Differences In Temporal Profiles Research Articles

Clinical and multi-segment kinematic analysis of a modified Grice arthrodesis to correct type II adult-acquired flat-foot

BackgroundAdult acquired flat foot (AAFF) is a symptomatic postural alteration of the foot due to modifications in bony structures and/or soft tissues supporting the medial longitudinal arch. For the most severe cases, when orthotic solutions do not provide enough pain relief, surgery may be necessary. Research questionIs it possible to restore a normal medial longitudinal arch and to correct the static and dynamic frontal plane alignment of the rearfoot via a modified Grice surgical procedure in AAFF patients? MethodsEleven patients with stage II AAFF were recruited in the study and underwent the Grice procedure. Patients were assessed via gait analysis using a validated multi-segment foot protocol. Double-leg standing static posture and foot joint kinematics during barefoot walking were measured before surgery and at a mean follow-up of 15 ± 8 months. Twenty-seven age-matched healthy subjects without foot morphological alterations were used as control. Patients’ feet were clinically assessed via the Foot Function Index and the Foot Posture Index. Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to assess differences in kinematic and spatio-temporal parameters between pre-op and follow-up evaluations. 1D statistical parametric mapping was used to assess differences in temporal profiles of foot joint rotations. ResultsThe clinical indexes significantly improved at post-op (p < 0.05). No differences in sagittal plane static and dynamic joint rotations were observed between pre-op and post-op. In the frontal plane, metatarsus to calcaneus and midfoot to calcaneus rotation angles significantly improved from pre-op to post-op, with the latter resulting consistent with control data. Range of motion and maximum value of the medial longitudinal arch angle were reduced following surgery. SignificanceThe modified Grice procedure restored a good frontal-plane alignment of rearfoot and midfoot, and the clinical scores provided evidence of its effectiveness in significantly reducing pain and improving the quality of daily activities.

Effect of sipping method on sensory response to single and multiple sips of vanilla milkshake using temporal‐check‐all‐that‐apply

AbstractWhether drinking from a cup versus through a straw effects sensory perception is inconclusive, as is whether such differences hold across and within multiple sips. This study aimed to determine if product profiles and product discrimination varied depending on whether a product was sipped from a cup or through a straw. An expert panel (n = 9) investigated differences in temporal profiles of six milkshakes across sipping methods. Temporal discrimination across eight attributes was analyzed on selected time slices, across eight sips using generalized linear model Analysis of Deviance. Sweetness, vanilla, astringency, and liquorice attributes were cited significantly more often sipping through a straw, however sipping from a cup showed more significant attribute discriminations across products. Attribute discrimination was increased across multiple sips compared to sip one. Multiple sip TCATA analysis showed significant effects of sipping method within‐sips and over multiple sips emphasizing the effects of sipping method on multiple sip TCATA product discriminations.Practical ApplicationsMilkshakes are often sold in bottles (enabling consumption either directly from the bottle or from a cup) or as on‐the‐go packs with a straw. This study showed that the sensory profile of milkshake varied depending on whether sipped from a cup or through a straw. However, often‐sensory evaluations of beverages are performed by tasting from a cup. This indicates an important practical consideration in terms of sensory study design regarding evaluating products in the intended consumption format or formats. The findings also highlighted the importance of evaluating product volume (or weight) equivalent to single serving size to capture consumer experience closer to actual consumption occasions, as differences in response to one sip changed across multiple sips.

Evaluation of Immune Mechanisms to Understand Idelalislib-Associated Diarrhea-Colitis

Evaluation of Immune Mechanisms to Understand Idelalislib-Associated Diarrhea-Colitis

SELECTION OF AN ASTRINGENCY REFERENCE STANDARD FOR THE SENSORY EVALUATION OF BLACK TEA

ABSTRACTAstringent and bitter sensations are characteristic sensory qualities of black tea. Three different classes of potential astringent reference standards (two concentrations each of alum and tannic acid and three fruit juices) were evaluated in this study. The perceived astringency, bitterness and sourness of each were profiled using computerized time‐intensity and compared with the astringent intensity of a standardized brew of black tea. The differences in temporal profiles of potential reference standards across taste attributes were evident and intensity ratings were found to be dependent upon the stimulus and its concentration. Both concentrations of tannic acid were evaluated as the highest in perceived bitterness. For the juices, a strong sour taste was perceived in addition to astringency. It was concluded that the best reference standard for the astringency of black tea is a solution of 0.7 g/L alum as it is low in perceived bitterness and sourness.

Sexual dimorphism of the somatotrophic axis.

The somatotrophic axis is one of the major hormonal systems regulating postnatal growth in mammals. Several aspects of this axis are sexually dimorphic, which might account for some of the sex differences in growth rate and body composition. This review will discuss male–female differences in the hormone levels, receptor concentrations and binding protein levels of this system. We will summarise sex differences in growth phenotype and then discuss differences in temporal profiles of growth hormone (GH), responses to GH including plasma and tissue levels of insulin-like growth factors, factors that may affect GH responsiveness, and conclude by discussing sex differences in regulation of GH synthesis and secretion. The established and potential effects of gonadal steroids acting prenatally and postnatally on the somatotrophic axis will also be examined. Readers are also referred to previous reviews on sexual dimorphism and gonadal steroid effects on growth hormone secretion ( Jansson et al. 1985, Devesa et al. 1991, Kerrigan & Rogol 1992, Wehrenberg & Giustina 1992, Chowen et al. 1996, Veldhuis 1996).