Differences In Social Development Research Articles

Poverty of population and regional differences in the social development of Kazakhstan

The purpose of this study is to determine the features of regional differences in social development, the ways of their cognition and regulation. Regional differences in the level of social development from the perspective of inclusiveness are understood as inequality of individuals or groups in access to material goods and services. The receipt of monetary income by the population is only an instrument of access to them. Therefore, in order to develop methodological approaches and make managerial decisions, it is important to answer two questions: what specific material goods and services are considered within the framework of social inequalities, how to assess the level of the latter? However, the presence of regional differences in social development contributes to the search for real opportunities of regions in smoothing or leveling imbalances, identifying the sources of their occurrence. This approach made it possible to develop specific mechanisms to overcome social imbalances that will ensure inclusive regional development. From the totality of the sources of social inequalities in the regions, the problems of poverty of the population are chosen as the subject of research. Solving this problem is a key position in an integrated approach to regulating regional differences in social development. The methodology of the study is based on the calculation of the population poverty index according to the recommendations of the UNDP on four indicators. Based on these indicators, the calculation of the integral poverty index of the population and the grouping of regions of Kazakhstan are made. This approach will make it possible to introduce adequate tools for state support of various territories. Today, the identification and assessment of the level of poverty of the population is very relevant, since ensuring the sustainable development of regions does not allow ignoring situations of social inequalities in society.

Hypertension Prevalence Rates Among Urban and Rural Older Adults of China, 1991-2015: A Standardization and Decomposition Analysis.

Objectives: The prevalence of hypertension (HTN) among older adults is becoming an important issue in public health in China as it is now stepping into the super-aged society with high pressure of a chronic disease burden. With urban–rural differences in population composition and health facilities, this study aimed to assess the gaps in the prevalence trends of HTN among older adults by considering demographic factors such as age, gender, education level, and regional differences during 1991–2015 in China.Methods: We adopted the consistent sampling design and measure of HTN of the cross-longitudinal surveys of the China Health and Nutrition survey, and we compared the HTN prevalence rates between urban and rural older adults by taking each wave of the survey as a cross-sectional sample of the Chinese population by the following and supplementary samples. The classic standardization and decomposition analysis method was utilized with four factor-specific rates, and contributions were calculated, i.e., age, gender, education, and region, which reflects the aspect of demographic and social development differences between urban and rural areas of China.Results: The prevalence rates of HTN of the whole of older adults were increasing in 1991–2015. However, the gaps of prevalence rates of HTN between urban and rural areas show different trends accompanied by the health policies launched by the government. Namely, the gap was narrowed during 1993–1997 and then enlarged during 1997–2011 and narrowing again. Those trends reflect the policy effects with the health resource allocation and utilization of health services for urban and rural older adults.Conclusions: With the four factors of decomposition analysis, the differences reflect the results of health policy effects, considering the urban–rural discrepancy on older adults with different demographic characteristics. Hence, the differentiated policies should be considered with the urban–rural population, such as HTN prevention and the population health promotion.

Interregional social development differences and regional social development determinants in Turkey

In this study, the relationship is investigated between the regional human development index and public investment expenditures, terrorist attacks and population density for 12 regions of Turkey. For each region, the Human Development Index method of calculation which is prepared by the United Nations Development Program is used to calculate the regional human development index. In this study, the model is developed to analyze the relation between variables, estimated by the common correlated effects (CCE) approach. For the analyses, firstly all the stationarity of series is investigated by the cross-sectionally augmented dickey fuller test which is considered to have cross-sectional dependence. After the stationarity test, the existence of a cointegration relation between variables, is tested with the Durbin-H test, and the findings obtained from the test showed the presence of a cointegration relation among the series. After confirming a cointegration relation, long-term parameters are estimated by the CCE model. Findings from the CCE test showed that the effect of the variables on the regional human development index was not statistically significant in the general model. On the other hand, regional results showed that the effects of variables were statistically significant in some regions and that these effects vary according to regions. With this study, it is aimed to identify the differences in social development in Turkey and the determinants of regional development. The findings and recommendations are also considered to be beneficial for countries in similar social and economic situation with Turkey.

The Effect Of Giving Family’s Psychososial Stimulation On Social Development Of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) At ADIP Center Therapy Sumber Bendo Kediri Regency

Psychosocial stimulation served as a beneficial reinforcer for child development. Good psychosocial stimulation has a positive impact on the social development particularly for children with ASD. These study used a Quasi Experiment with Non-equivalent Control Group Design. The research analysis of the Mann Whitney test showed a significance of Sig (p) = 0.034. α = 5% = 0.05, p <α means there are differences in social development of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in the treatment group with the control group, it means that there is a difference after the treatment of giving psychosocial stimulation by the family. The analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon test, it was found that Sig (p) = 0.003. α = 5% = 0.05, p <α, it means that there is an effect of giving psychosocial stimulation by the family on the social development of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).

Exploring the Connection Between Soccer and Social Development

Social development is the advancement of variables to help a person progress socially. There has been a progressive academic conversation into the idea of whether team sports, such as soccer, can help a player develop socially. This study seeks to further this academic conversation by seeing if a cooperative play, such as passing, in a traditional game of soccer can demonstrate social development within the game and to see if more soccer experience plays a role. A quantitative study was done by counting the number of passes between each team with differing levels of experience and seeing if more soccer experience explains the differing number of passes. To further investigate experience, a survey was conducted and completed by each player in the soccer matches to see if players were aware of their experience and social development skills. This study’s findings were that in the soccer games, there seemed to be no significant difference in the amount of passing between the teams of different experience levels that was due to differences in social development but seemed to only be due to a difference in skill level. This study presented a different approach and finding to the academic conversation. Looking towards the future, it is recommended that further research should have a set strategy to determine experience to make the experiment clearer.

Mutation in the vasopressin gene eliminates the sex difference in social reinforcement in adolescent rats

The neuropeptide, arginine vasopressin (AVP), is thought to contribute to sex differences in normative and pathological social development by regulating social motivation. Recent studies using Brattleboro rats that have a mutation in the Avp gene, however, have suggested that AVP impacts adolescent social behaviors of males and females in a similar manner through actions on behavioral state (i.e., arousal). In the present study, we made use of a recently developed operant conditioning paradigm to test whether the chronic, lifelong AVP deficiency caused by the Brattleboro mutation impacts the reinforcement value of social stimuli during adolescence. Operant responding for access to a familiar conspecific was assessed in male and female adolescent wild type (WT; normal AVP), heterozygous Brattleboro (HET), and homozygous Brattleboro (HOM) rats. Following the social reinforcement test, rats were tested in the same operant paradigm except that the social reinforcer was replaced with a light reinforcer to determine whether effects of the Brattleboro mutation were specific to social stimuli or a general characteristic of operant conditioning. WT males directed a greater proportion of their responding toward the social and light stimuli than WT females; only males exhibited a preference for these reinforcers over unreinforced ports. The sex difference in social reinforcement was absent in HOM rats, whereas the sex difference in light reinforcement was present in all genotypes. These data indicate that adolescent males are more sensitive to the reinforcing properties of social and light stimuli, and that the sex difference in social, but not light, reinforcement depends upon normal levels of AVP. These findings support the hypothesis that AVP plays a critical role in sex differences in social development by acting on factors that influence social motivation.

The Role of Stressful Parenting and Mineralocorticoid Receptor Haplotypes on Social Development During Adolescence and Young Adulthood

The development of social behavior could be affected by stressful parenting. The mineralocorticoid receptor, one of the two main receptors for the stress hormone cortisol, plays a vital role in adequate responses to stress. Therefore, the effects of stressful parenting on social development (i.e., empathic concern, perspective taking and prosocial behavior) may be moderated by functional genetic variation in mineralocorticoid receptor haplotypes (a combination of alleles). A group of 343 adolescents (44.3% females) was followed from the age of 13 until 24 years. Growth curve analyses showed lower levels of prosocial behaviors and a slower increase in empathic concern and perspective taking in adolescents who reported more stressful parenting. In contrast, relatively higher levels of prosocial behavior, empathic concern and perspective taking were present in combination with stress resilient mineralocorticoid receptor haplotypes. Despite sex differences in social development with earlier social development for girls, no consistent sex differences were found with regard to mineralocorticoid receptor haplotypes. The current study showed that genetic variation in mineralocorticoid receptor impacts the social development during adolescence and young adulthood.

Automatic temporal ranking of children’s engagement levels using multi-modal cues

As children of ages 5–8 often play with each other in small groups, their differences in social development and personality traits usually cause various levels of engagement among others. For example, one child may just observe without engaging at all with others while another child may be interested in both the other children as well as the activity. To develop child-friendly interaction technology such as social robots that can adapt robot behaviours to the social situation of a group of children and facilitate harmonious engagement, we aim to study how we can automatically detect these children’s engagement levels. In this paper, we present a novel automatic method that ranks children in a group according to their engagement level in a temporal way based on non-verbal cues that are robust in naturalistic group settings. Our method combines the omission probability of each rank transformed from discriminative outputs from an SVM ranking method and the transition probability between ranks in time. In comparing our proposed method to other existing methods (such as rule-based ranking, basic SVM, SVM ordinal regression, SVM ranking, and SVMHMM), we found that our novel method yields promising results.

Social Development of Iraqi Governorates in Comparison

Inequitable distribution of investment funds on governorates and the autonomy of the Kurdistan Region with own investment policy are often mentioned as the main causes of the huge regional differences in social development in Iraq. In this paper, the differences in social development among 18 Iraqi governorates will be analyzed by using two different methods: first, 12 indicators of education, health and economic level are given equal weights and the length of the distance between every governorate and the governorate with the maximum standardized score for each individual indicator is combined into a Composite Regional Social Development Index (CRSDIequal); second, unequal weights are given for each indicator depending on the indicator's loading in the first principal component to identify the weight of that indicator in a Composite Regional Social Development Index (CRSDIunequal). Both methods will result in the same ranking of the 18 governorates with respect to their social development level.

Boys and Girls on the Playground: Sex Differences in Social Development Are Not Stable across Early Childhood

Sex differences in human social behaviors and abilities have long been a question of public and scientific interest. Females are usually assumed to be more socially oriented and skilful than males. However, despite an extensive literature, the very existence of sex differences remains a matter of discussion while some studies found no sex differences whereas others reported differences that were either congruent or not with gender stereotypes. Moreover, the magnitude, consistency and stability across time of the differences remain an open question, especially during childhood. As play provides an excellent window into children's social development, we investigated whether and how sex differences change in social play across early childhood. Following a cross-sectional design, 164 children aged from 2 to 6 years old, divided into four age groups, were observed during outdoor free play at nursery school. We showed that sex differences are not stable over time evidencing a developmental gap between girls and boys. Social and structured forms of play emerge systematically earlier in girls than in boys leading to subsequent sex differences in favor of girls at some ages, successively in associative play at 3–4 years, cooperative play at 4–5 years, and social interactions with peers at 5–6 years. Preschool boys also display more solitary play than preschool girls, especially when young. Nevertheless, while boys catch up and girls move on towards more complex play, sex differences in social play patterns are reversed in favor of boys at the following ages, such as in associative play at 4–5 years and cooperative play at 5–6 years. This developmental perspective contributes to resolve apparent discrepancies between single-snapshot studies. A better understanding of the dynamics of sex differences in typical social development should also provide insights into atypical social developments which exhibit sex differences in prevalence, such as autism.

Gender Differences in Interpersonal Complementarity Within Roommate Dyads

Complementarity theory proposes specific hypotheses regarding interpersonal styles that will result in successful relationships. The present study sought to extend previous research on gender differences in complementarity through the examination of same-sex peer dyads and the use of informant reports of interpersonal style. One hundred twenty participants (30 male and 30 female roommate dyads) completed interpersonal circumplex ratings of their roommates and a relationship cohesion measure. Examinations of complementarity indicate that women reported significantly more complementarity than men within their roommate dyads. However, for men and women, the closer the dyad was to perfect complementarity in terms of dominance, the more cohesive the relationship. Results are discussed in relation to gender differences in social development.

Longevidad y territorio. Un análisis geodemográfico de la población centenaria en España

the number of centenarians in Spain has continued to grow in the last few decades, reaching almost 6000 at present. The aim of this study was to analyze, from a geodemographic perspective, inter-provincial imbalances and the relative importance of the centenarian population in Spain. data were gathered from the last Census of Population and Housing, updated with data from the Municipal Census of Inhabitants for 2006. The rates of centenarians per 100,000 inhabitants, location indices, and sex ratio were calculated. in Spain the rate of centenarians showed a widely unbalanced territorial distribution: when the first five provinces were compared with the last five provinces, the ratio between the average rate of centenarians and the population aged 85 years and older was 3 to 1. This ratio increased to 4 to 1, when persons aged 65 years and older were considered. the imbalances shown by the rates of centenarians in Spain can be explained by inter-provincial differences in social development, cultural context, environmental and territorial factors, together with the contribution of geographic factors, which are less well-known and analyzed than those termed "individual factors of longevity". Undoubtedly, these latter factors, which have a hereditary or genetic component, are involved. A satisfactory explanation would have to take into account the interplay between geographic and individual factors.

Response monitoring, the error-related negativity, and differences in social behavior in autism

Children with autism not only display social impairments but also significant individual differences in social development. Understanding the source of these differences, as well as the nature of social impairments, is important for improved diagnosis and treatments for these children. Current theory and research suggests that individual differences in response monitoring, a specific function of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), may contribute to social-emotional and social-cognitive impairments and individual differences in autism. To examine this hypothesis, we used a modified flanker task to assess an ERP index of response monitoring, the error-related negativity (ERN), in a sample of higher function children with autism (HFA) and an IQ-matched control sample. The results revealed a significant Diagnostic group by Verbal IQ interaction on ERN amplitude indicating that the most verbally capable HFA children displayed significantly larger ERN amplitudes than did the control children. Within the HFA sample, greater ERN amplitude was also related to parent reports of fewer symptoms of social interaction impairments, fewer internalizing problems, but more externalizing problems, although these associations were reduced to nonsignificance when medication status was controlled. The latter results complement previous observations from imaging studies of a significant association between ACC activity and social symptoms and impairments in autism. The implications of these results for future research on brain-behavior relations, as well as treatment related research with children with autism are discussed.

Developmental effects of early immune stress on aggressive, socially reactive, and inhibited behaviors.

The origins of individual differences in social development are examined in relation to early stress (immune challenge) and social milieu (maternal behavior) in a genetic-developmental analysis using an animal model. Neonatal male mice (5 or 6 days of age) from two lines of mice selectively bred for high versus low levels of inter-male aggressive behavior received a standard immune challenge (i.p. injections of 0.05 mg/kg endotoxin or saline). Animals were reared by their line-specific biological dam or by a foster dam from a line bred without selection. Adult levels of social behaviors were assessed in a dyadic test (age 45-50 days). Mice from the high-aggressive line show more developmental sensitivity to immune challenge than mice from the low-aggressive line, and line differences persist regardless of the early maternal environment. As adults, endotoxin-treated mice from the high-aggressive line have lower levels of aggressive behavior, longer latency to attack, and higher rates of socially reactive and inhibited behaviors compared to saline controls. Developmental effects of endotoxin in the low-aggressive line are minimal: endotoxin increases socially reactive behaviors, compared to saline controls, but only for mice reared by their biological dams. Rearing by foster dams increases social exploration in the low-aggressive line. The findings raise novel questions regarding the openness of behavioral systems to effects of nonobvious but omnipresent features of the environment, such as antigenic load, how these effects are integrated to affect social development and psychopathology, and the nature of intrinsic factors that contribute to individual differences in sensitivity to early stressors.

Nature, nurture, and social development*

AbstractIt is time to bring nature (genetics) together with nurture (environment) in the study of social development. Following a brief overview of behavioral genetic theory and methods, three examples are described of new genetic research especially relevant to social developmentalists. First, initial research findings on three key domains of social development (attachment, empathy, and social competence) suggest that genetic factors contribute to individual differences in social development. Second, research on widely used measures of social environment implicates a genetic contribution, which opens up new directions for research at the interface of nature and nurture in social development. Third, by the turn of the century, it is predicted that behavioral genetic research will be conducted using DNA markers that assess genetic variation among individuals directly rather than resorting to indirect estimates based on twin and adoption methods. This will revolutionize behavioral genetic research and make it more accessible and applicable to developmentalists. As a first step in the direction of behavioral genetics, social developmentalists are encouraged to include siblings in their research.

Traditional Mosuo Child-Bearing Values

The ethnic group referred to as Mosuo in this text is identical to that referred to as the Yongning Naxi elsewhere. China is a multiethnic country, where differences in traditional ethical values emerged as a result of differences in social development. To compare traditional ethical values, especially those of child-bearing, to the pattern of population growth is significant both from a theoretical and practical standpoint.

Development of kindergarten children based on child care arrangements

The effects of day care on the development of 835 kindergarten children were analyzed. Associations with child care arrangements (no day care, part-time care, and full-time day care) from birth to age 5 and for only the first year of life are discussed. Overall differences in early child care arrangements were more predictive of differences in social development than of differences in intellectual and gross motor performance. Similarities in certain behavioral variables between children at home and in full-time care are noted. Socioeconomic status, sex, and race differences are also reported.

Sex differences in social development during the first 4 years in a free-ranging group of Japanese monkeys, Macaca fuscata

The behavioural development of a birth cohort (14 males, six females) during the first 4 years of life in the Awajishima free-ranging group of Japanese monkeys is described. The study focused on maturational changes in the relationships of immature males and females with their mothers and with other group members. Males tended to interact with their mothers less frequently than did females. Certain individuals interacted with their mothers more frequently than others during the first 4 years of life. Individuals were also consistent in their social interactions with group members other than their mothers. Males maintained close relationships with males of similar age, primarily through social play, from approximately the second year onward. This indicates that the males' preference for association with males of similar age precedes peripheralization and that peripheralization does not bring about essential changes in their social relationships with group members. Females preferred relationships with female group members of various ages, and also relationships with infants and fully adult males. This may explain why females remain in the central part of the group throughout their lives. The results of the study suggest that the preparation for adult male/female social roles starts as early as the second year of age.

Effects of crowding on the behaviour of juvenile hatchery and wild landlocked Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.)

In aquaria, wild juvenile Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.) were most aggressive at low population densities and hatchery salmon at intermediate or high densities, indicating differences in social development of fish reared in streams where population densities are regulated by territorial dispersion and in hatcheries where fish are confined at abnormally high densities. Social interaction interfered with feeding, resulting in hatchery salmon consuming less food than wild salmon as density was increased. Both hatchery and wild salmon became more aggressive, consumed more food, were more stationary, and exhibited less escape swimming with time. Caution should be exercised when making inferences about norms of behaviour characteristics of the species in general when either hatchery or wild fish are used as experimental subjects.