Differences In Emphasis Research Articles

“We got to stand up and speak”: Youth in high-poverty, high-crime urban communities of color reflect on their cross-age mentoring program

This project draws from youth voices to develop theory about outcomes and change mechanisms in a cross-age mentoring out of school program with urban African American and Latine youth living in low-income communities. With instructors’ supports, African American and Latine mentors (N = 148, ages 14–20) in four U.S. urban, high-poverty communities of color mentored children weekly for an average of 16 sessions, followed by a debriefing session. Researchers used qualitative, participatory methods to elicit mentor perspectives about what made their program impactful. Diverse qualitative data were collected by staff and youth and analyzed thematically. Outcomes adolescent mentors deemed meaningful were 1) developing good character, specifically persistence, leadership and listening skills, patience, respectful collaborations, goal-oriented hopefulness, and more positive racial identities, and 2) building trustworthy, supportive relationships with mentees, peers, and instructors. Mechanisms mentors regarded as generating outcomes were 1) being active agents in program implementation and evaluation, and also contributing knowledge about themselves, and 2) the fulfillment of caring for community children, which youth regarded as a partial remedy for deprivations and injustices their communities experience. Differences in emphasis based on gender are described. Outcomes and generative mechanisms are discussed in relation to youths’ community cultural wealth. Comprehensively empowering youth to co-lead program development, implementation, evaluation and theorizing can improve the fidelity of scientific knowledge to youths’ strengths and priorities, and yield theories of intervention consonant with youths’ cultural wealth.

Unpacking vaping in schools: Voices from the school community

Objectives: In early 2021, Western Sydney school principals expressed heightened concern about rising e-cigarette usage among high school students. This prompted us to assess knowledge, attitudes and perceptions surrounding adolescent vaping in students, school staff and parents, and their preferred strategies to effectively communicate prevention messages. Design: Exploratory qualitative study. Setting: Participants included students (aged 12–16 years), school staff and parents from government high schools in Greater Western Sydney, Australia. Methods: We held research workshops with 162 students, 133 school staff and 29 parents across seven schools. We used interactive activities which included individual written responses, small-group brainstorming and open group discussions. Data analysis was undertaken by two researchers using Framework Analysis. Results: Findings demonstrated differing perceptions among students, staff and parents regarding reasons why adolescents vape. Although common motives emerged, such as the perception that vaping differs from smoking, social normalisation, peer pressure and mental health considerations, there were important differences in emphasis. Students were concerned about dependency and vaping to cope, staff were concerned about the impact of vaping on students’ learning and behaviour, and parents were concerned about being ill-equipped to support their children. Strategies to tackle vaping also differed, with an emphasis on education and engagement over surveillance and consequences. Conclusion: Adolescent vaping is a pressing concern within Australian school communities, necessitating a comprehensive, holistic approach supported by strong partnerships between the health and education sectors. Addressing this issue effectively demands heightened education and engagement among students, staff and parents.

Analyzing the Dynamics: EU and UN Perspectives on the African Union

This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the dynamics between the European Union (EU) and the United Nations (UN) in their interactions with the African Union (AU). Recognizing the AU's pivotal role in addressing Africa's challenges, the study investigates historical trajectories, policies, and key priorities shaping EU and UN perspectives on the AU. Through a multi-methodological approach, including document review and comparative analysis, it explores areas of convergence, divergence, and potential conflicts in their approaches, shedding light on implications for the AU's development and international relations. Tracing the historical evolution of EU-AU and UN-AU relations, pivotal moments such as the Cotonou Agreement and the establishment of the UN Office to the African Union (UNOAU) are highlighted. Analysis reveals shared objectives in peace, security, sustainable development, and governance, with nuanced differences in emphasis and approach. While areas of alignment exist, particularly in peacekeeping and sustainable development goals, divergences emerge in governance, human rights, and economic relations, posing challenges to collaboration.Case studies, including joint peacekeeping missions in Mali and development initiatives in Eastern Africa, offer insights into successes, challenges, and lessons learned, informing recommendations for future collaborations. Opportunities for enhanced cooperation, such as joint capacity-building initiatives and aligned development programs, are identified.The study contributes to a nuanced understanding of EU and UN perspectives on the AU, providing insights into their implications for Africa's development. Recommendations for improvements in coordination mechanisms, communication channels, and decision-making processes are proposed to enhance effectiveness. Future research avenues include evaluating economic partnerships' impacts and exploring innovative funding models to unlock transformative impact on the African continent. Ultimately, this analysis informs policymakers and international practitioners, fostering constructive partnerships for Africa's stability, prosperity, and sustainable development.

Dialogues with AI: Comparing ChatGPT, Bard, and Human Participants’ Responses in In-Depth Interviews on Adolescent Health Care

This study explores the feasibility of large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT and Bard as virtual participants in health-related research interviews. The goal is to assess whether these models can function as a “collective knowledge platform” by processing extensive datasets. Framed as a “proof of concept”, the research involved 20 interviews with both ChatGPT and Bard, portraying personas based on parents of adolescents. The interviews focused on physician–patient–parent confidentiality issues across fictional cases covering alcohol intoxication, STDs, ultrasound without parental knowledge, and mental health. Conducted in Dutch, the interviews underwent independent coding and comparison with human responses. The analysis identified four primary themes—privacy, trust, responsibility, and etiology—from both AI models and human-based interviews. While the main concepts aligned, nuanced differences in emphasis and interpretation were observed. Bard exhibited less interpersonal variation compared to ChatGPT and human respondents. Notably, AI personas prioritized privacy and age more than human parents. Recognizing disparities between AI and human interviews, researchers must adapt methodologies and refine AI models for improved accuracy and consistency. This research initiates discussions on the evolving role of generative AI in research, opening avenues for further exploration.

A comparative study of the electoral rhetoric of extreme right-wing parties in Germany and Russia

This article compares the electoral rhetoric of the Alternative for Germany (AfD) and the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR) parties through the prism of the level of antagonization and the parties’ point of view on topical social issues. Discourse analysis is conducted using discourse frames and blocks, allowing formalizing the comparison between texts in different languages. The sample is based on party videos published online in April — May 2021 in the run-up to the upcoming federal elections in both countries. The LDPR uses more antagonistic rhetoric, especially against Western countries and Ukraine. The AfD uses we to unite its electorate, seeing the German and European establishment as its opponents, as well as organizations with an international agenda, including the Greens and the Antifa movement. Both parties raise important social issues such as immigration, digitalization, political freedoms, and national identity, but differences in emphasis emerge. The AfD is more likely to raise issues of economic freedom for business and the defense of German burgher culture against the leftist agenda, while the LDPR is focused on supporting Russian foreign policy and Russian culture against Western globalism. The authors also emphasize that modern far-right parties support democratic principles. Nationalism remains central to far-right ideology, but it is drifting towards democracy under the influence of sociocultural processes. The study aims to improve understanding of the dynamics of far-right political discourse in Germany and Russia. The theoretical developments allow us to expand the application of discourse analysis of political rhetoric.

The Potential Impact of Drama Text Translation on Audiovisual Translation

This article aims to demonstrate some potential similarities between the translation of drama texts and of audiovisual (AV) material, in particular subtitling. The study shows that major similar elements of playwriting and audiovisual scripts, such as the immediacy and direct contact with the audience/spectator and the use of dialogue, despite the difference in emphasis in a play on the dialogue of the characters and scenery and in a film on the dialogue and media. Situational, social and/or cultural contexts are important and existent in both the playtext and in the audiovisual text (particularly audiovisual descriptions, i.e. providing description of the image, sound and dialogue). The two genres of translation (drama and audiovisual texts) seem to share certain features which in turn help in the selection of potential subtitlers. The paper proposes that a successful translator of drama is more likely to succeed in audiovisual translation because of above similarities. Analysing excerpts from the Arabic translations of Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar both as playtext and as subtitled film, this study attempts to prove this premise or hypothesis, and its outcome can help to set up a potentially successful procedure for institutions and companies to train potential audiovisual translators who have previous experience in translating drama texts.

Parents’ Information Needs in Relation to Adolescent Self-Harm: Perspectives of Parents and Professionals

Objective Discovering that an adolescent is self-harming is extremely distressing for parents and this distress can be compounded by lack of easily accessible and well targeted information on what they can do to help. Some research has even suggested that parental distress can be an obstacle to seeking professional help. This paper describes two studies that sought to identify the information needs of parents in the immediacy of discovering self-harm and in ongoing efforts to support their child. Method Study 1: on-line survey of 128 parents who had experienced their child’s self-harm; study 2: two-round Delphi method with 29 professionals who provide therapeutic interventions to adolescents who self-harm. The primary aim of both studies was to elicit views on parents’ information needs in relation to supporting adolescents who self-harm. Results There was a high level of agreement between parents and professionals on the needs for information on topics such as: communication, psychoeducation, managing emotional responses, parenting strategies and interventions. The professionals also emphasized the need for parents to practice self-care and the value of teaching alternative coping strategies to adolescents. Parents placed greater emphasis than professionals on the need for information on future therapeutic needs. Conclusion Despite the agreement between parents and professionals on most of the information needed, there were sufficient differences in emphasis to confirm the importance of consulting with both groups. The findings can be used to develop information sources that are specifically tailored to the needs of parents at all stages of adolescent self-harm.

What do rural young people want from their mental health service.

Rural young people have high rates of mental illness and low rates of help-seeking making it crucial to extend research about service improvement in rural and remote Australia. To describe what rural young people want from their headspace service, and what rural headspace clinicians understand they provide. This study used a qualitative methodology with reflexive thematic analysis to analyse participant interviews and systematically derive common themes. Thirteen participants were interviewed comprising young people aged 16 to 18 years who had accessed one of three rural headspace services, together with clinicians working in those services. Key themes for both young people and clinicians comprised accessibility, flexibility, engagement, safety, youth-focus, and evidence-based treatment although there were some differences of emphasis amongst themes. There was also an additional theme for young people of awareness, and for clinicians of caring. The results supported that what young people were seeking was largely consistent with what headspace clinicians were providing. There were however some specific issues relevant to service provision in a rural context such as increased awareness of services, the need to focus on evidenced based interventions, and better promotion in schools and the local community. Service gaps such as unmet needs for young people with higher risk who might fall outside of agency requirements were also identified. Results of this study help inform better service delivery and increased awareness for mental health of young people in rural communities to improve access and outcomes.

What is a sustainable personal care ingredient?

The conversation between the chemical industry and its cosmetic customers was back in lively form at In-cosmetics Global 2023, held in Barcelona, Spain, March 28–30. The roster of companies offering ingredients included chemical giants like BASF; small specialists such as Ukrainian Snail Holding, which makes freeze-dried mollusk mucus; and everything in between. A wide range of testing labs, formulators, and other service providers joined a handful of equipment makers to round out a trade show with more than 900 exhibitors and 11,000 attendees. Sustainability was a major theme throughout the event, as it has been for several years. But differences in emphasis overshadowed the conversation this year. Among personal care companies, biobased content, biodegradability, and low aquatic toxicity are the focus of environmental claims and concerns. The chemical industry, however, is concentrating more and more on net greenhouse gas emissions. Laura Schlebes, who leads sustainability programs at the plant oil

Analogical Perspectives on the Comparison between Vǫlundr and Daedalus

Analogical Perspectives on the Comparison between Vǫlundr and Daedalus

China’s foreign policy rhetoric between orchestration and cacophony

Xi Jinping cast himself as the sole herald of China’s foreign policy. Following his lead, many observers base their assessments of the Chinese government’s intentions on his statements alone. However, China’s foreign policy rhetoric is still shaped by various actors within the government. This article examines variation in China’s foreign policy rhetoric by examining how China’s national interest is constructed and whether it has become more consistent the longer Xi Jinping is in office through quantitative and qualitative content analyses. It finds significant differences in emphasis between policy-making levels and between the General Secretary/State President, Premier, State Council Information Office, and Foreign Minister. Hence, to decipher China’s foreign policy intentions, researchers should also consider foreign policy statements by actors other than the General Secretary and be attentive to differences in statements by different actors.

THE “SOCIAL VALUE” DEBATE: AN EARLY CHAPTER IN THE HISTORY OF AMERICAN MARGINALISM

This paper provides a reconstruction of the debate on “social value” among early marginalists in the US. This will be done in three steps. The first step analyzes John B. Clark’s approach to social value as presented in his Distribution of Wealth; the second step deals with other influential contemporaries who adopted a similar social value perspective, with a main focus on Edwin R. A. Seligman; the third step discusses those critics who, with due differences in emphasis and style, animated the debate over social value, reviewing (among others) the contributions of Herbert J. Davenport, Joseph Schumpeter, Benjamin Anderson, John Maurice Clark, and George P. Watkins. The final section presents some conclusions.

Progress in Clinical Application of Rehabilitation Evaluation Methods for Scapulohumeral Periarthritis

Scapulohumeral periarthritis, a frequent orthopedic and rehabilitation condition, can cause shoulder discomfort and shoulder joint dysfunction as a result of symptom progression, which lowers patients' quality of life. It is crucial to actively seek medical attention, stop the onset of symptoms, and enhance shoulder function following the illness. Patients with scapulohumeral periarthritis who are receiving clinical treatment have a variety of options for evaluating the rehabilitation's impact, and different evaluation methods have obvious differences in emphasis. To fulfill the clinical evaluation demands of various patients for illness rehabilitation, it is required to define the application pertinence and scope of application of various evaluation methods through study.

End-of-life offerings in US medical schools: 1975-2020

ABSTRACT Forty-five years ago, the first author of this paper surveyed the US medical schools to determine their offerings on EOL (End-of-Life) issues. The results showed limited exposure for medical school students to learn about dying and death, thus their “learning” was apparently on-the-job training. The EOL offerings were so limited that the American Association of Medical Colleges (AAMC), following the 1975 publication from the survey, contacted the first author to inquire about death and dying in the curricula of their medical schools. Apparently, it was so insignificant that the AAMC did not have such information. Palliative medicine, geriatric medicine, and hospice were then in the “birthing” process, a mere blur on the horizon. Today, as in 1975, it is likely that most medical students have personally had minimal experience with death and that for many entering students, other than on television, the cadaver is their first sight of a dead person. The objective of this research is a longitudinal study at five-year intervals since 1975 reporting on EOL education in US medical schools. The total number of medical schools has increased from 113 in 1975 to 150 in 2020. The current study surveyed medical schools electronically and via postal services with a response rate of 37%. Findings from the survey over time revealed significant inclusion of death and dying and palliative medicine as well as geriatrics and hospice. Gross anatomy has evolved from strictly hands-on to integrating 3D/virtual models, a change not without controversy. A noticeable difference in emphasis is obvious as care now plays a more significant role in medical training than previously, thus making modern medicine not only about cure, but more about care than was previously emphasized. Communication with dying patients and families, analgesics for chronic pain, and advance directives all are covered in over 90% of schools today. The current emphasis on EOL care, not just disease management, is increasing and puts more of a human face on modern medicine.

Preferences Amongst Radiation Oncology Residents for Virtual and In-Person Radiation Treatment Planning Review

<h3>Background</h3> Broadly, medical education e-learning is equivalent to in-person in student satisfaction, knowledge, skills, and outcomes. However, when e-learning is best used, and in what form is still being determined. For instance, e-learning with greater interactivity, practice, and feedback is associated with improved learner satisfaction and outcomes. Considering the computer-basis of radiation treatment planning, radiation oncology residents plausibly may prefer virtual treatment planning and review formats. We aimed to assess resident use of Virtual, In-Person, or a combination of Both review formats, to elicit their format preferences, and reasons for their preferences. We theorized virtual-preferring residents would endorse areas previously associated with enhanced e-learning outcomes more than in-person peers. <h3>Methods</h3> Online questionnaires were emailed to current PGY1-PGY5 residents in Canadian radiation oncology programs. Questionnaires examined level of training, typical review format, preferred format, and reasons for format preference. Chi-square tests compared differences in format preference and reasons for preference. <h3>Results</h3> 52 respondents were included for analysis; PGY1s were excluded due to limited treatment planning exposure. 76.9% of residents typically review with Both virtual and in-person formats, significantly more than 17.3% who review In-Person (p<0.0001) or 5.8% who review Virtually (p<0.0001). When asked which format they preferred, 44.2% preferred Virtual, 36.5% In-Person, and 19.2% preferred a combination of Both. Preference was significantly greater for Virtual versus Both (p=0.006) and In-Person versus Both (p=0.049). Reasons for preference were thematically grouped, reflecting focus upon Interactivity, Practice, Feedback, Convenience, and Teaching Quality. Significant differences were not found between In-Person and Virtual-preferring respondents in terms of Feedback, Interactivity, or Practice. However, significant within-group differences existed between Convenience versus Teaching Quality (Virtual-preferring: 84.3%>61%, p=0.0198; Both-preferring: 76.7%>40%, p=0.0324; In-person-preferring: 25%<63%, p=0.00214), and between Feedback versus Interactivity (Virtual-preferring: 66.7%>45.4%, p=0.0048; In Person-preferring: 59.7%>37%, p=0.00634). <h3>Discussion</h3> Our results suggest residents review contours and treatment plans with a combination of virtual and in-person formats, more than either format alone, despite low resident preference for this approach. While use of either format appears acceptable to residents, differences in emphasis on convenience with virtual-preferring and teaching quality in residents preferring in-person review suggests that educational priorities may differ between residents. Feedback more than interactivity seems important for residents irrespective of preferred format. Thus, residents and attendings should identify a format that best meets resident's educational needs and priorities. Further research should explore attending preferences.

A Study of Slope Explanations across a Standards-Based Textbook Series

This study analyses a standards-based textbook series to investigate how slope is presented across seven sequential textbooks in a secondary mathematics curriculum. Analysis of the expository content across the textbooks shows that slope is covered in all seven books, is frequently described as a Constant Parameter or Ratio, is frequently used in real world contexts, and is often described alongside covariational language of how inputs and outputs change in relation to one another. Results indicate that Determining Property and Steepness components of slope are less prevalent and disproportionately unlikely to be accompanied by covariational language and applications compared with the other slope components. Although many consistencies were found across the textbook series, differences in emphases from one textbook to another are also discussed and connected to the recommendation that future work around slope investigate its development across the secondary curriculum. Results are discussed relative to students’ preparation for specific calculus topics that build on prior knowledge of slope. Implications for both teachers and researchers are provided.

Cross-cultural conceptualization of a good end of life with dementia: a qualitative study.

BackgroundResearch on the nature of a “good death” has mostly focused on dying with cancer and other life-limiting diseases, but less so on dementia. Conceptualizing common cross-cultural themes regarding a good end of life in dementia will enable developing international care models.MethodsWe combined published qualitative studies about end of life with dementia, focus group and individual interviews with the researchers, and video-conferencing and continuous email discussions. The interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. The data were analyzed thematically, and the researchers developed common themes referring to their original studies.ResultsFourteen qualitative researchers representing 14 cross-cultural studies covering qualitative data of 121 people with dementia and 292 family caregivers. The researchers and data were from eight countries UK, The Netherlands, Japan, Portugal, Germany, Canada, Brazil, and Ireland. Three focus groups, five individual interviews, and video-conferencing were conducted and feedback on multiple iterations was gained by 190 emails between May 2019 and April 2020 until consensus was achieved. Nine cross-culturally common themes emerged from the discussions and shared interpretation of the data of persons with dementia and family caregivers. Three represent basic needs: “Pain and Symptoms Controlled,” “Being Provided Basic Care,” and “A Place like Home.” Other themes were “Having Preferences Met,” “Receiving Respect as a Person,” “Care for Caregivers,” “Identity Being Preserved,” “Being Connected,” and “Satisfaction with Life and Spiritual Well-being.” “Care for Caregivers” showed the greatest difference in emphasis across cultures. Good relationships were essential in all themes.ConclusionsThe common cross-cultural themes comprise a framework underpinned by value placed on personhood and dignity, emphasizing that interdependency through relationships is essential to promote a good end of life with dementia. These themes and valuing the importance of relationships as central to connecting the themes could support care planning and further development of a dementia palliative care model.Trial registrationThe Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine Kyoto University (R1924–1).Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12904-022-00982-9.

Between Sale and Worship: Consistent Inconsistencies in Classical Ḥanafī and Mālikī Rulings on Marital Annulments

Abstract This essay compares patterns in Ḥanafī and Mālikī rulings about marital annulments and shows how they are connected to differences in how these two schools treated the relationships between marriage, sales, and worship law. Drawing on a variety of jurisprudential texts from the 5th/11th to the 9th/15th centuries, including Ibn Rushd’s (d. 595/1198) Bidāyat al-Mujtahid and Burhān al-Dīn al-Farghānī al-Marghīnānī’s (d. 593/1197) al-Hidāyah, we first show that Ḥanafī and Mālikī rulings on annulments were consistently inconsistent: when they differed, Mālikīs consistently ruled to permit annulments that Ḥanafīs prohibited. Focusing then on annulments based on defects in dower and maintenance, we show how Mālikī rulings manifest a comparatively stronger emphasis on the analogy between marriage and sale, while Ḥanafī rulings manifest a comparatively stronger emphasis on the analogy between marriage and worship. Finally, we discuss how these differences in emphases may help explain the schools’ other divergent rulings on annulments.

American and European Guidelines on Disorders of Consciousness: Ethical Challenges of Implementation.

American and European Guidelines on Disorders of Consciousness: Ethical Challenges of Implementation.

517 Understanding Distinctions in the Implementation of Learning Health System (LHS)

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The LHS concept has been promoted as a means for health systems to improve quality, safety, efficiency and equity. NAMs definition has been widely adopted, but is broad and has led to variation in how LHS is operationalized. Drawing on a taxonomy developed through a review of literature, we developed a tool that shows how LHSs are implemented in practice. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The LHS Implementation Assessment Tool (LHS-IAT) will indicate which forms of work are being carried out by a health system that purports to operate a LHS. LHS-IAT is based on the LHS Consolidated Framework (LHS-CF); which was developed through a qualitative analysis of LHS literature. LHS-CF contains 38 primary elements’ and 56 secondary elements’ that have been associated with the LHS construct. These elements are organized into 5 bodies of work• (e.g.; translating evidence into practice) and 4 enabling conditions• (e.g.; supportive culture). LHS-IAT assesses whether a health system operating as an LHS is implementing each of the key elements in LHS-CF. The usefulness of LHS-IAT will be demonstrated by applying the tool to 5 LHSs that have been described in the literature. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: LHS-IAT produces a quantitative profile for any given health system operating as a LHS; each LHS element is assessed as either emphasized; otherwise present; or absent. With this information, we create profiles for each implementation of LHS, using spider graphs. Systems that emphasize different elements will have different shapes for their spider graphs. Based on our initial coding of publications, we expect at least 4 distinct profiles within our sample, reflecting differences in emphasis on factors such as: continuous improvement practices, adoption of internally and externally tested interventions, research conducted to address patient care issues prioritized by institutional leaders, investigator-initiated research, clinician-engaged research, and engagement of patients and families. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: The LHS-IAT will show differences in how health systems are translating the LHS concept into practice. This will allow for a shared language for those studying and/or implementing LHS. With the ability to map out an approach, health system leaders will have a tool to clarify intent and gain consensus as to which LHS model they want to implement and invest in.