Differences In Postprandial Responses Research Articles

D-limonene supplementation does not alter postprandial metabolism of postmenopausal women challenged with a mixed macronutrient tolerance test: a pilot study

The hormonal decline during menopause increases women's risk of chronic diseases. D-limonene, a monoterpene found in the human diet, possesses biological properties related to hypolipemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and gut microbiota-modulating activities, primarily observed in preclinical studies. Postprandial responses include physiological adaptations to the stress of a nutrient surplus, providing an opportunity to assess metabolic resilience, being a suitable strategy for exploring post-menopause-associated metabolic alterations. Here, we investigated the effects of D-limonene supplementation (2 g/day) on postprandial metabolism in postmenopausal women (n = 9) challenged with a standardized mixed meal in a 3-week single-arm clinical study. Our findings revealed that D-limonene did not induce marked differences in postprandial responses to the dietary challenge. The supplementation with D-limonene induced no alterations in serum lipid/lipoprotein profile or glycemia/insulinemia. D-limonene supplementation did not affect the transient postprandial inflammatory response regarding changes in gene expression of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and circulating inflammatory markers. Nevertheless, D-limonene reduced postprandial levels of lithocholic acid, a gut microbiota-derived bile acid, and regulated the plasma concentrations of selected amino acids, carbohydrate metabolism-derived metabolites, and organic acids. In conclusion, our data do not support the claim that short-term D-limonene supplementation beneficially affects the postprandial metabolism of postmenopausal women.Graphical

Characterizing human postprandial metabolic response using multiway data analysis

IntroductionAnalysis of time-resolved postprandial metabolomics data can improve our understanding of the human metabolism by revealing similarities and differences in postprandial responses of individuals. Traditional data analysis methods often rely on data summaries or univariate approaches focusing on one metabolite at a time.ObjectivesOur goal is to provide a comprehensive picture in terms of the changes in the human metabolism in response to a meal challenge test, by revealing static and dynamic markers of phenotypes, i.e., subject stratifications, related clusters of metabolites, and their temporal profiles.MethodsWe analyze Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy measurements of plasma samples collected during a meal challenge test from 299 individuals from the COPSAC2000 cohort using a Nightingale NMR panel at the fasting and postprandial states (15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 240 min). We investigate the postprandial dynamics of the metabolism as reflected in the dynamic behaviour of the measured metabolites. The data is arranged as a three-way array: subjects by metabolites by time. We analyze the fasting state data to reveal static patterns of subject group differences using principal component analysis (PCA), and fasting state-corrected postprandial data using the CANDECOMP/PARAFAC (CP) tensor factorization to reveal dynamic markers of group differences.ResultsOur analysis reveals dynamic markers consisting of certain metabolite groups and their temporal profiles showing differences among males according to their body mass index (BMI) in response to the meal challenge. We also show that certain lipoproteins relate to the group difference differently in the fasting vs. dynamic state. Furthermore, while similar dynamic patterns are observed in males and females, the BMI-related group difference is observed only in males in the dynamic state.ConclusionThe CP model is an effective approach to analyze time-resolved postprandial metabolomics data, and provides a compact but a comprehensive summary of the postprandial data revealing replicable and interpretable dynamic markers crucial to advance our understanding of changes in the metabolism in response to a meal challenge.

Sex differences in postprandial responses to different dairy products on lipoprotein subclasses: a randomised controlled cross-over trial.

Men have earlier first-time event of CHD and higher postprandial TAG response compared with women. The aim of this exploratory sub-study was to investigate if intake of meals with the same amount of fat from different dairy products affects postprandial lipoprotein subclasses differently in healthy women and men. A total of thirty-three women and fourteen men were recruited to a randomised controlled cross-over study with four dairy meals consisting of butter, cheese, whipped cream or sour cream, corresponding to 45 g of fat (approximately 60 energy percent). Blood samples were taken at 0, 2, 4 and 6 h postprandially. Lipoprotein subclasses were measured using NMR and analysed using a linear mixed model. Sex had a significant impact on the response in M-VLDL (P=0·04), S-LDL (P=0·05), XL-HDL (P=0·009) and L-HDL (P=0·001) particle concentration (P), with women having an overall smaller increase in M-VLDL-P, a larger decrease in S-LDL-P and a larger increase in XL- and L-HDL-P compared with men, independent of meal. Men showed a decrease in XS-VLDL-P compared with women after intake of sour cream (P<0·01). In men only, XS-VLDL-P decreased after intake of sour cream compared with all other meals (v. butter: P=0·001; v. cheese: P=0·04; v. whipped cream: P=0·006). Meals with the same amount of fat from different dairy products induce different postprandial effects on lipoprotein subclass concentrations in men and women.

A Randomized Crossover Trial on the Effects of Whole Apple Consumption on Postprandial Response to an Oral Fat Tolerance Test in Overweight and Obese Individuals (P08-109-19)

ObjectivesPostprandial lipemia (PPL) is a possible target for dietary strategies seeking to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, including in overweight and obese individuals. Apples contain pectin and polyphenols that have shown potential to modulate PPL in in vitro and animal studies. However, whole apples, as a complex food matrix, have not been investigated in terms of their impact on PPL in humans. Therefore, this study used an oral fat tolerance test (OFTT) with the aim of exploring the influence of co-ingesting whole apples with a high fat dairy beverage on PPL and possible mediators, including chylomicron metabolism, glycemia, insulinemia and gastric emptying in generally healthy, but overweight and obese adults. MethodsSix overweight and 20 obese participants (17 women and 9 men, mean ± SEM age of 45.5 ± 3.1 years, BMI of 34.1 ± 0.2 kg/m2, and fasting triacylglycerol (TAG) of 1.38 ± 0.08 mmol/L) completed this randomized, crossover acute meal study. After fasted participants consumed the OFTT (1 g fat/kg body weight, containing 1500 mg acetaminophen per meal for estimating gastric emptying rate) with and without 3 apples (∼200 g), plasma TAG, ApoB48, glucose, insulin, acetaminophen, and chylomicron-rich fraction (CMRF) particle size and fatty acid composition were analyzed over 6 hours. Differences in postprandial response (i.e., mean concentration, peak concentration (Cmax), time to peak (Tmax) and incremental area under the curve) between treatments were assessed by analysis of covariance. ResultsConsuming whole apples with the OFTT did not modify postprandial TAG, CMRF properties, glucose or gastric emptying rate (P > 0.05), but led to a higher Apo48 peak concentration (P < 0.01) and higher insulin concentrations between 20–180 min (P < 0.05). ConclusionsConsumption of apples, as a complex food matrix containing pectin and polyphenols, did not alter overall PPL following a high fat meal, but did lead to initially higher postprandial insulin. These results have relevance for using apples as a dietary strategy to manage CVD risk associated with high fat consumption in overweight and obese individuals. Funding SourcesOntario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA) and Ontario Apple Growers, Canada.

Premeal Low-Fat Yogurt Consumption Reduces Postprandial Inflammation and Markers of Endotoxin Exposure in Healthy Premenopausal Women in a Randomized Controlled Trial

BackgroundMetabolic endotoxemia is associated with obesity and contributes to postprandial inflammation.ObjectiveWe aimed to determine if low-fat yogurt consumption prevents postprandial inflammation and dysmetabolism in healthy women by inhibiting biomarkers of metabolic endotoxemia.MethodsPremenopausal women defined as obese and nonobese [body mass index (BMI, in kg/m2) 30–40 and 18.5–27, respectively, n = 120] were randomly assigned to consume 339 g of low-fat yogurt (YN, yogurt nonobese; YO, yogurt obese) or 324 g of soy pudding (CN, control nonobese; CO, control obese) for 9 wk (n = 30/group). The intervention foods each supplied 330 kcal with 3 g fat, 66 g carbohydrate, and 4–6 g protein. At weeks 0 and 9, participants ingested 226 g of yogurt or 216 g of soy pudding before a meal providing 56–60 g fat, 82 g carbohydrate, and 28–30 g protein. Plasma soluble CD14 (sCD14), lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), LPS activity, interleukin-6 (IL-6), glucose, triglyceride, and insulin were measured hourly for 4 h to assess differences in postprandial responses between groups by 2-factor ANOVA.ResultsPremeal yogurt consumption prevented the postprandial decrease in sCD14 net incremental area under the curve (net iAUC) by 72% in obese individuals at week 0 (P = 0.0323). YN and YO had ≥40% lower net iAUC of LBP-to-sCD14 ratio and plasma IL-6 concentration than CN and CO, respectively (P < 0.05). CO had postprandial hyperglycemia which was not evident in YO; in contrast YN had 57% less postprandial hypoglycemia than did CN (P-interaction = 0.0013). After 9 wk of yogurt consumption, ΔAUC of LBP-to-sCD14 ratios of YO and YN were less than half of those of the control groups (P = 0.0093).ConclusionYogurt consumption improved postprandial metabolism and biomarkers of metabolic endotoxemia in healthy premenopausal women. Premeal yogurt consumption is a feasible strategy to inhibit postprandial dysmetabolism and thus may reduce cardiometabolic risk. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01686204.

One-year daily consumption of buttermilk drink containing lutein-enriched egg-yolks does not affect endothelial function in fasting and postprandial state

Previous results have shown that one-year daily consumption of a lutein-enriched egg yolk containing dairy drink did not significantly affect fasting serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in adults with early signs of macular degeneration. The current study further substantiates these findings with parameters reflecting endothelial function. Additionally, we extend our observations from the fasting to the postprandial situation. Subjects participated in a 1-y randomized placebo-controlled dietary intervention trial. 52 subjects were included in the active (Egg) group and 49 in the control (Con) group. Changes in postprandial biochemistry (triacylglycerol (TAG), glucose and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA)) following a mixed meal and flow-mediated dilation (FMD) analyses were evaluated at the start and after one year intervention. Postprandial glycemic and lipemic responses before the intervention as well as the differences in postprandial responses after one-year intervention were comparable between the Egg and the Con group. Fasting FMD was comparable between the groups before the intervention started and at the end of intervention. Additionally, the change in FMD following a mixed meal was comparable between the groups. To conclude, one-year consumption of a lutein-enriched egg yolk incorporated in a dairy drink has no effect on postprandial lipid and glucose metabolism or endothelial function.

Postprandial changes in cardiometabolic disease risk in young Chinese men following isocaloric high or low protein diets, stratified by either high or low meal frequency - a randomized controlled crossover trial.

BackgroundCardio-Metabolic Disease (CMD) is the leading cause of death globally and particularly in Asia. Postprandial elevation of glycaemia, insulinaemia, triglyceridaemia are associated with an increased risk of CMD. While studies have shown that higher protein intake or increased meal frequency may benefit postprandial metabolism, their combined effect has rarely been investigated using composite mixed meals. We therefore examined the combined effects of increasing meal frequency (2-large vs 6-smaller meals), with high or low-protein (40 % vs 10 % energy from protein respectively) isocaloric mixed meals on a range of postprandial CMD risk markers.MethodsIn a randomized crossover study, 10 healthy Chinese males (Age: 29 ± 7 years; BMI: 21.9 ± 1.7 kg/m2) underwent 4 dietary treatments: CON-2 (2 large Low-Protein meals), CON-6 (6 Small Low-Protein meals), PRO-2 (2 Large High-Protein meals) and PRO-6 (6 Small High-Protein meals). Subjects wore a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) and venous blood samples were obtained at baseline and at regular intervals for 8.5 h to monitor postprandial changes in glucose, insulin, triglycerides and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP). Blood pressure was measured at regular intervals pre- and post- meal consumption. Urine was collected to measure excretion of creatinine and F2-isoprostanes and its metabolites over the 8.5 h postprandial period.ResultsThe high-protein meals, irrespective of meal frequency were beneficial for glycaemic health since glucose incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for PRO-2 (185 ± 166 mmol.min.L−1) and PRO-6 (214 ± 188 mmol.min.L−1) were 66 and 60 % lower respectively (both p < 0.05), compared with CON-2 (536 ± 290 mmol.min.L−1). The iAUC for insulin was the lowest for PRO-6 (13.7 ± 7.1 U.min.L−1) as compared with CON-2 (28.4 ± 15.6 U.min.L−1), p < 0.001. There were no significant differences in postprandial responses in other measurements between the dietary treatments.ConclusionsThe consumption of composite meals with higher protein content, irrespective of meal frequency appears to be beneficial for postprandial glycemic and insulinemic responses in young, healthy Chinese males. Implications of this study may be useful in the Asian context where the consumption of high glycemic index, carbohydrate meals is prevalent.Trial registration NCT02529228.

Metabolomics Reveals Differences in Postprandial Responses to Breads and Fasting Metabolic Characteristics Associated with Postprandial Insulin Demand in Postmenopausal Women

Changes in serum metabolic profile after the intake of different food products (e.g., bread) can provide insight into their interaction with human metabolism. Postprandial metabolic responses were compared after the intake of refined wheat (RWB), whole-meal rye (WRB), and refined rye (RRB) breads. In addition, associations between the metabolic profile in fasting serum and the postprandial concentration of insulin in response to different breads were investigated. Nineteen postmenopausal women with normal fasting glucose and normal glucose tolerance participated in a randomized, controlled, crossover meal study. The test breads, RWB (control), RRB, and WRB, providing 50 g of available carbohydrate, were each served as a single meal. The postprandial metabolic profile was measured using nuclear magnetic resonance and targeted LC–mass spectrometry and was compared between different breads using ANOVA and multivariate models. Eight amino acids had a significant treatment effect (P < 0.01) and a significant treatment × time effect (P < 0.05). RWB produced higher postprandial concentrations of leucine (geometric mean: 224; 95% CI: 196, 257) and isoleucine (mean ± SD: 111 ± 31.5) compared with RRB (geometric mean: 165; 95% CI: 147, 186; mean ± SD: 84.2 ± 22.9) and WRB (geometric mean: 190; 95% CI: 174, 207; mean ± SD: 95.8 ± 17.3) at 60 min respectively (P < 0.001). In addition, 2 metabolic subgroups were identified using multivariate models based on the association between fasting metabolic profile and the postprandial concentration of insulin. Women with higher fasting concentrations of leucine and isoleucine and lower fasting concentrations of sphingomyelins and phosphatidylcholines had higher insulin responses despite similar glucose concentration after all kinds of bread (cross-validated ANOVA, P = 0.048). High blood concentration of branched-chain amino acids, i.e., leucine and isoleucine, has been associated with the increased risk of diabetes, which suggests that additional consideration should be given to bread proteins in understanding the beneficial health effects of different kinds of breads. The present study suggests that the fasting metabolic profile can be used to characterize the postprandial insulin demand in individuals with normal glucose metabolism that can be used for establishing strategies for the stratification of individuals in personalized nutrition.

Vascular and Inflammatory High Fat Meal Responses in Young Healthy Men; A Discriminative Role of IL-8 Observed in a Randomized Trial

BackgroundHigh fat meal challenges are known to induce postprandial low-grade inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. This assumption is largely based on studies performed in older populations or in populations with a progressed disease state and an appropriate control meal is often lacking. Young healthy individuals might be more resilient to such challenges. We therefore aimed to characterize the vascular and inflammatory response after a high fat meal in young healthy individuals.MethodsIn a double-blind randomized cross-over intervention study, we used a comprehensive phenotyping approach to determine the vascular and inflammatory response after consumption of a high fat shake and after an average breakfast shake in 20 young healthy subjects. Both interventions were performed three times.ResultsMany features of the vascular postprandial response, such as FMD, arterial stiffness and micro-vascular skin blood flow were not different between shakes. High fat/high energy shake consumption was associated with a more pronounced increase in blood pressure, heart rate, plasma concentrations of IL-8 and PBMCs gene expression of IL-8 and CD54 (ICAM-1), whereas plasma concentrations of sVCAM1 were decreased compared to an average breakfast.ConclusionWhereas no difference in postprandial response were observed on classical markers of endothelial function, we did observe differences between consumption of a HF/HE and an average breakfast meal on blood pressure and IL-8 in young healthy volunteers. IL-8 might play an important role in dealing with high fat challenges and might be an early marker for endothelial stress, a stage preceding endothelial dysfunction.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT00766623

Impact of Early Growth on Postprandial Responses in Later Life

BackgroundLow birth weight and slow growth during infancy are associated with increased rates of chronic diseases in adulthood. Associations with risk factors such as fasting glucose and lipids concentrations are weaker than expected based on associations with disease. This could be explained by differences in postprandial responses, which, however, have been little studied. Our aim was to examine the impact of growth during infancy on postprandial responses to a fast-food meal (FF-meal) and a meal, which followed the macro-nutrient composition of the dietary guidelines (REC-meal).Methodology/Principal Findings We recruited 24 overweight 65–75 year-old subjects, 12 with slow growth during infancy (SGI-group) and 12 with normal early growth. All the subjects were born at term. The study meals were isocaloric and both meals were consumed once. Plasma glucose, insulin, triglycerides (TG) and free fatty acids (FFA) were measured in fasting state and over a 4-h period after both meals. Subjects who grew slowly during infancy were also smaller at birth. Fasting glucose, insulin or lipid concentrations did not differ significantly between the groups. The TG responses were higher for the SGI-group both during the FF-meal (P = 0.047) and the REC-meal (P = 0.058). The insulin responses were significantly higher for the SGI-group after the FF-meal (P = 0.036). Glucose and FFA responses did not differ significantly between the groups.ConclusionsSmall birth size and slow early growth predict postprandial TG and insulin responses. Elevated responses might be one explanation why subjects who were small at birth and experiencing slow growth in infancy are at an increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases in later life.

Comparison of Low-Fat Meal and High-Fat Meal on Postprandial Lipemic Response in Non-Obese Men according to the −1131T>C Polymorphism of the Apolipoprotein A5 (APOA5) Gene (Randomized Cross-Over Design)

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare low-fat (LF) meal and high-fat (HF) meal on the postprandial lipemic responses according to the −1131T>C polymorphism of the APOA5 gene in a population usually consuming a LF diet and having a high frequency of the variant allele at the APOA5 −1131T>C SNP.Methods: This study was conducted using a cross-over design and 49 non-obese healthy men (42.8 ± 0.7 yrs, 23.9 ± 0.25 kg/m2) participated in the meal tolerance test. They were randomly assigned to consume one of two types of experimental enteral formulae (LF vs HF) with a seven-day interval. Blood samples were collected at 0, 2, 3, 4 and 6h after ingestion and analyzed for total and chylomicron TG, glucose, insulin and free fatty acid.Results: No differences were found in anthropometic parameter, calorie and macronutrient intakes and total energy expenditure between TT (n = 23) and TC + CC (n = 26) men. Fasting total TG were higher in TC + CC men than TT men, but fasting chylomicron TG were not significantly different between TT men and C carriers, TT subjects had no significant differences in postprandial responses of total TG and chylomicron TG and postprandial mean changes of chylomicron TG between LF and HF meal. On the other hand, C carriers had delayed peak time of total TG compared to TT subject and higher postprandial response and mean changes of chylomicron TG at HF meal compared to LF meal.Conclusion: The capacity to clear chylomicron-TG or hydrolyze TG might become a rate-limiting factor on HF diet in TC + CC men resulting in higher postprandial triglyceridemia. Therefore, HF diet for C carriers of the APOA5 gene may be one of important CVD risk factors.

The postprandial response of adiponectin to a high-fat meal in normal and insulin-resistant subjects.

Adiponectin is an adipose-specific protein with short-term effects in vivo on glucose and fatty acid levels. We studied the plasma concentration and the proteolytic activation status of adiponectin following the consumption of a high-fat, low-carbohydrate meal. Analysis of adiponectin concentration and polypeptide structure after consumption of a fat meal. Normal subjects (n=24) and first-degree relatives of patients with type II diabetes (n=20). All subjects had a normal fasting plasma glucose and glucose tolerance. Blood was collected for the determination of plasma insulin, adiponectin, triglyceride, and free fatty acids. Body composition was assessed with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and whole-body insulin sensitivity with a euglycaemic, hyperinsulinaemic clamp. Postprandial response over 6 h was determined for plasma adiponectin, glucose, insulin, triglyceride, and free fatty acids. Adiponectin was measured by commercial RIA and its polypeptide structure examined by Western blotting. The relatives were more insulin resistant and had increased adiposity compared with control subjects. There was no significant difference in postprandial response in fatty acids, triglyceride, or insulin between the groups. Postprandial levels of adiponectin measured by radioimmunoassay were not significantly different from fasting levels, and no breakdown products of adiponectin were detectable in postprandial samples by Western blotting. Levels of circulating adiponectin do not alter in response to a fat meal, despite evidence in mice that acute changes in adiponectin significantly affect postprandial fatty acid flux. Moreover, a fat meal challenge did not lead to significant activation of adiponectin by proteolytic conversion.

Differences in postprandial responses to fat and carbohydrate loads in habitual high and low fat consumers (phenotypes)

The present study investigated metabolic responses to fat and carbohydrate ingestion in lean male individuals consuming an habitual diet high or low in fat. Twelve high-fat phenotypes (HF) and twelve low-fat phenotypes (LF) participated in the study. Energy intake and macronutrient intake variables were assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. Resting (RMR) and postprandial metabolic rate and substrate oxidation (respiratory quotient; RQ) were measured by indirect calorimetry. HF had a significantly higher RMR and higher resting heart rate than LF. These variables remained higher in HF following the macronutrient challenge. In all subjects the carbohydrate load increased metabolic rate and heart rate significantly more than the fat load. Fat oxidation (indicated by a low RQ) was significantly higher in HF than in LF following the fat load; the ability to oxidise a high carbohydrate load did not differ between the groups. Lean male subjects consuming a diet high in fat were associated with increased energy expenditure at rest and a relatively higher fat oxidation in response to a high fat load; these observations may be partly responsible for maintaining energy balance on a high-fat (high-energy) diet. In contrast, a low consumer of fat is associated with relatively lower energy expenditure at rest and lower fat oxidation, which has implications for weight gain if high-fat foods or meals are periodically introduced to the diet.

Minor difference in postprandial responses of men between starch and sugar when replacing fat in a normal meal

Healthy male volunteers consumed hot lunches consisting of cooked white rice, fried chicken fillet, raisins, bigarreaus (sweet cherries) and curry sauce with carbohydrate: fat ratios of either 0.77 or 2.04, and polysaccharide: (mono + di)saccharide ratios (P:MD) varying between 5.3 and 0.95. Before and at various time intervals after the start of the meal, blood samples were analysed for glucose, insulin, triacylglycerol (TG), free glycerol (FG), free fatty acids (FFA) and cholesterol. Elevated postprandial glucose and insulin peaks were induced by the meals containing a larger amount of carbohydrate. The type of carbohydrate in the meal appeared to have little or no effect on the peak maximum. A small second glucose peak was seen at 2 h after the meals with P: MD greater than 3.1. The TG concentration in the blood showed a similar and rapid rise. After the meal containing the largest amount of simple sugars, the TG curve levelled off 1 h after the start of the meal and then remained at a nearly constant level (1.5 mM). In contrast, a larger amount of complex carbohydrates induced a TG concentration which rapidly rose to a maximum of 1.75 mM, and subsequently decreased slowly to somewhat below that of the simple sugar-rich meal at 4 h. The postprandial curves after the fat-rich meals showed a continuous rise of TG up to a maximum of about 2 mM at 2 h, and a subsequent slow decrease. FG and FFA all showed a rapid drop immediately after the start of the consumption of the meals, followed by a rebound at 1 h. The postprandial curves of total cholesterol, as well as the areas below the curve of both total cholesterol and free, unesterified cholesterol were lower after the carbohydrate-rich meals than after the fat-rich meals. This is attributed to the larger amount of cholesterol in the fat-rich meals.