Differences In Psychological Symptoms Research Articles

Effects of scaffolding emotion language use on emotion differentiation and psychological health: an experience-sampling study

ABSTRACT Emotion differentiation (ED) – complexity in the mental representation and description of one’s emotional experiences – is important for mental health. However, less is known whether ED can be enhanced in adults. We investigated if scaffolding emotion language use during affect labelling – initial provision of emotion word prompts (close-ended) followed by free response (open-ended) – impacts ED and psychological health. Utilising a crossover design, 92 college students completed questionnaires assessing psychological health at three time-points and ecological momentary assessment of emotions, affect valence and emotional self-efficacy for 14 days. Participants were randomised to the “scaffolding” group, where they reported emotions using the close-ended (7 days) followed by open-ended (7 days) approach, or the reverse sequence (control group). We extracted two ED indices: traditional intraclass correlation coefficient from close-ended reports and novel specificity index from open-ended reports. Primary analyses examined group differences across weeks while exploratory analyses examined moment-to-moment differences using multilevel modelling. Relative to controls, the scaffolding group demonstrated greater ED during open-ended emotion reporting of negative emotions and associated shifts in negative affect and emotional self-efficacy. There were no significant group differences in psychological symptoms. Results provide preliminary evidence that scaffolding may enhance ED and have implications for psychological intervention.

Mindfulness in Pregnancy and Postpartum: Protocol of a Pilot Randomized Trial of Virtually Delivered Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy to Promote Well-Being during the Perinatal Period.

During the period from pregnancy through the first year postpartum, vulnerable individuals are at elevated risk for the onset or worsening of psychological distress, and accessible (e.g., virtually delivered) mental health interventions are needed. Research suggests that Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) can effectively mitigate psychological distress, although few studies have evaluated MBCT in the perinatal period, and samples have been clinically homogenous. Thus, we have designed and are conducting a pilot trial of virtually delivered MBCT with pregnant individuals experiencing a range of psychological symptoms to assess its feasibility and preliminarily explore its effectiveness. Here, we present the study protocol. Eligible participants (target N = 70) are ≥18 years with pregnancies between 12 and 30 weeks of gestation. Participants complete a diagnostic interview, self-report symptom ratings, and a computerized cognitive battery assessing self-regulation at the baseline. Participants are then randomized to either MBCT or care as usual. The MBCT intervention involves eight weekly group sessions delivered virtually, with each session focusing on a mindfulness practice followed by group discussion and skill development. Participants in the intervention group are also encouraged to practice mindfulness skills between sessions. Participants in the control condition are provided with information about mindfulness and treatment resources. Baseline measures are repeated following the eight-week intervention period and at three months postpartum. This pilot study is designed to evaluate the feasibility of virtually delivered MBCT and explore group differences in psychological symptoms during the perinatal period, and will lay the foundation for a larger clinical trial focused on optimizing this intervention to improve psychological functioning among diverse pregnant individuals.

BURNOUT SYMPTOMS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING AMONG CROATIAN HOSPITAL FRONTLINE NURSES AND PHYSICIANS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: THE CONTRIBUTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS.

Direct contact with COVID-19 patients affect the mental health of frontline healthcare professionals. The main goal of this study was to investigate the levels of burnout and psychological symptoms (posttraumatic symptoms-PTSS, depression, anxiety, and stress-DASS) as well as life satisfaction among nurses and physicians working at University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb (impacted by the earthquakes) and University Hospital of Split. The second goal was to examine the contribution of gender and personality traits to the levels of psychological symptoms among all participants. A set of questionnaires measuring psychological symptoms and personal characteristics was sent via the Google form platform to healthcare professionals and in total 227 completed the form (138 nurses and 89 physicians). The sample consisted of 180 (79.3% females) and 47 (20.7% males). Among the respondents, 75 nurses and 64 physicians were employees of University Hospital Dubrava of 63 nurses and 25 physicians were employees in the University Hospital of Split. The results showed that physicians in general scored higher on the burnout scale (p<0.001) while nurses reported higher anxiety (p=0.011). Nurses working in Zagreb had higher levels of burnout (p<0.001), more depressive (p=0.009) and anxiety (p=0.027) symptoms as well as experienced more stress (p=0.007), and less life satisfaction (p=0.007) than nurses working in Split. Differences in psychological symptoms and resilience in physicians working in Split and Zagreb were not established. Regression analyses showed that the female gender predicted more PTSS, (B=-4.77, p=0.045) while the physician profession predicted higher burnout symptoms (B=2.67, p=0.002). Considering personality traits, higher emotional stability and resilience predicted lower PTSS and DASS symptoms. Traits extraversion (B=0.17, p=0.003), conscientiousness (B=0.26, p<0.001) and resilience (B=1.21, p=0.024) predicted more life satisfaction. Traits of agreeableness (B=-0.21, p= 0.001) and emotional stability (B=-0.45, p<0.001) predicted a decrease in the intensity of the burnout. This study recognized the importance of personality traits as protective factors contributing to psychological well-being in frontline hospital healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. On the contrary, exposure to multiple traumas and belonging to a profession of physician emerges as risk factors contributing to more psychological symptoms.

SITUATIONAL AND PERSONAL PREDICTORS OF MENTAL HEALTH OUTCOMES AMONG HEALTH CARE WORKERS DURING COVID-19: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NURSES AND PHYSICIANS.

Caregivers have been exposed to important stresses during the COVID-19 pandemic leading to important mental health issues. Previous researches showed that nurses were particularly emotionally affected compared to physicians. To study the differences in psychological symptoms between nurses and physicians during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic as well as three months later and to compare the predictors of these symptoms between both professions. An online survey was sent to all nurses and physicians employed by a university hospital in Belgium. It assessed symptoms of post-traumatic stress, anxiety, depression and insomnia induced by the COVID-19 experienced during the peak and at the moment of assessment (3 months after the peak). Sociodemographic and work-related characteristics as well as psychological factors, i.e., emotion regulation habits, coping strategies and personality traits were also evaluated as potential predictors of psychological symptoms. Nurses reported more pronounced psychological symptoms associated to the COVID situation compared to physicians. In nurses, the strongest predictor of psychological symptoms was the level of neuroticism while in physicians it was the work overload. Our study provided essential information which may allow to better orient interventions according to the difficulties and specificities presented by each occupation.

Investigating Differences in Sleep Disturbance, Dissociation, and Anxiety Due to the Severity and Timing of Betrayal Trauma Experienced

Betrayal trauma theory suggests betrayal from a trusted person affects how an event is remembered and processed. Few studies have looked at differences in psychological symptoms due to the severity and timing of betrayal trauma (BT). This study examined whether psychological symptoms, specifically, sleep disturbance, dissociation, and anxiety, differ depending on the severity and timing of BT. Participants (N = 270; 67.8% female) with at least one trauma completed online questionnaires measuring BT severity (low-medium, high), timing (childhood trauma, adulthood trauma), and frequency of psychological symptoms. A two-way between-subjects multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was conducted. BT was prevalent in the sample, with 202 participants (74.8%) reporting a history of high BT. The MANOVA revealed a significant interaction between BT severity and BT timing on all outcome variables [p = .007, η2 p = .05]. Childhood BT participants with low-medium BT history had significantly greater sleep disturbance [p = .008, η2 p = .03], than participants with adulthood BT participants with low-medium BT history. Furthermore, adulthood BT participants with a history of high BT had significantly more dissociation [p = .003, η2 p = .01] and anxiety [p < .001, η2 p = .04] symptoms than childhood BT participants with a history of high BT. The research provides a novel insight into how different psychological symptoms manifest according to BT severity and timing, and the possibility of “rotating betrayal blindness” in which trauma awareness shifts in varying contexts.

Associations Between Headache (Migraine and Tension-Type Headache) and Psychological Symptoms (Depression and Anxiety) in Pediatrics: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: There have been no recent meta-analysis studies on specific psychological symptoms (depression and anxiety) according to the type of primary headache disorder in children and adolescents. OBJECTIVES: We performed a meta-analysis of various psychodiagnostic scales. Psychological symptoms of primary headache disorders have been reported in previous studies. STUDY DESIGN: A systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: We conducted systematic reviews using the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases up to October 19, 2022. Ten studies were selected by applying the inclusion criteria. The psychological symptoms (depression and anxiety) of children and adolescents with migraine and tension-type headache (TTH) were compared with those of healthy controls using scale scores. All statistical analyses of the pooled data were performed using RevMan 5.3 software. RESULTS: Psychodiagnostic tools to assess depression scored higher in patients with migraine than in healthy controls; however, most anxiety-related scores were not significantly different between the migraine and control groups. In contrast, anxiety-related scores were higher in patients with TTH than in healthy controls, but the score to measure the degree of depressive symptoms was not significantly different from the control group in patients with TTH. LIMITATIONS: A limited number of studies for each scale were included. In addition, each scale has different sensitivities and specificities, which may have affected the results. In addition, we did not evaluate the differences in psychological symptoms according to the frequency and severity of headaches. CONCLUSIONS: Depression is more associated with migraine; whereas, anxiety is more associated with TTH than healthy controls. Therefore, the screening and assessment of psychological symptoms should be performed in children and adolescents with primary headache disorders. KEY WORDS: Headache, migraine, tension-type headache, depression, anxiety, children, adolescents

Differences in Psychological Symptoms in Pregnancy and Postpartum before and during COVID-19: A Cross-sectional Study

Differences in Psychological Symptoms in Pregnancy and Postpartum before and during COVID-19: A Cross-sectional Study

Gender Differences in Psychological Symptoms and Quality of Life in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease in China: A Multicenter Study

To explore the gender differences in the psychological symptoms, sleep quality, and quality of life of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). A unified questionnaire was developed to collect clinical data on the psychology and quality of life of IBD patients from 42 hospitals in 22 provinces in China from September 2021 to May 2022. The general clinical characteristics, psychological symptoms, sleep quality, and quality of life of IBD patients of different genders were analyzed via a descriptive statistical analysis. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted, and independent influencing factors were screened to construct a nomogram to predict the quality of life. The consistency index (C-index), receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, area under the ROC curve (AUC), and calibration curve were used to evaluate the discrimination and accuracy of the nomogram model. Decision curve analysis (DCA) was used to evaluate the clinical utility. A total of 2478 IBD patients (1371 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 1107 patients with Crohn's disease (CD)) were investigated, including 1547 males (62.4%) and 931 females (37.6%). The proportion of anxiety in females was significantly higher than in males (IBD: 30.5% vs. 22.4%, p < 0.001; UC: 32.4% vs. 25.1%, p = 0.003; CD: 26.8% vs. 19.9%, p = 0.013), and there were differences in the severity of anxiety between the genders (IBD: p < 0.001; UC: p < 0.001; CD: p = 0.050). The proportion of depression in females was higher than in males (IBD: 33.1% vs. 27.7%, p = 0.005; UC: 34.4% vs. 28.9%, p = 0.031; CD: 30.6% vs. 26.6%, p = 0.184), and there were differences in the severity of depression between the genders (IBD: p = 0.004; UC: p = 0.022; CD: p = 0.312). The proportion suffering from sleep disturbances among females was slightly higher than among males (IBD: 63.2% vs. 58.4%, p = 0.018; UC: 63.4% vs. 58.1%, p = 0.047; CD: 62.7% vs. 58.6%, p = 0.210), and the proportion of females with a poor quality of life was higher than that of males (IBD: 41.8% vs. 35.2%, p = 0.001; UC: 45.1% vs. 39.8%, p = 0.049; CD: 35.4% vs. 30.8%, p = 0.141). The AUC values of the female and male nomogram prediction models for predicting poor quality of life were 0.770 (95% CI: 0.7391-0.7998) and 0.771 (95% CI: 0.7466-0.7952), respectively. The calibration diagrams of the two models showed that the calibration curves fitted well with the ideal curve, and the DCA that showed nomogram models could bring clinical benefits. There were significant gender differences in the psychological symptoms, sleep quality, and quality of life of IBD patients, suggesting that females need more psychological support. In addition, a nomogram model with high accuracy and performance was constructed to predict the quality of life of IBD patients of different genders, which is helpful for the timely clinical formulation of personalized intervention plans that can improve the prognosis of patients and save medical costs.

The biological dimensions of transcendent states: A randomized controlled trial.

This study evaluated the biological dimension of meditation and self-transcendent states. A convenience sample of 513 participants was drawn from attendees at a 4-day guided meditation workshop. Half were randomly assigned to an active placebo control intervention. All were assessed on a variety of measures, both psychological [anxiety, pain, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), positive emotions, and transcendent states], and physiological (physical functioning). Additional biological assessments including salivary immunoglobulin-A (SIgA), cortisol, and Quantitative Electroencephalography (qEEG) were obtained from subset of the Experimental group (N = 117). No significant difference in psychological symptoms or positive emotions was observed between Experimental and placebo groups at baseline. At post-test, significant improvements were noted in the Experimental group, including a 49.5% median increase in SIgA (p = 0.01), though cortisol remained unchanged. qEEG z-score analysis identified sustained stress reduction, including delta frequency band amplitude increases, high beta decreases, and faster acquisition of sustained alpha states (all p < 0.001). Psychological symptoms also improved on all measures. At 6-month follow-up (N = 140), PTSD and somatic symptoms significantly improved from baseline, and post-test versus 6-month follow-up results indicated significant increases in happiness and spiritual and physical oneness, along with decreases in depressive symptoms. These findings suggest that autonomic self-regulation and transcendent states may be measured in both biological and psychological dimensions and are associated with pervasive health benefits.

The mediating role of controllability appraisals and coping strategies on adaptive functioning after job loss: a path model

Job loss is a stressful event that increases the risk of experiencing depression and anxiety, especially during the initial months of unemployment. This study examined differences in psychological symptoms and resilient functioning accounted by employment status. The results pointed out that recently unemployed compared to currently employed individuals had lower levels of perceived controllability and resilience as well as higher levels of depression and anxiety. Path analyses showed that lower controllability appraisals at wave 1 of recently unemployed compared to employed individuals, in turn, predicted a lower use of active coping and reappraisal at wave 2, with the latter further accounting for lower levels in resilience. Higher use of distraction further mediated the relation between employment status and higher levels of depression and anxiety symptoms. Our findings demonstrate the importance of controllability appraisals and coping strategies used to promote adaptive psychological functioning following job loss.

Stages of lipoedema: experiences of physical and mental health and health care

PurposeLipoedema is a progressive adipose (fat) disorder, and little is known about its psychological effect. This study aimed to determine the experiences of physical and mental health and health care across stages of lipoedema.MethodsCross-sectional, secondary data from an anonymous survey (conducted 2014–2015) in Dutch and English in those with self-reported lipoedema were used (N = 1,362, Mdnage = 41–50 years old, 80.2% diagnosed). χ2 analyses of categorical data assessed lipoedema stage groups ‘Stage 1–2’ (N = 423), ‘Stages 3–4’ (N = 474) and ‘Stage Unknown’ (N = 406) experiences of health (physical and psychological), and health care.ResultsCompared to ‘Stage 1–2’, ‘Stage 3–4’ reported more loss of mobility (p = < .001), pain (p = < .001), fatigue (p = .002), problems at work (p = < .001) and were seeking treatment to improve physical functioning (p = < .001) more frequently. ‘Stage 3–4’ were more likely to report their GP did not have knowledge of lipoedema, did not take them seriously, gave them diet and lifestyle advice, dismissed lipoedema, and treated them ‘badly’ due to overweight/lipoedema compared to ‘Stage 1–2’ (p = < .001). ‘Stage 3–4’ were more likely to report depression (p = < .001), emotional lability (p = .033) eating disorders (p = .018) and feeling lonelier, more fearful, and stayed at home more (p = < .001) and less likely to have visited a psychologist (p = < .001) compared to ‘Stage 1–2’.ConclusionsA divergent pattern of physical and psychological experiences between lipoedema stages reflects physical symptom differences and differences in psychological symptoms and health care experiences. These findings increase the understanding of lipoedema symptoms to inform psychological supports for women with lipoedema in navigating chronic health care management.

Mental Health Differences in Healthcare Workers Exposed to Different Risks During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic.

BackgroundThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused a significant impact on the physical and mental health of healthcare workers. This study assessed the psychological status of healthcare workers who were exposed to different risk-levels in China and explored the factors that affected their mental health.MethodsDemographic, occupational characteristics, and mental health measurements were collected from 810 workers in 41 hospitals in China, through online questionnaires from February 11 to March 3, 2020. The degree of symptoms for fatigue, anxiety, and insomnia were assessed using the Chinese versions of the Fatigue Severity Scale, 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale, and Insomnia Severity Index, respectively. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with mental health symptoms.ResultsAll 810 participants completed the relevant questionnaires without missing data. The prevalence of fatigue, anxiety, and insomnia symptoms was 74.3, 73.7, and 61.7%, respectively. Nurses, women, and workers exposed to high-risk areas were more likely to report mental health problems (P < 0.05). After controlling for confounders, exposure to high-risk areas was independently associated with increased symptoms of fatigue, anxiety, and insomnia (fatigue among high-risk areas: OR, 3.87; 95% CI, 2.26–6.61; P < 0.001; anxiety among high-risk areas: OR, 2.66; 95% CI, 1.58–4.51; P < 0.001; insomnia among high-risk areas: OR, 2.83; 95% CI, 1.68–4.79, P < 0.001).ConclusionThe study demonstrated significant differences in psychological symptoms among healthcare workers exposed to different levels of risk, and those in high-risk areas were more vulnerable to experiencing mental health symptoms. These findings emphasize the importance of giving due attention to healthcare workers, especially women, nurses, and those working in high-risk settings during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The consequences of cyberbullying and traditional bullying victimization among adolescents: Gender differences in psychological symptoms, self-harm and suicidality

This study aimed to examine the effects of different types of bullying victimization (direct, relational, and cyber) on psychological symptoms, self-harm, and suicidality (including suicidal ideation and attempts) among adolescents, and to explore whether these effects may vary by gender. The data were obtained from a cross-sectional study of adolescents (n = 11,248, 46.7% females) with a mean age of 13.83 years from grade 5 to 12 in Henan, China. A series of binary logistic regression models were conducted to estimate the associations between different types of bullying victimization and psychological symptoms, self-harm, suicidal ideation, and suicidal attempts, after adjusting for demographic covariates. All three types of bullying victimization were significantly associated with psychological symptoms, self-harm, suicidal ideation, and suicidal attempts. Adolescents who suffered from cyberbullying victimization were more likely to commit self-harm and suicidal attempts as compared to direct and relational victimization. Female adolescents who suffered from relational bullying tend to have a higher risk of suicidal attempts than male adolescents. The current study demonstrated the negative effect of bullying victimization on adolescents’ adverse psychological outcomes and gender difference need to be taken into account in developing targeted intervention strategies to address bullying victimization.

Protective and Risk Factors for Medical and Nursing Staff Suffering From Psychological Symptoms During COVID-19

Background: With the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic in China, the general public but also medical staff were confronted with psychological challenges, suffering from the highly infectious and unknown characteristics of COVID-19. In this study, we surveyed psychological symptoms including anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders in medical staff.Method: A questionnaire star/WeChat link-based survey assessing the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 depression, the Insomnia Severity Index, Social Support scales in addition to lifestyle, and income level was conducted and included 8,288 medical staff from 24 provinces in China. Pearson Chi-square and Mann-Whitney U-tests were used to evaluate single risk factors and significant differences in psychological symptoms before and during the outbreak of COVID-19. Binary logistic regression analyses were conducted for the risk factors of anxiety, depression, and sleep disorder symptoms.Results: Medical staff had a high incidence of psychological symptoms, which was more prominent during the COVID-19 epidemic. Comparatively, females, nurses, first-line department, never exercised, and low income were risk factors for psychological symptoms. Social support including objective support, subjective support, support utility, and regular sports over 3 times per week were protective and manageable elements that could protect from and manage the psychological symptoms of medical staff.Conclusion: The susceptibility of psychological symptoms among medical staff should be of concern to policymakers and the public in the long-term, and the aggravation of mental health problems of medical staff could be eased by providing adequate social support during and after the COVID-19 outbreak.

Gender Differences in Psychological Symptoms and Psychotherapeutic Processes in Japanese Children.

Gender differences have been documented in the prevalence of psychological symptoms. Tic disorders and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are more common in male clinical samples, while selective mutism and trichotillomania are more common in female clinical samples. In a review of 84 published case studies of Japanese children, this study explored gender differences in the prevalence of four categories of symptoms and expressions made in therapy for tics, selective mutism, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and trichotillomania. Case studies were evaluated using both qualitative coding and statistical analysis. The findings were mostly consistent with epidemiological surveys and empirical research on adults. The gender differences in symptom prevalence and their expression could be summarized as differences in more direct aggression for boys versus indirect aggression for girls. The objective and progress in the therapy were to control impulsive energy for boys and to express energy for girls.

The Intergenerational Transmission of Chronic Pain from Parents to Survivors of Childhood Cancer.

Background: Among youth with chronic non-cancer pain, 50% have parents with chronic pain. These youth report significantly more pain interference and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), and worse health-related quality of life (HRQL) than youth whose parents do not have chronic pain. Additionally, parent chronic pain is linked to increased child anxiety and depressive symptoms. Survivors of childhood cancer (SCCs) are at risk of pain and negative psychosocial outcomes and therefore may be especially vulnerable if their parents have chronic pain. Thus, the aims of the current study were to (1) identify rates of chronic pain among parents of SCCs, (2) test group differences in psychological symptoms in parents with chronic pain versus without, and (3) test group differences in pain interference, HRQL, anxiety, depression, and PTSS in SCCs with parents with chronic pain versus without. Methods: 122 SCCs (Mean age = 15.8, SD = 4.8, 45.7% male, Mean age at diagnosis = 5.9, SD = 4.7) and their parents were recruited from across Canada to complete online questionnaires. Parents were asked if they have had pain for at least three consecutive months and completed the brief symptom inventory (BSI) as a measure of psychological symptomatology. Survivors completed the pain questionnaire, patient reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS)—pain interference, anxiety, and depression measures, child posttraumatic stress scale, posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, and the pediatric quality of life inventory. Results: Forty-three (39%) parents of SCCs reported having chronic pain. Of the 29 survivors who had chronic pain, 14 (48%) also had parents with chronic pain. Parents with chronic pain reported significantly higher scores on the BSI than parents without chronic pain, F(1, 116) = 5.07, p = 0.026. SCCs with parents with versus without chronic pain reported significantly higher PTSS F(1, 105) = 10.53, p = 0.002 and depressive symptoms F(1, 102) = 6.68, p = 0.011. No significant differences were found across the other variables tested. Conclusions: Findings suggest that survivors’ parents’ own pain is prevalent and is related to survivors’ increased depressive symptoms and PTSS, but not anxiety, pain interference, or HRQL. Future research should explore whether parents may benefit from psychological intervention after their child has been diagnosed with cancer and how this could improve outcomes for their child.

중장년층의 독거, 직업유무와 정신건강: 제7기 국민건강영양조사 (2016-2018)

Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the difference in psychological symptoms between middle-aged whether or not to live alone according to employment status. Methods: Subjects were 6,910 people, aged 40 to 59 years, who participated in the Seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016-2018). Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Experience with psychiatric counseling, stress awareness, and suicidal risks—such as suicidal ideation or suicide attempts—were assessed via questionnaire. Participants were assessed through a questionnaire for whether or not to live alone, employment status, and several confounding factors. Survey logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association between living alone, employment status, and psychological factors. Results: The weighted prevalence (%) of stress awareness, depressive symptoms, suicidal risk, and experience with psychiatric counseling were 26.3, 3.8, 2.0, and 2.6, respectively. Compared to people not living alone and who were also employed, odds ratios for suicidal risk and depressive symptoms were 3.02 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.52-6.01) and 4.03 (95% CI: 1.70-9.57), respectively, in those who lived alone and were unemployed. Conclusion: Living alone might be a risk factor for mental health—such as suicidal risks and depressive symptoms—in the Korean middle-aged population, especially among those also unemployed.

National level wealth inequality and socioeconomic inequality in adolescent mental wellbeing

Abstract Background Previous research established a positive association between national income inequality and socioeconomic inequalities in adolescent health, but little is known about the extent to which national level inequalities in accumulated financial resources (i.e. wealth) are associated with these health inequalities. Therefore, we examined the association between national wealth inequality and income inequality and socioeconomic inequalities in adolescent mental wellbeing. Methods Data were from 17 countries participating in three successive waves (2010, 2014 and 2018) of the cross-sectional Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study. We combined individual-level data on adolescents' life satisfaction, psychological and somatic symptoms and socioeconomic status (SES) with country-level data on income and wealth inequality (n = 244771). We performed time-series analysis on a pooled sample of 48 country/year groups. Results Higher levels of national wealth inequality were associated with fewer average psychological and somatic symptoms, while higher levels of national income inequality were associated with more psychological and somatic symptoms. No associations between either national wealth inequality or income inequality and life satisfaction were found. Smaller differences in somatic symptoms between higher and lower SES groups were found in countries with higher levels of national wealth inequality. In contrast, larger differences in psychological symptoms and life satisfaction (but not somatic symptoms) between higher and lower SES groups were found in countries with higher levels of national income inequality. Conclusions Although both national wealth and income inequality are associated with (socioeconomic inequalities in) adolescent mental wellbeing, associations are in opposite directions. Further research is warranted to gain better understanding in the role of national wealth inequality on (socioeconomic inequalities in) adolescent health. Key messages This is one of the first studies to examine if socioeconomic inequalities in adolescent mental wellbeing are associated with national wealth inequality independently from national income inequality. Opposing effects of national wealth inequality and income inequality on socioeconomic inequalities in adolescents’ mental wellbeing warrant further research before policy recommendations can be made.

National-Level Wealth Inequality and Socioeconomic Inequality in Adolescent Mental Well-Being: A Time Series Analysis of 17 Countries

PurposeAlthough previous research has established a positive association between national income inequality and socioeconomic inequalities in adolescent health, very little is known about the extent to which national-level wealth inequalities (i.e., accumulated financial resources) are associated with these inequalities in health. Therefore, this study examined the association between national wealth inequality and income inequality and socioeconomic inequality in adolescents' mental well-being at the aggregated level. MethodsData were from 17 countries participating in three consecutive waves (2010, 2014, and 2018) of the cross-sectional Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study. We aggregated data on adolescents' life satisfaction, psychological and somatic symptoms, and socioeconomic status (SES) to produce a country-level slope index of inequality and combined it with country-level data on income inequality and wealth inequality (n = 244,771). Time series analyses were performed on a pooled sample of 48 country-year groups. ResultsHigher levels of national wealth inequality were associated with fewer average psychological and somatic symptoms, while higher levels of national income inequality were associated with more psychological and somatic symptoms. No associations between either national wealth inequality or income inequality and life satisfaction were found. Smaller differences in somatic symptoms between higher and lower SES groups were found in countries with higher levels of national wealth inequality. In contrast, larger differences in psychological symptoms and life satisfaction (but not somatic symptoms) between higher and lower SES groups were found in countries with higher levels of national income inequality. ConclusionsAlthough both national wealth and income inequality are associated with socioeconomic inequalities in adolescent mental well-being at the aggregated level, associations are in opposite directions. Social policies aimed at a redistribution of income resources at the national level could decrease socioeconomic inequalities in adolescent mental well-being while further research is warranted to gain a better understanding of the role of national wealth inequality in socioeconomic inequalities in adolescent health.

Racial Differences in Psychological Symptoms and Eating Behaviors Among Bariatric Surgery Candidates.

Black patients typically lose less weight than White patients following bariatric surgery; however, the reasons for this racial disparity are unclear. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate whether there are differences in psychiatric symptoms and problematic eating behaviors between White and Black patients pursuing bariatric surgery as this may aid in understanding postsurgical weight loss disparities and inform psychosocial assessment of bariatric candidates. A retrospective chart review was conducted of participants (N =284) who completed a psychological evaluation prior to surgery. Information collected included history of binge eating and purging as well as data from measures administered (i.e., the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Emotional Eating Scale, and the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0). White patients reported higher levels of eating in response to anger/frustration (p = .03) and eating in response to depression (p = .01) than Black patients. White patients also reported more symptoms of food addiction, a difference that was trending toward significance (p = .05). No significant differences were found on measures of anxiety or depression. White patients appear to have higher levels of presurgical problematic eating as compared with Black patients pursuing bariatric surgery; thus, these measurements of problematic eating may not explain the racial disparity in outcomes. However, future research should determine whether measures are valid among diverse populations and identify additional factors that may contribute to racial disparities in bariatric outcomes.