive data and radio resources simultaneously. Both the data usage and the mobility pattern are closely related to the application access behavior of the users. Users can be clustered through their application usage behavior, and application categories can be identified by the ways to attract the users. Our analysis provides an comprehensive understanding of user behavior in mobile Internet, which may be used by network operators to design appropriate mechanisms in resource provision and mobility management for resource consumers based on different categories of applications.

A SURVEY OF CHECKPOINT/RESTART TECHNIQUES ON DISTRIBUTED MEMORY SYSTEMS

The road to exascale computing poses many challenges for the High Performance Computing (HPC) community. Each step on the exascale path is mainly the result of a higher level of parallelism of the basic building blocks (i.e., CPUs, memory units, networking components, etc.). The reliability of each of these basic components does not increase at the same rate as the rate of hardware parallelism. This results in a reduction of the mean time to failure (MTTF) of the whole system. A fault tolerance environment is thus indispensable to run large applications on such clusters. Checkpoint/Restart (C/R) is the classic and most popular method to minimize failure damage. Its ease of implementation makes it useful, but typically it introduces significant overhead to the application. Several efforts have been made to reduce the C/R overhead. In this paper we compare various C/R techniques for their overheads by implementing them on two different categories of applications. These approaches are based on parallel-file-system (PFS)-level checkpoints (synchronous/asynchronous) and node-level checkpoints. We utilize the Scalable Checkpoint/Restart (SCR) library for the comparison of node-level checkpoints. For asynchronous PFS-level checkpoints, we use the Damaris library, the SCR asynchronous feature, and application-based checkpointing via dedicated threads. Our baseline for overhead comparison is the naïve application-based synchronous PFS-level checkpointing method. A 3D lattice-Boltzmann (LBM) flow solver and a Lanczos eigenvalue solver are used as prototypical applications in which all the techniques considered here may be applied.

A Research Survey on Experimental Tools for Simulating Wireless Sensor Networks

success of Wireless Sensor Networks lies in the fact that the tools available for detecting the failures are demonstrated in many long term implementations. WSNs are scarce or limited resources, delicate, difficult in analysis and prone to mistakes easily by nature. With the ease of tools installations increases, nowadays the causes of failure identification in such a network becomes efficient. Due to the high cost and increased time consumption of deployment of WSNs, almost in all the fields, many experimental tools are used before real environment implementation. From 2005 onwards, these tools are rapidly increased in number and performance proportionately with the emerged new technologies. In this survey, many tools are discussed and compared with several features for implementation. Even though many tools are developed for different applications, still there exists open challenges' regarding its reachability, suppleness, simplicity, locality of nodes and protection. To avoid these issues, WSNs platforms and operating systems has to be matured by having improved diagnostic capability. The key objective of this work is to review various tools available for the emerging Wireless Sensor Network and its services suitable for different categories of applications by performing different functions thus paving the way for changes in Information and Communication field in the upcoming years. KeywordsSensor Networks, Experimental tools, Information and Communication field.

The response clamp: functional characterization of neural systems using closed-loop control

The voltage clamp method, pioneered by Hodgkin, Huxley, and Katz, laid the foundations to neurophysiological research. Its core rationale is the use of closed-loop control as a tool for system characterization. A recently introduced method, the response clamp, extends the voltage clamp rationale to the functional, phenomenological level. The method consists of on-line estimation of a response variable of interest (e.g., the probability of response or its latency) and a simple feedback control mechanism designed to tightly converge this variable toward a desired trajectory. In the present contribution I offer a perspective on this novel method and its applications in the broader context of system identification and characterization. First, I demonstrate how internal state variables are exposed using the method, and how the use of several controllers may allow for a detailed, multi-variable characterization of the system. Second, I discuss three different categories of applications of the method: (1) exploration of intrinsically generated dynamics, (2) exploration of extrinsically generated dynamics, and (3) generation of input–output trajectories. The relation of these categories to similar uses in the voltage clamp and other techniques is also discussed. Finally, I discuss the method's limitations, as well as its possible synthesis with existing complementary approaches.

“What if”: The use of biomechanical models for understanding and treating upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders

To aid understanding of the working of the upper extremity, several musculoskeletal models of the shoulder and arm have been developed. These models comprise the full shoulder girdle, which implies that the thoracohumeral link is formed by a scapular and clavicular segment. These models are based upon limited anatomical parameter sets and work on the assumption of a general control principle. Upper Extremity models have proven to be useful for different categories of applications, such as quantification of the load on musculoskeletal structures, or the evaluation of changes in the musculoskeletal structure on function and mechanical integrity (“what if” questions). Although these models are increasingly used, validation has long been a difficult issue. With the development of instrumented endoprostheses, a new method for model validation has come within reach. Up till now results have indicated that to obtain ‘true’ force values, models should be scaled, and should allow for cocontraction. Musculoskeletal models will be finding their way in education and in clinical decision making. On the longer run individualized models might become important for application to individual patients, although scaling will for some time remain a difficult issue.

Integration and detection of biochemical assays in digital microfluidic LOC devices

The ambition of lab-on-a-chip (LOC) systems to achieve chip-level integration of a complete analytical process capable of performing a complex set of biomedical protocols is hindered by the absence of standard fluidic components able to be assembled. As a result, most microfluidic platforms built to date are highly specialized and designed to fulfill the requirements of a single particular application within a limited set of operations. Electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) digital microfluidic technology has been recently introduced as a new methodology in the quest for LOC systems. Herein, unit volume droplets are manipulated along electrode arrays, allowing a microfluidic function to be reduced to a set of basic operations. The highly reprogrammable architecture of these systems can satisfy the needs of a diverse set of biochemical assays and ensure reconfigurability, flexibility and portability between different categories of applications and requirements. While important progress was made over past years in the fabrication, miniaturization and function programming of the basic EWOD fluidic operations, the success of this technology will in great part depend on the ability of researchers to couple or integrate digital microfluidics to detection approaches that can make the system competitive for LOC applications. The detection techniques should be able to circumvent the limitations of hydrophobic surfaces and exploit the advantages of the array format, high droplet transport speeds and rapid mixing schemes. This review provides an in-depth look at recent developments for the coupling and integration of detection techniques with digital microfluidic platforms for bio-chemical applications.

World Applications of Gas-Insulated Modules (GIMs) to HV and EHV Substations

Electric power transmission and distribution market changes have forced operators to look for economical, fast-to-implement, environment-friendly and easy-to-maintain high-voltage and extra high-voltage substations. This research has led to the use of gas-insulated modules (GIMs), which integrate several feeder functions in a compact way and are connected to air-insulated busbars, instead of traditional air-insulated or fully gas-insulated solutions. Then, GIM use has been extended to different categories of applications, and to the highest voltages of transmission networks. This paper intends to present, from a general point of view, these different categories of applications, their specific needs and impacts, and the specific solutions proposed for the equipment.

Dual programming approach to software testing

The testing phase of the software development process consumes about one-half of the development time and resources. This paper addresses the automation of the analysis stage of testing. Dual programming is introduced as one approach to implement this automation. It uses a higher level language to duplicate the functionality of the software under test. We contend that a higher level language (HLL) uses fewer lines of code than a lower level language (LLL) to achieve the same functionality, so testing the HLL program will require less effort than testing the LLL equivalent. The HLL program becomes the oracle for the LLL version. This paper describes experiments carried out using different categories of applications, and it identifies those most likely to profit from this approach. A metric is used to quantify savings realized. The results of the research are: (a) that dual programming can be used to automate the analysis stage of software testing; (b) that substantial savings of the cost of this testing phase can be realized when the appropriate pairing of primal and dual languages is made, and (c) that it is now possible to build a totally automated testing system. Recommendations are made regarding the applicability of the method to specific classes of applications.