Different Angles Of Inclination Research Articles

Impact of Vertical and Diagonal Shear Reinforcement on the Structural Integrity of a Deep Beam

This research investigates the shear strength behaviour of deep beams with different angles of inclinations of the transverse reinforcements with the longitudinal reinforcements. A mix ratio of 1:1½:3 of concrete was used in this investigation with a total number of three (3) deep beam models of 150×300×750 mm and the characteristic compressive strength of concrete used for the production of the beams was determined to be 14.5 N/mm2. The study concludes that the ultimate resisting load of the beam depends on the angle of inclination of the shear links and maximum with 90o inclination angle of the shear links which decreases with a decrease in the angle of inclination. Hence, all shear reinforcement must not be inclined at an angle other than 90o to the longitudinal reinforcement to avoid shear-compression failure along the shear diagonal.

Optimizing solar panel tilt angles across diverse Algerian terrain

Purpose. To optimize the efficiency and performance of a solar system by maximizing the capture of solar radiation through determining the most optimal solar panel tilt angle. Methodology. Stochastic techniques are presently utilized for estimating, optimizing, and predicting various solar energy systems. The authors have developed an algorithm that simulates the echolocation behavior of bats. Findings. To attain this objective, we evaluated different angles of inclination for the incident energy surface that will maximize the sunlight. Next, we compared the intensity of incident solar energy from a horizontal surface and the same surface tilted at the optimum angle. As a result, we determined the optimal tilt angles for other Algerian cities not covered by this study, based on two factors: geometry and climate, using multiple linear regression analysis. The results obtained reflect average monthly and annual values for solar panel tilt angles. These results depend on the latitude and sunshine levels of the locations studied. Originality. The present study introduces a computational algorithm that utilizes the echolocation behavior of bats to determine the most advantageous tilt angle for a photovoltaic (PV) panel. Practical value. Optimizing solar panel angles across various terrains in Algeria is crucial for maximizing the energy efficiency of photovoltaic installations. The optimization algorithm based on the echolocation behavior of bats allows for the determination of optimal angles by taking into account regional, climatic, and seasonal variations, thereby increasing energy production. This innovative approach offers an effective solution for improving the profitability of solar systems while contributing to sustainable development.

Methods for determining scattered solar radiation in order to increase the accuracy of forecasting hourly electricity generation by solar power plants

Relevance. А simple and up-to-date methodology is needed to assess the potential of electricity that can be obtained from solar power plants installed in different regions. The difficulty in assessing the potential of solar energy lies in the presence of some factors that affect electricity generation and depend on random events. Such factors include, first of all, the sky clarity, the direction of photovoltaic panels strictly to the Sun, dustiness, and ambient temperature. The literature uses different approaches to assess the potential of solar energy. This paper presents a methodology for evaluating the generation of electricity by a solar panel having a continuous solar tracking system, taking into account the dustiness and temperature of photovoltaic panels. The technique has been tested on an existing physical model. Aim. To study the existing methods for assessing the potential of solar energy and to select the most suitable ones for the central part of Russia. Object. Solar power plants. Methods. Empirical and analytical methods. Using data obtained from an operating solar station, the adequacy of the proposed methodology was assessed. Results. The selected methods take into account the hourly sky clarity index, which made it possible, with sufficient accuracy for engineering techniques, to determine the daily power generation of a solar station with different angles of inclination of solar panels. This will improve the accuracy of estimating the potential of electricity generated by solar power plants, both with stationary photovoltaic panels and with solar tracking systems. Based on the conducted computational experiments and the analysis of data obtained from an operating solar station, the authors concluded that the technique presented in this paper allows us to determine with high enough accuracy the potential of electricity that can be produced in Russia by solar stations.

FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF A LONGITUDINAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

This paper addresses how a longitudinal transmission system of a car could be analyzedusing Autodesk Inventor software. The longitudinal transmission, also known as a driveshaft or cardan shaft, is a system used in rear-wheel-drive or all-wheel-drive vehicles where power is transmitted from the engine to the rear axle or to both axles. During the operation of the longitudinal transmission, various loads can lead to the wear and tear of the universal joints, resulting in failures or even the destruction of the system. To prevent these issues, we considered it necessary to analyze the modelled driveshaft using Inventor based on von Mises stresses and the safety factor. The material used in this study is cast steel with the following properties: Mass Density 7.85 g/cm³, Yield Strength 250 MPa, Ultimate Tensile Strength 300 MPa, and Young's Modulus 210 GPa. The results obtained for different angles of inclination of the universal joint axes lead to the conclusion that the positioning of the driveshaft significantly influences the durability of the longitudinal transmission system.

USING SOLAR ENERGY AS NON-CONVENTIONAL ALTERNATIVE ENERGY IN SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED FARMS (Part II)

Considering that every day the sun generates more energy than the planet needs for daily consumption, harnessing solar energy represents one of the future solutions for clean, sustainable energy, obviously with the technological limitations related to the ability to transform this energy into electricity. The paper presents a functional model of equipment that allows the capture of solar energy using special panels, which can rotate both horizontally and vertically according to the sun, so that the incidence of rays with the radiating surface of the panels is maximum and the yields obtained at different angles of inclination in the vertical plane at 60, respectively in the horizontal plane at 0o.

UTILIZAREA ENERGIEI SOLARE CA SURSĂ ALATERNATIVĂ NECONVENŢIONALĂ DE ENERGIE ÎN FERMELE DE DIMENSIUNI MICI ŞI MEDII

Solar energy represents a future solution for clean, sustainable energy, because the sun generates much more energy every day than it is necessary for daily consumption, unlike fossil fuels. The only limitation related to this renewable resource is the ability to transform this energy into electricity. The paper presents a functional model of equipment that allows the capture of solar energy using special panels, which can rotate according to the sun, so that the incidence of rays with the radiating surface of the panels is maximum, and the yields obtained at different angles of inclination (in the vertical plane: 30 and 45, and in the horizontal plane: 0 to be maximum.

ASPECTE PRIVIND UTILIZAREA ENERGIEI SOLARE ÎN FERMELE MICI ŞI MEDII

Considering that every day the sun generates more energy than the planet needs for daily consumption, harnessing solar energy represents one of the future solutions for clean, sustainable energy, obviously with the technological limitations related to the ability to transform this energy into electricity. The paper presents a functional model of equipment that allows the capture of solar energy using special panels, which can rotate both horizontally and vertically according to the sun, so that the incidence of rays with the radiating surface of the panels is maximum and the yields obtained at different angles of inclination in the vertical plane at 60, respectively in the horizontal plane at 0o.

An averaged mass correction scheme for the simulation of high subsonic turbulent internal flows using a lattice Boltzmann method

This paper addresses the simulation of internal high-speed turbulent compressible flows using lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) when it is coupled with the immersed boundary method for non-body-fitted meshes. The focus is made here on the mass leakage issue. The recent LBM pressure-based algorithm [Farag et al. Phys. Fluids 32, 066106 (2020)] has shown its superiority on classical density-based algorithm to simulate high-speed compressible flows. Following our previous theoretical work on incompressible flows [Xu et al. Phys. Fluids 34, 065113 (2022)], we propose an averaged mass correction technique to mitigate mass leakage when simulating high-Mach-number compressible flows. It is adapted to deal here with a density, which is decoupled from the zero-moment definition. The simulations focus on two generic but canonical configurations of more complex industrial devices, the straight channel at different angles of inclination at Mach numbers (Ma) ranging from 0.2 to 0.8, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Glenn S-duct at Ma = 0.6. The present results show that mass leakage can be a critical issue for the accuracy of the solution and that the proposed correction technique effectively mitigates it and leads to significant improvements in the prediction of the solution.

Numerical simulation of the oscillating thin plate impact on nanofluids flow in channel

The present numerical study aims to present the effect of a titled oscillating thin plate with different inclination angles on the Al2O3-water nanofluid flow and heat transfer performance. The subsequent work establishes methods for forming fluid-structure interactions by the impact of Al2O3-water nanofluid at 0.1-1.0 vol. % volume fraction upon the thin plate using COMSOL Multiphysics 5.4. The turbulent model is solved using the (k-?) model, and the flow assembly around the thin plate obstacle has been confirmed at the Reynolds number of Re=4?104. It exemplifies how Nanofluid flow interaction can distort structures. The turbulent, two-dimensional, stationary, and incompressible flow around an oscillating thin plate with inclined angles with upstream and downstream mounted inside a horizontal channel was studied. The numerical study includes an investigation of the effect of five inclination angles of the thin plate (30, 60, 90, 120, and 150?) on the pressure, velocity, and temperature contours of the Al2O3-water nanofluid. Also, the study presented the drag profile and left a force on the thin plate caused by the fluid flow. The results showed that a titled oscillating thin plate inside the flow direction increases pressure drop, von Mises deformation stress, x-displacement and drag force fields, and the Nusselt number. Where the pressure increased from 2.61?103 to 6.21?103 pa, the von Mises stress increased from 4.43?106 to 1.78?107 N/m, and the X-displacement increased from 1.6 to 5.5 mm when increasing the plate angle from 30 to 90?.

An exact asymptotic solution for a non-Newtonian fluid in a generalized Couette flow subject to an inclined magnetic field and a first-order chemical reaction

<abstract><p>Understanding generalized Couette flow provides valuable insights into the behavior of fluids under various conditions, contributing to the advancement of more accurate models for real-world applications including tribology and lubrication, polymer and food processing, water conservation and oil exploration, microfluidics, biological fluid dynamics (blood flow in vessels), and electrohydrodynamic, and so on. The present study provided the exact asymptotic solution for the generalized Couette flow of a non-Newtonian Jeffrey fluid in a horizontal channel immersed in a saturated porous medium.The governing partial differential equations were transformed into a dimensionless form using the similarity technique and the resulting system of equations is solved by the Perturbation technique, as well as the method of the separation of variables, and computed on MATLAB (ode15s solver).The behavior of fluid velocity was investigated and presented through 2-D and 3-D graphs for two cases (ⅰ) when the implication of the magnetic field was strengthened and (ⅱ) when the magnitude of the magnetic field was fixed but its degree of inclination was altered. The first-order chemical reactions and thermal radiation were also considered. Additionally, the effect of numerous emerging quantities on momentum, temperature, and concentration contours characterizing the fluid flow was depicted graphically and discussed. Furthermore, the skin friction (at different angles of inclination and magnetic strength), Nusselt number, and Sherwood number (at different time intervals) were evaluated at both boundaries and presented tabularly. The findings revealed that there was a decrease in the velocity profile with an increasing degree of inclination and strength of the magnetic field. Moreover, we observed an increment in thermal and mass flux when it was measured over time at both of the channels. Also, the outcomes predicted an oscillatory nature of shear stress at both of the boundries.</p></abstract>

New Pressure Sensitive Paints (PSPs) for mapping pressure distributions on surfaces of building models under turbulent flow conditions in a wind tunnel

A new Pressure Sensitive Paint (PSP) has been developed to map pressure distribution on surfaces of building models during aerodynamic tests in wind tunnel. The PSP consists of 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) hydrogel matrix and ethyl eosin (EE) as a fluorescent pressure sensor. First, the spectroscopic properties and photostability of the PSP were investigated. The maximum coating thickness was determined to be 3 mm. The PSP system was studied in the Constant-Thickness-Mode (CTM) and Variable-Thickness-Mode (VTM). It was found that fluorescence intensity of the PSP decreased with increasing pressure. Under CTM conditions, the EE-based PSP system behaved like a classic Solvent-Quenched Pressure Sensitive Paint (SQ-PSP). Its sensitivity to changes of pressure was about 35 %/bar, which is comparable to the sensitivity of SQ-PSPs based on europium complexes and sensitivity of Oxygen Quenched Pressure Sensitive Paints (OQ-PSP). However, under VTM conditions, the sensitivity of the PSP studied turned out to be about 50 times higher than that in CTM mode, due to simultaneous solvent quenching of EE sensor and change of the paint thickness upon pressure, while the effect of thickness change on fluorescence intensity was dominating. Next, pressure distribution on the side wall surface of a building model at different angles of inclination to the wind direction was mapped using classic pressure taps (as a reference) and the new PSP system in VTM mode. It has been found that the pressure maps obtained using the new PSP system are consistent with those obtained using pressure taps in the overpressure area, but show some differences in the under-pressure area, which confirms that the new PSP system can be used for aerodynamic tests under certain conditions.

ANALYSIS OF THIN-WALLED COMPONENTS WITH INTERNAL MICROSTRUCTURE DESIGN MANUFACTURED BY LPBF

Additive Manufacturing techniques represent a revolution for the design of certain engineering components traditionally subject to a design highly influenced by the manufacturing process linked to the manufacture of the component. Additive Manufacturing techniques therefore allow components with different internal and external structures to be manufactured. Thus, components formed by an internal microstructure are of special interest due to their high strength-to-weight and high stiffness-to-weight properties. This work investigates the hybrid fabrication of curved thin-walled Inconel 718 with internal microstructural supports fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). The outer walls are made up of solid surfaces with a fixed curvature and thickness, while the internal structure of the pieces is made up of internal microstructures that vary at different angles of inclination. Finally, the outer surfaces of the piece have been milled. Eventually, the dimensional quality of the components and their internal microstructure has been analysed.

Increasing the effectiveness of extinguishing fires in the undercarriage of the subway with gel-forming compounds

The effectiveness of extinguishing fires in the undercarriage space of cars at subway stations has been increased due to the use of a special trolley for supplying gel-forming compounds to hard-to-reach places under subway cars. In order to ensure the delivery of the gelling system to hard-to-reach places under the subway cars, it is proposed to use a special cart that moves inside the main track of the subway in the deepened tray of the water collector, thanks to a cable winch on the «pull-push» principle with an autonomous electric reversing drive. To confirm the effectiveness of extinguishing, on a special stand that allowed changing the position of the model hearth in space, to the position of the conventional ceiling-floor, comparative experiments were conducted for three types of the most common fire extinguishing agents, with the determination of the average values of the time and consumption of fire extinguishing agents for fire extinguishing, with at different angles of inclination of their submission. It is recognized that the use of gel-forming compounds when extinguishing equipment elements in the undercarriage space helps to reduce extinguishing costs and allows to extinguish the fire under the car 2,5 times faster. It was established that the change in the angle of inclination of the burning surface significantly affects the effectiveness of extinguishing with water and fire-extinguishing powder. The obtained data confirm the expediency of creating special carts for undercarriage extinguishing using fire-extinguishing gelling compounds. The obtained results are useful and im-portant, as they confirm the increase in the effectiveness of extinguishing the weighted space with gel-forming compositions, reflect a reduction in times of time and consumption of fire extinguishing agent when using gel-forming compositions. The use of a special weighted extinguishing cart with gel-forming compositions allows automated remote extinguishing in hard-to-reach places of the weighted space, which significantly increases the safety of rescuers when extinguishing such fires.

Experimental study on the effect of tilt angle and dust fouling on the electrical parameters of PV modules in Bambey, Senegal

This article presents an experimental study of the effect of dust fouling on the electrical performance of a PV module for different angles of inclination in a semi-arid and temperate environment. In this study, five PV modules were installed above the roof of a laboratory at a height of 3.5 m at inclinations of 0⁰, 15⁰, 30⁰, 45⁰ and 60⁰. The exposure time of the modules without cleaning is 6 months between October and April. In order to analyze the performance of the PV modules, the short-circuit current and the open-circuit voltage were measured every 5 minutes. The results in this study showed that the greatest loss of energy production due to dust was noted at the level of the 15⁰ inclination with a percentage of daily loss of the order of 46% compared to the production of this same module in the case where the latter is considered clean.

Investigation of the temperature field of turbulent non-premixed flame for the variable angles of inclination of NexGen burner

In the airworthiness fireproof test of aviation components, the NexGen burner is an internationally recognized new burner, which may accurately control the flow of fuel and air. Owing to the buoyancy effect, the temperature fields of the NexGen burner under different angles of inclination have different degrees of thermal damage to the test pieces. The temperature fields of the turbulent non-premixed flame of NexGen burner with angles of inclination of 0°, 45° and 90° were studied by test and simulation. It is found that the inhomogeneity of the flame temperature field decreases gradually with the increasing of the angle of inclination of NexGen burner. The flame temperature field of NexGen burner with an angle of inclination of 90° is the most severe among that of the three working conditions. When the distance between the center point and the cross-section parallelling the outlet plane of the burner is 0.05–0.10 m, the buoyancy effect is not obvious with the change of the angle of inclination. After such distance being greater than 0.10 m, the influence of the buoyancy effect decreases gradually with the increasing of the angle of inclination of NexGen burner. The study provides a reference for aviation airworthiness fireproof schemes.

Self-cleansing velocity in upward three-phase steady pipe-flow

The solids transport and the conditions required to begin the transport of granular particles, or to avoid their deposition, in three-phase turbulent flows of mixtures of gas–liquid–solids, in upward inclined pipes, are complex phenomena whose governing equations and corresponding solutions can be approximated via experimental investigation and numerical computation. An experimental installation for establishing steady flow conditions of air–water-solids in an upward transparent acrylic pipe of 84 mm was built and prepared to allow the measurement of the transported flow rates of air, water, sand and fine gravel, with particle diameters between 0.425 and 7.20 mm. Two full set of experiments with water-solids, and air–water-solids, under comparable conditions, were performed in Laboratory, in order to analyse the influence of the gas phase. Three pipe angles between 30° and 58°, and four solid particle ranges with intermediate sizes forming a bed were tested. The average water superficial velocity demonstrates to be the most relevant variable for the solids transport beginning, and the presence of air has a positive influence, even without the mobilisation of the water flow rate increase due to air-lift pumping. A model relating a modified Shields parameter (Shmixc) with a modified Reynolds number of the particles (Remixc), both defined for the critical average flow rates of three-phase mixtures under steady flow, for which a residual mass of solid particles begins to be transported, is proposed. The resulting equation follows a power law of the generic type Shmixc = a Remixc−b, where a and b are positive constants experimentally obtained for the different angles of inclination of the upward pipe, with coefficients of determination well above 90%. The mathematical model proposed in this work allows the explicit computation of the self-cleansing velocity required for two-phase flows. The critical average air superficial velocity and subsequent average velocity of the mixture required for the solids transport in steady three-phase flows, when the average water superficial velocity is below the two-phase self-cleansing velocity, are computed using the proposed model by numerical iterative processes.

Research on Pure Modes I and II and Mixed-Mode (I/II) Fracture Toughness of Geopolymer Fiber-Reinforced Concrete

The unsustainable use of resources and the rising demand for traditional concrete have disrupted ecological equilibrium, necessitating the adoption of a more appropriate and long-lasting alternative. One such substitute for cement in concrete production is geopolymer concrete, although this material is prone to cracking and fracturing due to its low tensile strength, leading to costly repairs or even structural collapse. Fiber-reinforced concrete has recently been widely adopted as a construction material to counteract these issues. This research examined the crack proliferation and fracture toughness of geopolymer concrete comprising different fibers using a cracked Brazilian disc. Four different fibers were used, such as polypropylene and steel fiber (short and long), at a dosage of 1.5% by volume. Fracture toughness was computed for various modes (I, II, and I/II) of fractures, and crack propagation from cracked specimens was studied. A different angle of inclination (0, 15, 28, 83, 60, 75, and 90 degrees) was used to conduct the Brazilian disc test on the specimens with respect to the preexisting crack direction. The findings indicate that the increasing loading angle increased the load-carrying capacity. The fracture toughness values of specimens under all three modes ranged from 0.26 to 1.75 MPa.m1/2. Additionally, long polypropylene and steel fibers exhibit higher fracture toughness than short fibers.

Керування вектором тяги шляхом вдува продуктів детонації в надзвукову частину сопла

To solve the problem of satellite control and stabilization in emergencies, it is proposed to use a detonation rocket engine, which enables active maneuvering to avoid a collision with space debris. The goal of this work is to study a new way of rocket engine thrust vector control by acting with a detonation shock wave on the gas flow in the nozzle. A detonation wave in a supersonic flow in a nozzle was numerically simulated. The simulation was conducted in a non-stationary plane formulation at different angles of inclination of the detonation gas generator that initiates a detonation shock wave to the combustion chamber axis with the use of SolidWorks application software for the 11D25 engine of the Cyclone-3 third stage. The simulation results were used to pre-optimize the location of the detonation gas generator on the nozzle wall. It was found that the effect of the detonation wave on the main gas flow in the nozzle is caused by two force factors: the first is due to the reactive force produced by the detonation product injection into the nozzle and a high-pressure zone on the wall where the detonation gas generator is mounted, and the second is due to a change in pressure distribution over the nozzle surface. In order to increase the effect of the shock wave, the detonation products must be injected parallel to the main gas flow in the nozzle or at some angle. The simulation showed the drawbacks and advantages of detonation product injection at different angles. The detonation wave effect on a supersonic nozzle flow was studied experimentally. A system was developed to record the shock detonation wave propagation using a heat meter. A special nozzle model and a gas generator were developed to initiate a detonation wave interacting with a supersonic air flow. It was found out how the detonation wave separates the main flow from the nozzle walls in the overexpanded mode. The results may be used in the space-rocket industry to provide upper stage maneuvering to avoid a collision with space debris.

A Laboratory Device Designed to Detect and Measure the Resistance Force of a Diagonal Conveyor Belt Plough

This paper presents a laboratory device simulating a section of a conveyor belt on which a diagonal plough is installed. Experimental measurements were carried out in a laboratory belonging to the Department of Machine and Industrial Design at the VSB-Technical University of Ostrava. During the measurements, a plastic storage box, representing a piece load, transported on the surface of a conveyor belt at a constant speed was brought into contact with the front surface of a diagonal conveyor belt plough. The aim of this paper is to determine the amount of resistance generated by the diagonal conveyor belt plough when it is placed at different angles of inclination β [deg] in relation to the longitudinal axis, based on the experimental measurements performed using a laboratory measuring device. Based on the measured values of tensile force required to keep the conveyor belt moving at a constant speed, the resistance to the conveyor belt movement is expressed, with a value of 20.8 ± 0.3 N being attained. Based on the ratio of the measured value of the arithmetic average of the resistance force and the weight of the used length of the conveyor belt, a mean value of the specific movement resistance of the size 0.33 [N·N - 1] is calculated. This paper presents the time records obtained by measuring the tensile forces, on the basis of which it is possible to determine the magnitude of the force. The resistance during the ploughing operation of the diagonal plough when acting on a piece load placed on the working surface of the conveyor belt is presented. From the measured values of tensile forces presented in the tables, this paper reports the calculated values of the friction coefficient obtained during the movement of the diagonal plough when moving a piece of load with the defined weight from the working surface of the relevant conveyor belt. The maximum value of the arithmetic mean for the friction coefficient in motion µ = 0.86 was measured at an inclination angle of the diagonal plough of β = 30 deg.

Significance of the inclined magnetic field on the water-based hybrid nanofluid flow over a nonlinear stretching sheet

This work addresses a theoretical exploration of the water-based hybrid nanofluid flow over a nonlinear elongating surface. The flow is taken under the effects of Brownian motion and thermophoresis factors. Additionally, the inclined magnetic field is imposed in the present study to investigate the flow behavior at different angle of inclination. Homotopy analysis approach is used for the solution of modeled equations. Various physical factors, which are encountered during process of transformation, have been discussed physically. It is found that the magnetic factor and angle of inclination have reducing impacts on the velocity profiles of the nanofluid and hybrid nanofluid. The nonlinear index factor has direction relation with the velocity and temperature of the nanofluid and hybrid nanofluid flows. The thermal profiles of the nanofluid and hybrid nanofluid are augmented with the increasing thermophoretic and Brownian motion factors. nanofluid flow has enhanced heat transfer rate than nanofluid flow. On the other hand, the hybrid nanofluid has better thermal flow rate than and nanofluids. From this table it has noticed that, Nusselt number has increased by 4% for silver nanoparticles whereas for hybrid nanofluid this incrimination is about 15%, which depicts that Nusselt number is higher for hybrid nanoparticles.