Differences In Surface Texture Research Articles

Observations and Modeling of the Opposition Surges of the Icy Moons of Saturn Based on Cassini Visual Infrared Mapping Spectrometer Data

Observations of the opposition surges on the main moons of Saturn (Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys, Dione, Rhea, and Iapetus) during Cassini's prime and extended missions are reduced and analyzed. The main data set comes from the Visual Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) with wavelength coverage in the visible and near-infrared out to 3.60 μm, covering 99% of the solar spectrum. Imaging Science Subsystem images and Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer data augment the VIMS data set. Hapke models are fit to Dione and Rhea, and Irvine's simpler shadowing model is fit to the sparser data sets of Enceladus, Dione, and Rhea. The high porosities (∼95% void space in the optically active portion of the regolith) and forward-scattering properties of the surfaces are similar to other icy moons and to Pluto. A change in the character of their opposition surge at 3.60 μm can be attributed largely to the noninteraction of long-wavelength photons with small particles on these moons’ surfaces. The opposition surge on the low- and high-albedo regions of Dione are similar. However, the low-albedo terrain of Iapetus exhibits a less robust surge than the high-albedo regions, which we attribute to differences in surface texture. The low-albedo hemisphere of Iapetus seems to be akin to the small number of bodies in the solar system that lack an appreciable opposition surge, possibly due to the accumulation of low-albedo dust. With observations over the range of the solar spectrum, we compute new values for the bolometric Bond albedos of these moons.

Hierarchical Tactile Sensation Integration from Prosthetic Fingertips Enables Multi-Texture Surface Recognition.

Multifunctional flexible tactile sensors could be useful to improve the control of prosthetic hands. To that end, highly stretchable liquid metal tactile sensors (LMS) were designed, manufactured via photolithography, and incorporated into the fingertips of a prosthetic hand. Three novel contributions were made with the LMS. First, individual fingertips were used to distinguish between different speeds of sliding contact with different surfaces. Second, differences in surface textures were reliably detected during sliding contact. Third, the capacity for hierarchical tactile sensor integration was demonstrated by using four LMS signals simultaneously to distinguish between ten complex multi-textured surfaces. Four different machine learning algorithms were compared for their successful classification capabilities: K-nearest neighbor (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and neural network (NN). The time-frequency features of the LMSs were extracted to train and test the machine learning algorithms. The NN generally performed the best at the speed and texture detection with a single finger and had a 99.2 ± 0.8% accuracy to distinguish between ten different multi-textured surfaces using four LMSs from four fingers simultaneously. The capability for hierarchical multi-finger tactile sensation integration could be useful to provide a higher level of intelligence for artificial hands.

Toner Particles as Forensic Evidence: Microanalytical Characterization of Known Toner and Recognition of Toner in Environmental Samples*, †, ‡.

Modern printing toners represent a prime example of subvisible particles that can be easily transferred to hands, clothing, and other surfaces. To explore the potential evidentiary value of toner particles, toner samples were collected from known printer cartridges and characterized by various microanalytical techniques to establish the properties most useful for recognition, identification, and comparison. Environmental samples (i.e., dust) were then collected from various locations at varying distances from toner-based printers, using both tape lifts and carbon adhesive stubs, to assess the possibility of detecting toner. By light microscopy, toner can be recognized on the basis of particle size and shape, as well as color. Further examination of the micromorphology in the field emission scanning electron microscope reveals characteristic morphologies and differences in surface texture and shape among toner sources. Raman spectroscopy provides chemical identification of the pigment (or pigment class) and, in some cases, also permits identification of the polymer component. While black and blue pigment chemistry remained constant among toner varieties that were studied (copper phthalocyanine and carbon black), variation in yellow and magenta pigments was observed. Analysis of dust samples collected from various environments demonstrated that while toner is consistently detectable in close proximity to printers (within 2feet), it also can be detected in dust collected in nearby rooms. This research demonstrates that toner particles can be located, characterized, and discriminated, using a suite of microanalytical methods that are applicable to forensic casework.

Do barbed sutures with different surface textures have different effects on adhesion formation and histological features? An experimental blinded study in an animal model.

The obstetrics and gynecology literature has expanded in recent years to include clinical trials assessing the use of barbed sutures. The difficulty of intracorporeal suturing continues to be a barrier to a wider use of laparoscopy. Although the use of barbed sutures has been shown to ease the process of laparoscopic suturing considerably, concerns have been raised regarding a potentially increased risk of adhesions or inflammation as a result of their use. The aim of this study was to determine whether differences in surface textures, resulting from the variations in the geometric configurations of barbs, lead to differences in intra-abdominal adhesion formation. A total of 27 non-pregnant female Wistar Hannover rats, weighing 200-250 g, with intact uteri were used as an adhesion formation model. The rats were randomly assigned to 3 groups: barbed suture group 1, barbed suture group 2 and control group (no intracorporeal suture). A 2-centimeter vertical incision was performed on the anti-mesosalpingeal side of one of the uterine horns. The incision on the uterine horn was reapproximated with a running suture, entailing 3 needle punctures and left untied at one end. Six weeks after the operation, intra-abdominal adhesion formations were investigated both clinically and histopathologically. Clinical adhesion scores and histopathological parameters in both the barbed suture groups were statistically significantly higher than in the control group (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the barbed suture groups regarding the adhesion scores. The 2 types of barbed sutures with different surface textures, used for myometrial closure, form a similar profile with respect to postoperative adhesion formation.

Effect of design properties of parent concrete on the morphological properties of recycled concrete aggregates

This study attempts to highlight the effect of the old parent concrete and the crushing level on the morphological properties and surface texture of the obtained recycled concrete aggregate (RCA). Three different crushed RCAs were studied: concrete made from crushed natural limestone aggregate, concrete made of RCA and concrete made from rubberized concrete. In addition, one natural crushed limestone aggregate source was used as a reference. Two techniques were used, indirect methods and visual techniques. The visual moiré technique has been used to qualitatively visualize the 3-D particle morphological aspects and its surface texture while the image projection 2-D technique was used to determine the angularity of the aggregate particles. The following properties: angularity number, index of aggregate particle shape and texture were measured using the indirect method. The shape and texture of RCA were found to be mainly influenced by the quality of the original parent concrete and the crushing level. The visual moiré analysis results indicated that the differences in surface texture among aggregates from different parent sources can be easily distinguished. The attached mortar on the surface of RCA and the crushing level were likely found to influence the shape and roughness of aggregates from different parent concrete.

Sensory quality characteristics with different beef quality grades and surface texture features assessed by dented area and firmness, and the relation to muscle fiber and bundle characteristics

The main objective of this study was to compare the eating quality among the groups categorized by the Korean beef quality grade and texture feature of exposed muscle surface assessed by extent of dented areas and firmness. Additionally, this study also investigated the effects of fiber and bundle characteristics on texture feature to establish the cause of differences in muscle surface texture. Significant differences were observed in the sensory quality characteristics among the quality grades mainly determined by marbling score (P < 0.05). However, the coarse texture group with a dented surface required a higher initial force to penetrate meat (P < 0.001), was more difficult to break meat into fragments (P < 0.001), and had a higher amount of perceptible residue in the mouth (P < 0.01) compared to the fine texture group. These differences in the surface texture features between the fine and coarse groups could be explained by bundle area and fiber number per each bundle.

Bacterial Adhesion on the Titanium and Stainless-Steel Surfaces Undergone Two Different Treatment Methods: Polishing and Ultrafast Laser Treatment

Bacterial adhesion has become a significant problem in many industries causing billions of dollars for its complicated removal treatment and maintenance. In this study, metal surfaces undergone treatment with ultrafast laser with varies power. The microstructure produced on its original surfaces were expected to prevent the adhesion of Escherichia coli (E. coli) ATCC 8739 and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) ATCC 6838. The laser treatment was performed at 380 fs pulse duration, 515 µm central wavelength and a repetition rate of 200 kHz. Stainless steel AISI 316L was treated with an average laser power of 0.04 W (SS-0.04) and 0.11 W (SS-0.11), while Grade 5 titanium alloy was tested with high laser power 0.11 W (T-0.11). The adhesion was observed after 16 hours and the number of adhering bacteria was counted per cm2. The result achieved shows that, increasing the average laser power is leading to an enhanced S. aureus adhesion while E. coli adhesion is reduced which is due to the hydrophobicity interaction and difference in surface texture. Meanwhile, the laser treatment showed significant reduction of the bacterial adhesion on its surface compared to the polished surfaces. Thus, ultrafast laser texturing can be suggested as a promising method to reduce the bacterial adhesion, which reduced the adhesion of >80% for E. coli and >20% for S. aureus.

Holistic Processing Affects Surface Texture Perception: Approach from Japanese Sound Symbolic Words

The human visual system is able to perceive not only the macrostructure (form and shape) of a surface, but also its microstructure (texture). Some evidence suggests that microstructural characteristics are processed independently of macrostructural features. However, the human visual system can interpret a variety of information about the physical world, enabling the recognition and semantic categorization of complex visual scenes at a glance. This remarkable perceptual ability relies heavily on holistic processing, which is achieved by estimating the global statistical summary of an image. On the other hand, texture is an important source of information for distinguishing between artificial and naturally occurring surfaces in images. In addition, it is reported that Japanese sound symbolic words are useful to express fine differences in texture and synesthetic characteristics. However, there is no evidence comparing the characteristics of surface texture perception between whole- and part-based images using sound symbolic words. The objective of the present study was to examine whether sound symbolic words for describing the surface texture perception differs between whole-based images related to the holistic processing and part-based images. In Experiment 1, we examined the effect of wholebased images in surface texture perception using sound symbolic words. In Experiment 2, we examined the effect of part-based images in surface texture perception using sound symbolic words. The results revealed that the sensory and symbolic descriptors differed in texture perceptions between whole-based and part-based image processing. These findings suggest that sound symbolic words can describe differences in surface texture between whole-based and part-based images at a fine resolution.

Quantifying bone weathering stages using the average roughness parameter Ra measured from 3D data

Bone surface texture is known to degrade in a predictable fashion due to subaerial exposure, and can thus act as a relative proxy for estimating temporal information from modern and ancient bone assemblages. To date, the majority of bone weathering data is collected on a categorical scale based on descriptive terms. While this qualitative classification of weathering data is well established, textural analyses of bone surfaces may provide means to quantify weathering stages but have yet to be tested. Here, I examined the suitability of textural analyses for bone weathering studies by first establishing bone surface regions most appropriate for weathering analyses. I then measured and compared the roughness texture of weathered bones at different stages. To establish regions of bone most suitable for textural analyses, Ra was measured from 3D scans of dorsal ribs of four adult ungulate taxa. Results indicate that the rib-shafts from unweathered ungulate skeletons were similar and are likely good candidates because differences in surface texture will not be due to differences in initial bone texture. To test if textural measurements could reliably characterize weathering stages, the average roughness values (Ra) were measured from weathered ungulate rib-shafts assigned to four descriptive weathering stages. Results from analyses indicate that the Ra was statistically distinct for each weathering stage and that roughness positively correlates with the degree of weathering. As such, results suggest that textural analyses may provide the means for quantifying bone-weathering stages. Using Ra and other quantifiable texture parameters may enable more reliable and comparative taphonomic analyses by reducing inter-observer variations and by providing numerical data more compatible for multivariate statistics.

PEMANFAATAN SAMPAH KERTAS MENJADI PAPAN PARTIKEL SEBAGAI DINDING DEKORATIF RUANGAN

The problem of garbage in this discussion is devoted to the dry waste, for example waste paper. The amount of paper waste in the city of Makassar could reach 322.16 m³ / day and will continue to increase in tandem with the increasing population. As researchers attempt to reduce and increase the use of waste paper grades in particular so as to provide benefits to society in general, that is by recycling waste paper into particle board as a decorative wall of the room that is easy, cheap and environmentally friendly. The research will be conducted experiments in the laboratory and will last for 5 (five) months to determine the basic characteristics of particle board decorative paper as the wall of the room. The stages of the process, namely pegumpulan materials, materials processing as well as physical and mechanical testing. Variation of particle board that investigated the range of differences in surface texture and thickness.

Analysis of Stresses in CFRP Composite Plates Drilled with Conventional and Abrasive Water Jet Machining

The aim of this paper is to analyze the influence of two machining processes on the mechanical behaviour of composite plates under cyclic loading. For this purpose, an experimental study using several CFRP plates drilled with conventional machining and non-conventional machining (abrasive water jet) was carried out. Digital image correlation and static tests using an Instron 4206 tester were performed. In addition, infrared thermography (IR) and fatigue tests were also performed to assess temperature and damage evolutions and also the stiffness degradation. Fatigue results have shown that the damage accumulation in specimens drilled with conventional machining was higher than the abrasive water jet ones. Furthermore, the endurance limit for plates drilled conventionally was approximately 10% higher than those drilled with abrasive water jet. This difference was related to the initial surface integrity after machining induced by the difference in the mechanism of material's removal between the two processes. The difference in surface texture was responsible for the initiation of stress concentration sites as evident from IR camera’s stress analysis. This was confirmed by SEM tests conducted after a destructive sectioning of the specimens before fatigue testing.

Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial of Bilayer Ceramic and Metal‐Ceramic Crown Performance

Analyzing the clinical performance of restorative materials is important, as there is an expectation that these materials and procedures will restore teeth and do no harm. The objective of this research study was to characterize the clinical performance of metal-ceramic crowns, core ceramic crowns, and core ceramic/veneer ceramic crowns based on 11 clinical criteria. An IRB-approved, randomized, controlled clinical trial was conducted as a single-blind pilot study. The following three types of full crowns were fabricated: (1) metal-ceramic crown (MC) made from a Pd-Au-Ag-Sn-In alloy (Argedent 62) and a glass-ceramic veneer (IPS d.SIGN veneer); (2) non-veneered (glazed) lithium disilicate glass-ceramic crown (LDC) (IPS e.max Press core and e.max Ceram Glaze); and (3) veneered lithia disilicate glass-ceramic crown (LDC/V) with glass-ceramic veneer (IPS Empress 2 core and IPS Eris). Single-unit crowns were randomly assigned. Patients were recalled for each of 3 years and were evaluated by two calibrated clinicians. Thirty-six crowns were placed in 31 patients. A total of 12 crowns of each of the three crown types were studied. Eleven criteria were evaluated: tissue health, marginal integrity, secondary caries, proximal contact, anatomic contour, occlusion, surface texture, cracks/chips (fractures), color match, tooth sensitivity, and wear (of crowns and opposing enamel). Numerical rankings ranged from 1 to 4, with 4 being excellent, and 1 indicating a need for immediate replacement. Statistical analysis of the numerical rankings was performed using a Fisher's exact test. There was no statistically significant difference between performance of the core ceramic crowns and the two veneered crowns at year 1 and year 2 (p > 0.05). All crowns were rated either as excellent or good for each of the clinical criteria; however, between years 2 and 3, gradual roughening of the occlusal surface occurred in some of the ceramic-ceramic crowns, possibly caused by dissolution and wear of the glaze. Statistically significant differences in surface texture (p= 0.0013) and crown wear (p= 0.0078) were found at year 3 between the metal-ceramic crowns and the lithium-disilicate-based crowns. Based on the 11 criteria, the clinical performance of ceramic-ceramic crowns was comparable to that of the metal-ceramic crowns after 2 years; however, gradual roughening occurred between years 2 and 3, which resulted in differences in surface texture and wear.

An experimental investigation of surface generation using an integrated ultra-precision polishing process and different polishing trajectories

Ultra-precision freeform polishing (UPFP) is an emerging technology for the machining of ultra-precision freeform surfaces with submicrometre form accuracy and surface roughness in the nanometre range. However, our understanding of the surface generation and process planning for UPFP is still far from complete. This paper presents an experimental study of the surface generation for different polishing processes, which include mechanical polishing (MP) and fluid jet polishing (FJP). In addition, the generation of desirable structured surfaces of UPFP has also been experimentally investigated to examine if different trajectory planning affects surface hydrophobicity. The experimental results show that both MP and FJP can produce similar surface roughness but differences in surface texture after polishing. Desirable surface roughness and structured surfaces can be produced by appropriate planning and control of the combination of MP and FJP, and tool path trajectories in UPFP. The results also prove that tool path trajectories affect the hydrophobicity of polished surfaces. The results provide an important means for the development of an integrated polishing process to achieve the desirable surface roughness and surface texture based on process planning and control in UPFP.

Chemical Analysis of Enamel and Dentin Following the Application of Three Different At-home Bleaching Systems

To determine the change in the chemical composition of enamel and dentin as well as to evaluate the differences in surface texture of the same dental hard tissues following three at-home bleaching systems in vitro. Sixty extracted intact human anterior teeth were used in this study. Thirty teeth were used as samples for enamel, and the buccal surfaces of the remaining 30 teeth were abraded and used as dentin samples. Prior to bleaching treatments, calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), fluoride (F), and oxygen (O) levels of each sample were measured using an energy dispersive spectrometer. The teeth were then randomly allocated into three groups according to the bleaching system used, as follows: GI, 10% carbamide peroxide (CP); GII, 20% CP; GIII, and 35% CP. Following the bleaching treatments, Ca, P, K, Na, Mg, F, and O measurements were repeated. The surface configurations were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The data were analyzed using Wilcoxon signed rank and Kruskal-Wallis tests followed by the Dunn test. All three bleaching systems tested caused similar changes in the chemical composition of enamel and dentin. Bleaching systems decreased Ca and K, while F and O levels increased in enamel. In dentin, Ca, P, and K levels decreased; however, Na, F, and O levels increased. SEM observations revealed no deleterious effect on enamel and dentin. The use of home bleaching agents could affect the chemical composition of dental hard tissues, whereas the change in the chemical composition of enamel and dentin was not affected by the CP concentration of the bleaching systems used.

Accurate identification of geological samples using artificial neural network processing of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy data

Mineral and rock identification is a fundamental analysis in geological study. It allows the retrieval of both physical and chemical information of an identified sample from an available database. In this study, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy integrated with artificial neural network algorithm is proposed for geological sample identification. The training algorithm of the artificial neural network is modified from the conventional method which is used in our previous studies. The trained network is tested by a set of natural rock samples which include new rocks which are not in the certified training set. Despite the difference in surface texture and minor variation in chemical composition of the tested rocks as compared to the samples of the training set, the validation reports a higher correct identification rate. This demonstrates the robustness of the modified algorithm to assess the variation of samples and the readiness to recognize new samples for a detailed study.

Three‐dimensional scanning electron microscopy characterization of the topography of textured polymeric surfaces

AbstractA stereographic scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique combined with a filtering procedure was used to characterize the surface topography of injection‐molded polymeric plaques to improve the understanding of the relation between surface texture and gloss of deliberately textured and quite rough surfaces. The specimens, having small differences in surface topography and gloss, were produced by using two mold cavities with slight differences in surface texture and three different polymers. Small differences in gloss were also achieved by changing the processing conditions. All specimens exhibited a very low gloss. A stereographic image of the textured surface was constructed from two SEM micrographs of the same area, but differing slightly in viewing angle. From this image, descriptors characterizing the surface topography could be evaluated, in the present study the root‐mean‐square roughness and a lateral correlation length. The results indicated that small differences in gloss in the low gloss region could to a significant extent be associated with small‐scale variations in the surface topography. The SEM method used might provide a useful tool for identifying the length scale at which the surface pattern or irregularities has a strong effect on the appearance of polymeric low‐gloss surfaces. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 50:1527–1534, 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers

Measuring perceived differences in surface texture due to changes in higher order statistics

We investigate the ability of humans to perceive changes in the appearance of images of surface texture caused by the variation of their higher order statistics. We incrementally randomize their phase spectra while holding their first and second order statistics constant in order to ensure that the change in the appearance is due solely to changes in third and other higher order statistics. Stimuli comprise both natural and synthetically generated naturalistic images, with the latter being used to prevent observers from making pixel-wise comparisons. A difference scaling method is used to derive the perceptual scales for each observer, which show a sigmoidal relationship with the degree of randomization. Observers were maximally sensitive to changes within the 20%-60% randomization range. In order to account for this behavior we propose a biologically plausible model that computes the variance of local measurements of phase congruency.

Enzymatic and microbial biodegradability of poly(ethylene terephthalate) copolymers containing nitrated units

Enzymatic and microbial degradability of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and PET copolyesters containing 30 mol% of either 5-nitroisophthalic units (PET 70NI 30) or nitroterephthalic units (PET 70NT 30) was investigated in laboratory cultures. Two commercial fungal lipases, two bacteria from environmental isolates, and two collection filamentous fungi were tested. The topography of the polymer surface exposed to degradation was characterized by interferometry–confocal microscopy techniques. Biodegradation was estimated by optical and electron microscopy observation, and gel permeation chromatography. Evidence of biodegradation including roughness enhancement, swelling and decrease of the weight-average molecular weight, was only obtained for the case of PET 70NT 30 cultured with Aspergillus niger. Differences in surface textures were found to be crucial to determine the positive response of this copolyester to biodegradation.

Evaluation of polymer scaffolds to be used in a composite injectable system for intervertebral disc tissue engineering

Adult porcine nucleus pulposus cells were seeded onto gelatin, demineralized bone matrix (DBM), and polylactide scaffolds and cultured in vitro. Cellular behavior in response to the scaffolds was analyzed using biochemical assays, histology, and real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Scanning electron microscopy showed pronounced differences in surface texture of the scaffolds. Nucleus pulposus cells attached and assumed an elongated fibroblast-like morphology on the gelatin and DBM scaffolds. The cells cultured on the gelatin and DBM were metabolically active and expressed types I and II collagen and aggrecan. Detached cellular aggregates with a rounded morphology were noted in the culture tubes containing the polylactide scaffolds. Both surface chemistry and texture likely had a role in causing differences in cellular behavior in response to scaffold material. Promising results were observed using the gelatin and demineralized bone scaffolds, but the behavior of cells cultured on these scaffolds will need to be characterized further. This initial research will be used to direct future work involved in developing this composite injectable tissue engineering system.

Simple instrument for detecting minor differences in surface texture

This article describes the fabrication of an ‘‘acoustic explorer’’ from a stethoscope and single-ended explorer (Fig. 1). The tactile sense alone with the explorer, comparing surfaces with differing textures, is enhanced by the sound produced during probing. The applications of the ‘‘acoustic explorer’’ may include the detection of subgingival calculus, marginal evaluation of extracoronal restorations, marginal evaluation of direct and indirect intracoronal restorations, evaluation of surface smoothness of restorations, detection of voids in direct restorations, detection of excess marginal luting cements, detection of incomplete removal of orthodontic bracket adhesive after treatment, pulp exposure determination, and detection of small root canal openings.