Different Patterns Of Development Research Articles

Career guidance, career assessment, and consultancy

Although career guidance activities can positively influence students' career development, the effectiveness of such activities is often impaired because they attempt to provide the same services to all students at the same time. Programs typically do not consider either students' differential developmental patterns or the fact that many students have particular needs due to learning, physical, or emotional handicaps. Therefore, a primary focus of refining programs must be the individualization of services to meet a wide variety of student needs.

Towards an understanding of the differences between the blepharoplasts of mosses and liverworts, and comparisons with hornworts, biflagellate lycopods and charophytes: a numerical analysis

summaryNumerical analysis of the lengths and positions of the two basal bodies (BBs), lamellar strip (LS) and anterior mitochondrion (AM) relative to each other in mid‐ and late‐stage spermatids of mosses and liverworts reveals the existence of several well denned, but previously unrecognized, features which clearly distinguish the blepharoplasts of the two groups. The ten possible quotients were calculated from measurements of anterior BB lengths, posterior BB lengths, LS lengths, distances between the anterior tips of the BBs and distances between the transition regions of the BBs in mid‐stage spermatids of 9 mosses and 16 hepatics. These critical data may be quickly compiled from a small number of electron micrographs. A Mann‐Whitney rank order t test showed highly significant differences in 6 of the 10 quotients between the moss and liverwort taxa. The primary data for late‐stage spermatids (4 mosses, 6 liverworts) also included the length of the AM. A Wilcoxon signed rank procedure revealed that the relationship between the AM and other blepharoplast components changed significantly between mid‐ and late‐stage spermatids in mosses but not in liverworts. The clear‐cut numerical differences between the blepharoplast components in each group are related to different patterns of development namely (1) bidirectional assembly of the LS in young spermatids of liverworts versus unidirectional (anterior) elongation at the same stage in mosses (2) elongation of the posterior BB over the nucleus in mid‐stage spermatids of mosses and (3) maturational elongation of the AM in mosses. Since the differences between the blepharoplasts of mosses and liverworts become apparent only during the later stages in ontogeny and since the mode of development of basal body stagger, involving the same precisely defined patterns of proximal triplet microtubule extension, is unique to mosses and liverworts, we suggest that the two groups share a common ancestry.The blepharoplasts of all the taxa used in the calculations are illustrated in a simplified form and the ‘average’ blepharoplast for mid‐ and late‐stage spermatids of both mosses and liverworts is reconstructed from all the data presently available on the two groups. The same analysis of the blepharoplasts of hornworts, birlagellate lycopods, and charophytes highlights the differences between these groups and mosses and liverworts. Most striking is the side‐by‐side orientation of the basal bodies in hornworts and charophytes compared with the staggered arrangement in mosses, liverworts and the lycopods.

Prenatal Ontogeny of Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone Expression in Rat Hypothalamus

The prenatal development of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) gene expression was studied in rat hypothalamus using hybridization histochemistry. Two populations of neurons expressing the GHRH gene were found and they had a different pattern of development. Neurons in the arcuate nucleus first expressed GHRH on E16 and 4 days later an adult-like pattern was found. Few neurons along the laterodorsal aspect of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus expressed GHRH on E17, with a subsequent increase of expression over the next days. On the day before birth, adult-like patterns were seen. These results demonstrate the differential regulation of GHRH gene expression in the rat hypothalamus.

The crisis of communism and trade unionism in Western Europe since 1968

Communist implantation in Western Europe is heterogeneous, but the different categories that can be distinguished have all been marked by stagnation in the past decade, thus illustrating the reality of the crisis of communism in Europe. On the other hand, the study of union membership and unionization rates shows different patterns of development among the countries of the region. In a majority of European countries the economic recession of the past 20 years has not truly entailed a crisis of trade unionism. Looking beyond less potent explanations for this, such as structure and the degree of politicization, the criterion that seems most useful in accounting for both the varying power and the resilience of trade unions is their ranking on a scale reflecting the realization of a model termed here ‘institutional trade unionism’.

A Longitudinal Study of the Impact of Group Decision Support Systems on Group Development

Abstract:This paper reports on a study aimed at integrating an important but neglected behavioral issue-group development-into group decision support systems (gdss) research. Group development is based on the fact that most groups have a past and a future, and this affects group outcomes. However, most gdss studies have investigated only a single group session. This study examined the behavior of groups using a gdss over multiple sessions.The study reported in this paper specifically examined the following two questions: (1) does computer support affect the development of decision-making groups? and (2) do the patterns of development differ over time between computer-supported and manual groups? These two questions were studied using a two-factorial repeated measures research design. Results showed significant differences in development patterns between computer-supported groups and manual groups in terms of conflict management and degree of cohesiveness. Mter adapting to gdss, computer-supported groups d...

Substrate-specific glucuronidation in rat hepatocytes

Glucuronidation is an important detoxification pathway for many xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. This reaction is catalysed by microsomal UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (GT EC 2.4.1.17). which exhibit latency. Their functional heterogeneity has been demonstrated by substrate specificity, differential induction profiles, and differences in development patterns [ 1). Hepatocytes in suspension provide a valuable system for the study of integrated metabolism/toxicity in v i m . The rate of glucuronidation in whole cells depends o n several factors. including substrate lipophilicity, the intracellular content and rate o f synthesis of the cofactor UDP-glucuronic acid (UDPGA), the presence o f endogenous activators, and intrinsic enzyme activity. As a result, cell homogenates are often used to allow greater control of these factors. In this paper, we describe the comparison of the rates of glucuronidation of phenolphthalein. 1 -naphthol and bilirubin each specific for a different G T isoform in freshly-isolated rat hepatocytes and hepatocyte homogenates. Hepatocytes were isolated from male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-350 g) by collagenase perfusion 121. Cell viability was assessed by Trypan Blue exclusion. Hepatocyte assays were carried out at 37°C in Krebs-Hepes buffer, pH 7.4, gassed with 9 5 : s (v/v) O,:COz, with substrate as the only addition. Hepatocyte homogenates were prepared at 1 0 viable cells per ml in 0. I M sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.6, stored at 80°C, and used within two weeks of preparation. Protein concentration was measured spectrophotometrically by Coomassie Brilliant Blue binding 13 I. Homogcnate assays wcre carried ou t at 37°C in Tris buffer, pH 7.4, containing

Renewable Resources, the Environment, and Sustained Growth: The Next Twenty-Five Years

The ASEAN economies have experienced remarkable economic growth and transforma tion over the past several decades. Even with these changes, however, the renewable resource base remains an important source of employment and producer of goods and services for domestic consumption and exports. These same resources are being placed under various degrees of stress, however, and this article examines two different patterns of development ? dualistic and convergent paths ? that describe how economic growth, resource utilization and environmental changes interact. Indonesia and the Philippines exhibit patterns of dualistic development while Thailand and Malaysia are following a convergent path. Individual renewable resource sectors (fisheries, coastal resources, forest resources, agricultural land and water) are examined, and future resource use patterns and likely developments are assessed.

Immunohistochemical studies on the development of cells containing progastricsin (minor pepsinogen) in comparison to prochymosin and pepsinogen in bovine abomasal mucosa

The localization of progastricsin was studied in cells of abomasal mucosa from cattle of different ages and feeding regimes and compared to the localization of prochymosin and pepsinogen in the same material by use of an immunofluorescence technique with specific rabbit antibodies. Immunoreactivity for progastricsin was first found in calves at the age of about 45 days in surface mucous cells in the pit of the fundic gland. In older calves and adults, mucous neck cells also produced progastricsin. In the pyloric mucosa, on the other hand, traces of progastricsin immunoreactivity were found in the lower base of the pyloric gland even in newborn calves. When the calves grew older, progastricsin-immunoreactive cells also developed in the pit and later in the neck of the pyloric gland; and the number of these cells in this region increased with age. The development of progastricsin-producing cells seemed to be influenced only by age and not by the feeding of milk to the calves. The ontogeny of progastricsin, prochymosin, and pepsinogen exhibited an interesting pattern in cattle, as they started to be produced at three different ages and gave three different patterns of development in the cells of abomasal mucosa. The number of cells producing prochymosin was closely correlated with milk-feeding, while the development of progastricsin was most related to the age of the calf. The most stable factor during the development of the cells in the abomasum was the number of cells producing pepsinogen.

Supersensitivity to intrathecal 5-hydroxytryptamine, but not noradrenaline, following depletion of spinal 5-hydroxytryptamine by 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine administered into various sites

The present study was conducted (a) to determine if cross-supersensitivity at spinal noradrenergic receptors could be demonstrated in antinociceptive tests following depletion of spinal cord 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) by the intrathecal (i.t.) and intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7DHT), and (b) to compare the pattern of supersensitivity at spinal 5HT receptors following these manipulations and 5,7DHT microinjected into the ventral raphe (VR) region and the nucleus raphe magnus (NRM). Both i.t. and i.c.v. administration of 5,7DHT produced a marked depletion of spinal cord 5HT (greater than 75%) and supersensitivity to the i.t. injection of 5HT in the tail flick and hot plate tests. No supersensitivity to the i.t. injection of noradrenaline (NA) was observed. Microinjection of 5,7DHT into the VR and NRM produced less depletion of spinal cord 5HT (40-57%), and supersensitivity to the i.t. injection of 5HT was observed only in the hot plate test following microinjection of 5,7DHT into the VR. An increased incidence of signs of the 5HT behavioural syndrome, particularly tremor and Straub tail, was observed in all 5,7DHT-pretreated groups. These results indicate that cross-supersensitivity to spinal NA receptors does not occur following depletion of spinal cord 5HT. In addition, responses mediated by 5HT receptors show a differential pattern of development of supersensitivity. Thus, the 5HT behavioural syndrome (presumably mediated by 5HT1A receptors) more readily reflects the development of supersensitivity than the tail flick test (presumably mediated by 5HT2 receptors), while the hot plate test (uncharacterized subtype) shows an intermediate development of supersensitivity.

Changes in Cell Dimensions in Developing Roots of In vitro Cultured Immature Maize Embryos (Zea mays L.)

The pattern of tissue organization in roots of cultured immature maize embryos was studied using morphometric methods. After five periods of in vitro culture, ranging from 0 h up to 48 h, cell dimensions were measured in various regions of the root using an image analyzer. Cell elongation was scored directly; because mitotic figures were rarely observed, cell division activity was derived indirectly from planes of new cell walls and the decrease in cell lengths. The tissues, distinguished as protoderm, outer ground meristem, pro-endodermis, pericycle, procambium, and pith, displayed different patterns of development. Proceeding from the root tip to the base, various regions were defined. After 24 h of culture new transverse cell walls were observed in most tissues. In the stele they occurred just behind the root tip. In the ground meristem-protoderm complex they were found at some distance from the tip. After 42 h of in vitro culture new cells were observed from the region bordering the quiescent center u...

Ontogeny of the gonadal receptor for luteinizing hormone in the pig

Homogenates of porcine ovaries and testes collected between 70 d post coitum and 42 d post partum were incubated with radiolabelled human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to determine the presence and relative amounts of luteinizing hormone/human chorionic gonadotropin (LH/hCG) receptors. Specific binding of 125I-hCG to ovaries and testes occurred at all stages of fetal and postnatal development. Ovarian tissue possessed relatively low affinity, high capacity LH/hCG binding sites that were most numerous at Day 80 of gestation and decreased thereafter. In contrast, high affinity, low capacity LH/hCG binding sites were found in the testes. In males, the total number of LH/hCG binding sites remained stable until near term and then increased with age, but the number of sites per gram of testicular tissue did not change (P>0.05). In summary, differential binding of LH/hCG in gonadal tissue occurred in male and female piglets during pre- and post-natal periods, and this binding reflected the known differential pattern of development of the male and female gonad.

The relationship between bud scale morphology and indeterminate and determinate growth patterns in Acer (Aceraceae)

Bud scale morphology was investigated for 18 species of Japanese Acer, including 12 species that exhibit indeterminate growth and 6 that exhibit determinate growth. The bud scales of the inner pairs of terminal buds and all bud scales of lateral buds exhibited different patterns of development in the two types of species. In the indeterminate species, the formation of rudimentary laminae was observed, whereas no laminae formation was observed in the determinate species. Loss of laminae could have occurred over the course of the evolutionary specialization of bud scales, since the bud scales of the indeterminate species are assumed to be more primitive than those of the determinate species. A consideration of the bud morphology of Dipteronia, an outgroup of Acer, supported this view. This study then suggests that in Acer a determinate growth pattern actually evolved from a pattern of indeterminate growth. It seems likely that for some member(s) of the genus Acer, sites of regeneration began to shift from sites containing less shady area to those containing more, and that this shift was associated with the evolution from indeterminate to determinate growth.

Divergent ontogeny of sigma and phencyclidine binding sites in the rat brain

The postnatal developmental patterns of sigma (σ) and phencyclidine (PCP) binding sites were compared in the rat brain. The results show diametrically different ontogenic patterns for the sites. While both the affinity and the density of σ sites remain constant throughout the developmental period tested (postnatal day 1 to 1 year), the density of PCP binding sites increases from the time of birth, reaching the adult level by postnatal day 14. The differences in developmental patterns provide evidence for distinctive properties of cerebral σ and PCP binding sites.

Dopamine D 1 receptor development in the rat striatum: early localization in striosomes

The development of dopamine D 1-receptors in rat striatum during the early postnatal period is examined, using autoradiography and [ 3H]SCH 23390 as ligand. Dopamine D 1-receptors are present in striatum at birth and are more dense than in any adjacent region. The receptors are preferentially localized in striosomes and to some extent in a subcallosal streak. The density of D 1-receptors in the matrix increases with age so that by two weeks postnatally the striosomal pattern is no longer evident, and the overall dense labelling is the same as seen in adults. Dopamine D 1-receptor development seems to take place earlier than that of dopamine terminals but at the same time as or somewhat later than that of acetylcholinesterase. The D 1-defined striosomes move from ventrolateral towards dorsomedial striatum with increasing age and from anterior to posterior striatum. This direction is nearly perpendicular to the direction of development of several other markers, including dopamine terminals and D 2-receptors. The present studies indicate that for markers appearing in the striosomal compartment there are different patterns of development with respect to time and spatial pattern. Regulation of striatal development by interaction of neuronal systems with one another and with other factors is complex and will require extensive study to clarify the mechanisms involved.

Comparative Studies of the Brain and Its Components

The weight of the adult brain and its component parts in mammals and birds are correlated with body weight, and with lifestyle independently of body weight. It is not clear that any particular exponent relating brain weight to body weight is characteristic of either mammalian or avian taxa, which means that most explanations for particular values of exponents lack empirical foundation. Dietary differences within different orders of mamals seem to be correlated with encephalisation (brain weight after body weight effects have been statistically controlled for), as do differences in patterns of development in birds. Strangely, dietary differences among birds and developmental differences among mammals are not correlated with encephalisation. There is no firm evidence that the exponent relaing brain to body weight differs with taxonomic level in mammals-earlier claims that there was such a relationship were founded on inappropriate statistics and failure to control for differences in diet. Recently, evidence has started to accumulate which relates the size of brain components to differences in lifestyle. Links are beginning to be forged between evolutionary, ecological, behavioural, and neuro-anatomical studies of the brain.

Affixes and function words in the written language of deaf children

ABSTRACTThe goal of this article is to investigate whether the acquisition of some morpho-syntactic aspects in Italian deaf adolescents is simply delayed with respect to hearing children, or whether it follows significantly different developmental patterns. Twenty-five deaf students (age range: 11–15 years) and a group of 125 hearing controls (age range: 6–16 years) performed four tests, administered in written form, relative to different grammatical aspects: plurals, articles, and clitic pronouns. Results showed three different patterns of development depending on the grammatical aspect considered. Deaf children compared to hearing controls showed normal development in the pluralization task, delayed development in the pronoun task, and a qualitatively different pattern in the article task.

Distribution of peptide-immunoreactive nerves in the foetal and newborn guinea-pig caecum

The distribution of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, substance P-, [met]enkephalin- and somatostatin-like immunoreactive nerves was studied in the caecum from foetal guinea-pigs of 6-9 weeks gestation (i.e., approximately 1-4 weeks before birth) and 4-5-day-old guinea-pigs. Peptide-immunoreactive nerves were first detected in the myenteric and submucous plexuses and circular muscle layer at 6 weeks of gestation and in the mucosa at 7 weeks of gestation. The density of fibres in these layers increased during prenatal development until, by 9 weeks of gestation, their distribution resembled that seen in the postnatal animals. This distribution was similar to that described previously in adult animals. A different pattern of development was observed in the caecal taenia coli muscle. Peptide-immunoreactive fibres were not detected until 8 weeks of gestation in this tissue layer, and were then only sparsely distributed. A dramatic increase in the number of labelled fibres, however, occurred between 8 and 9 weeks of gestation. Further, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide- and substance P-immunoreactive fibres were more numerous in the taeniae coli of 9-week-old embryos than in those of postnatal animals. Thus, the guinea-pig enteric nervous system, which in many respects is well-developed at the time of birth, may still be undergoing developmental changes at this time.

The Physiological Basis for Yield Differences between Four Genotypes of Groundnut (Arachis Hypogaea) in Response to Drought. III. Developmental Processes

SUMMARYRates of leaf development in four groundnut genotypes were found to depend primarily on temperature, although there was a linear relation between the thermal time to produce one leaf and mean leaf water potential below −0.6 MPa. Flower, peg and pod production was analysed in relation to leaf number, since this integrated effects of temperature and water status.When water was not limited, the ratio of pod number: peg number was about 0.8 for all four genotypes. During drought only one genotype (TMV 2) maintained this value, while for the other genotypes the ratio was approximately 0.15. Genotypes also showed different patterns of development during recovery from drought. TMV 2 maintained relatively high values of partitioning factor throughout the pod-filling period, resulting in the largest harvest index and pod yield. Kadiri 3 achieved the second largest harvest index and pod yield by maintaining production of pegs during drought and only forming pods when stress was relieved.

Calcitonin gene-related peptide and muscle activity regulate acetylcholine receptor alpha-subunit mRNA levels by distinct intracellular pathways.

In cultured chicken myotubes, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a peptide present in spinal cord motoneurons, increased by 1.5-fold the number of surface acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) and by threefold AChR alpha-subunit mRNA level without affecting the level of muscular alpha-actin mRNA. Cholera toxin (CT), an activator of adenylate cyclase, produced a similar effect, which did not add up with that of CGRP. In contrast, tetrodotoxin, a blocker of voltage-sensitive Na+ channels, elevated the level of AChR alpha-subunit mRNA on top of the increase caused by either CGRP or CT. 12-O-Tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA), an activator of protein kinase C, markedly decreased the cell surface and total content of [125I]alpha BGT-binding sites and reduced the rate of appearance of AChR at the surface of the myotubes without reducing the level of AChR alpha-subunit mRNA. Moreover, TPA inhibited the increase of AChR alpha-subunit mRNA caused by tetrodotoxin without affecting that produced by CGRP or CT. Under the same conditions, TPA decreased the level of muscular alpha-actin mRNA and increased that of nonmuscular beta- and gamma-actins mRNA. These data suggest that distinct second messengers are involved in the regulation of AChR biosynthesis by CGRP and muscle activity and that these two pathways may contribute to the development of different patterns of AChR gene expression in junctional and extrajunctional areas of the muscle fiber.

Artisans vs. fabricants. Urban protoindustrialization and the evolution of work culture in Lodève and Dédarieux, 1740-1830

Christopher H. Johnson, Artisans vs. fabricants. Urban protoindustrialization and the evolution of work culture in Lodève and Bédarieux, 1740-1830, p. 1047-1084. A comparison of two leading Languedoc woolens towns, Lodève and Bédarieux, during a century of growth, difficulty, and revival, this paper examines working-class formation in settings where economic, political, and religious factors created rather different patterns of development, but where worker militance, as expressed in antagonism towards the owners of the means of production and the state, became manifest during the Second Republic. The character of militance in each differed, however, with Lodève workers demonstrating greater sophistication and maturity. But neither owed a great deal to the " corporative tradition " emphasized in recent studies. Rather, a more clearly proletarian (p. t. o.) consciousness (though at different levels of development) of the sort envisioned by Marx and Engels in the Communist Manifesto is discernible. The complex roots of these patterns - structural change in the economy, French Revolutionary politics, and religious conflict, with the first the decisive force - are analyzed in detail.