Differences In Mood States Research Articles

Effects of Forest Therapy on Psychological Improvement in Middle-aged Women in Korea.

ObjectivesWomen experience more stress in middle age than in other periods of their lives. Therefore, health management programs that enable middle-aged women to cope with and manage stress are needed. This study investigated the psychological effects of a meditation-focused forest therapy program among 53 middle-aged women living in urban areas in Korea.MethodsParticipants were divided into 2 groups: one group underwent the program for 3 days in a forest, followed by 3 days in an urban environment, and the other group underwent the program for 3 days in the urban environment, followed by 3 days in the forest. The psychological effects of the forest therapy program were evaluated using the Profile of Mood States-Brief (POMS-B). Differences in mood state before and after the program conducted in the forest (experimental group) and in the urban environment (control group) were evaluated using the paired-samples t-test.ResultsThe program in the forest significantly reduced tension, depression, anger, fatigue, and confusion among the domains of the POMS-B. The program in the urban area significantly reduced tension, but not depression, anger, fatigue, or confusion.ConclusionsMeditation-focused forest therapy programs are expected to contribute to promoting psychological health and enhancing the quality of life of middle-aged women.

Mood Responses and Regulation Strategies Used During COVID-19 Among Boxers and Coaches.

The COVID-19 pandemic brought unprecedented changes to daily life and in the first wave in the UK, it led to a societal shutdown including playing sport and concern was placed for the mental health of athletes. Identifying mood states experienced in lockdown and self-regulating strategies is useful for the development of interventions to help mood management. Whilst this can be done on a general level, examination of sport-specific effects and the experience of athletes and coaches can help develop interventions grounded in real world experiences. The present study investigated perceived differences in mood states of boxers before and during COVID-19 isolation in the first lockdown among boxers. Boxing is an individual and high-contact sport where training tends to form a key aspect of their identity. Boxers develop close relationships with their coach and boxing. Hence boxers were vulnerable to experiencing negative mood, and support via the coach was potentially unavailable. Participants were 58 experienced participants (44 boxers, male n = 33, female n = 11; 14 boxing coaches, male n = 11, female n = 3). Boxers completed the Brunel Mood Scale to assess mood before COVID-19 using a retrospective approach and during COVID-19 using a “right now” time frame. Boxers responded to open-ended questions to capture mood regulation strategies used. Coaches responded to open ended questions to capture how they helped regulate boxer’s mood. MANOVA results indicated a large significant increase in the intensity of unpleasant moods (anger, confusion, depression, fatigue, and tension) and reduction in vigor during COVID-19 (d = 0.93). Using Lane and Terry (2000) conceptual framework, results showed participants reporting depressed mood also reported an extremely negative mood profile as hypothesized. Qualitative data indicated that effective mood-regulation strategies used included maintaining close coach-athlete contact and helping create a sense of making progress in training. When seen collectively, findings illustrate that mood state responses to COVID-19 were severe. It is suggested that that active self-regulation and self-care should be a feature of training programmes to aid coaches and boxers in regulating mood when faced with severe situational changes.

Aerobic Exercise Acutely Reverses Negative Mood Occurring In The Mid-luteal Phase Of The Menstrual Cycle

PURPOSE: Over 80% of women report a more negative mood state during the luteal phase compared to the follicular phase of their menstrual cycle. Mood is acutely improved following aerobic exercise. Thus, aerobic exercise may be capable of normalizing mood during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. We tested the hypothesis that prior aerobic exercise would eliminate differences in mood state between the mid-luteal and mid-follicular phases of the menstrual cycle. METHODS: 12 recreationally active eumenorrheic women (25 ± 6 y) completed ~30 min of aerobic exercise, which consisted of 10 min of steady state aerobic exercise and an 8 km cycle time trial, during the mid-follicular and mid-luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. Participants completed a Profile of Mood State Questionnaire (POMS) pre-exercise and 20 min post-exercise. The POMS provided indices of confusion, tension, depression, vigor, fatigue and anger, from which total mood disturbance (TMD) was calculated (higher scores = more negative mood). Data are presented as T-scores (a.u.). RESULTS: Pre-exercise tension (42 ± 10 vs. 39 ± 7, P<0.01) and anger (41 ± 4 vs. 39 ± 4, P=0.04) were elevated and vigor (35 ± 11 vs. 42 ± 11, P<0.01) and TMD (174 ± 26 vs. 162 ± 31, P<0.01) were lower in the mid-luteal vs. the mid-follicular phase. Confusion and depression did not differ between phases pre-exercise (P≥0.56). Fatigue did not differ between phases at any time (P≥0.57) nor change from pre- to post-exercise (P≥0.15). Confusion, tension, depression, and vigor decreased from pre- to post-exercise in the mid-luteal and mid-follicular phases (P<0.01), but there were no differences between phases at post-exercise (P≥0.06). Anger decreased from pre- to post-exercise in the mid-luteal (38 ± 1, P<0.01) but not the mid-follicular phase (37 ± 1, P=0.08), which eliminated differences between phases post-exercise (P=0.57). TMD decreased from pre- to post-exercise in both phases (P<0.01) and there were no differences between the mid-luteal (142 ± 17) and mid-follicular (136 ± 16) phases post-exercise (P=0.16)._ CONCLUSION: Women experience a more negative mood state during the mid-luteal compared to the mid-follicular phase. Aerobic exercise acutely normalizes these differences in mood state by eliminating menstrual cycle dependent differences in vigor, anger, and tension.

Differential Diagnosis of Bipolar II Disorder and Borderline Personality Disorder.

Differentiating bipolar (BP) disorders (in particular BP II) from borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a common diagnostic dilemma. We sought to critically examine recent studies that considered clinical differences between BP II and BPD, which might advance their delineation. Recent studies focused on differentiating biological parameters-genetics, epigenetics, diurnal rhythms, structural and functional neuroimaging-with indicative differences not yet sufficient to guide diagnosis. Key differentiating factors include family history, developmental antecedents, illness course, phenomenological differences in mood states, personality style and relationship factors. Less differentiating factors include impulsivity, neuropsychological profiles, gender distribution, comorbidity and treatment response. This review details parameters offering differentiation of BP II from BPD and should assist in resolving a frequent diagnostic dilemma. Future studies should specifically examine the BP II subtype directly with BPD, which would aid in sharpening the distinction between the disorders.

CNR1 and FAAH variation and affective states induced by marijuana smoking

ABSTRACTBackground: Polymorphisms in cannabinoid receptor type 1 (encoded by CNR1) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (encoded by FAAH) have been associated with cannabis dependence, but it remains unknown whether variation within these genes influences cannabis’ acute effects on affect.Objective: Conduct a secondary data analysis study to determine whether previously observed acute effects of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on mood was dependent upon variation in CNR1 and FAAH.Methods: A balanced placebo design was used crossing marijuana administration (i.e., 0% THC vs. 2.8% THC) with stimulus expectancy. Participants (N = 118; 64% male) provided DNA and completed the Profile of Mood States questionnaire prior to and after smoking. Haplotypes were constructed from genotyped single nucleotide polymorphisms for CNR1 (rs1049353 and rs806368) and FAAH (rs4141964, rs324420, and rs11576941); rs2023239 (CNR1) and rs6703669 (FAAH) were not part of a phased haplotype block. Analyses tested both main and interaction effects for genotype across CNR1 and FAAH, and drug, and expectancy effects.Results: THC increased levels of POMS Tension-Anxiety and Confusion-Bewilderment over and above the effects of variation in CNR1 and FAAH. Significant drug X genotype/haplotype and expectancy X genotype/haplotype interaction effects were observed for some but not all mood states [e.g., ‘C’ allele carriers of rs2023239 who received THC had higher levels of Anger-Hostility (β= 0.29 (0.12), p= .02) compared to those who received placebo].Conclusion: These preliminary findings suggest individual differences in mood states after using marijuana depend on genetic variation. Such information might be useful in understanding either motivation for use of marijuana and/or risk for associated behaviors.

Associations Between Daily Mood States and Brain Gray Matter Volume, Resting-State Functional Connectivity and Task-Based Activity in Healthy Adults.

Numerous studies have shown differences in the functioning in the areas of the frontal-limbic circuitry between depressed patients and controls. However, current knowledge on frontal-limbic neural substrates of individual differences in mood states in everyday life in healthy individuals is scarce. The present study investigates anatomical, resting-state, and functional neural correlates of daily mood states in healthy individuals. We expected to observe associations between mood and the frontal-limbic circuitry and the default-mode network (DMN). A total of 42 healthy adults (19 men, 23 women; 34 ± 1.2 years) regularly followed for behavior and psychosocial functioning since age of 6, underwent a functional magnetic resonance imaging scan, and completed a daily diary of mood states and related cognitions for 5 consecutive days. Results showed that individuals with smaller left hippocampal gray matter volumes experienced more negative mood and rumination in their daily life. Greater resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) within the DMN, namely between posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and medial prefrontal cortex regions as well as between PCC and precuneus, was associated with both greater negative and positive mood states in daily life. These rsFC results could be indicative of the role of the DMN regional functioning in emotional arousal, irrespective of valence. Lastly, greater daily positive mood was associated with greater activation in response to negative emotional stimuli in the precentral gyri, previously linked to emotional interference on cognitive control. Altogether, present findings might reflect neural mechanisms underlying daily affect and cognition among healthy individuals.

Fatigue and Mood States in Nursing Home and Nonambulatory Home-Based Patients with Multiple Sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, progressively disabling condition of the central nervous system. We sought to evaluate and compare mood states in patients with MS with increased disability residing in nursing homes and those receiving home-based care. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of the New York State Multiple Sclerosis Consortium to identify patients with MS using a Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score of 7.0 or greater. The nursing home group was compared with home-based care patients regarding self-reported levels of loneliness, pessimism, tension, panic, irritation, morbid thoughts, feelings of guilt, and fatigue using independent-samples t tests and χ2 tests. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to investigate risk-adjusted differences in mood states. Ninety-four of 924 patients with EDSS scores of at least 7.0 lived in a nursing home (10.2%). Nursing home patients were less likely to use disease-modifying therapy and had higher mean EDSS scores compared with home-based patients. However, nursing home patients were less likely than home-based patients to report fatigue (odds ratio [OR] for no fatigue, 3.8; 95% CI, 2.1-7.2), feeling tense (OR for no tension, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1-2.7), and having feelings of pessimism (OR for no pessimism, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.2-2.8). The nursing home patients with MS were less likely to report fatigue, pessimism, and tension than those receiving home-based care. Further studies should examine ways of facilitating a greater degree of autonomy and decision-making control in MS patients receiving home-based care.

Changes in Mood States Are Induced by Smelling Familiar and Exotic Fragrances.

Familiar fragrances usually induce positive mood states and elicit favorable evaluation. Relaxation is also widely thought to improve mood state. Yet experimental evidence on the effect of two different stimuli, fragrance smelling and breathing relaxation, on mood state, and fragrance evaluation is lacking. This study aimed to test (1) the effect of two familiar fragrances, lavender and myrtle, and two exotic fragrances, bergamot and ravensara, on perceived mood states before and after relaxation, (2) the effect of relaxation on perceived mood states for each fragrance, and (3) the effect of relaxation on fragrance evaluation as defined by adjectives. We hypothesized that mood states and assessment of the fragrances would differently be affected both in familiar vs. non-familiar fragrances and also before and after relaxation. Participants (n = 127) completed questionnaires on their mood states at baseline (T0). They were then presented with each of the four fragrances separately and asked to report on mood state and to assess the fragrances with adjectives before (T1) and after (T2) breathing relaxation. Analyses of the T0–T1 delta values of mood states by ANOVA repeated measures and post hoc comparisons showed that mood states were affected by fragrance smelling with no clear differences observed between familiar and exotic fragrances. The same analyses of T1–T2 values showed no differences in mood state after breathing relaxation and fragrance smelling. Fragrance assessment by adjectives indicated a non-conclusive trend for familiar and exotic fragrances. In sum, mood states induced by the fragrance smelling stimulus (T0–T1) were not changed by the addition of the second stimulus of relaxation (T1–T2), indicating that the former stimulus was stronger than the latter. On the other hand, the cognitive component represented by adjective-based assessment of fragrances was slightly modified by the relaxation stimulus.

Mood aspects of rapid weight loss in adolescent wrestlers

The aims of this paper were: a) to present weight reduction habits of adolescent wrestlers; b) to establish differences in mood states between weight groups; and c) to determine relations between weight loss and indicators of hydration with mood states. Adolescent wrestlers do resort to rapid weight loss (RWL) regimens in their training process and competition – 70.1% of the subjects reduced their body mass and the reduction regime usually lasted one week. Similar habits have been reported in other studies despite the well evidenced detrimental effects of RWL. Urine specific gravity (USG) values suggest that all the subjects were in the state of dehydration ranging from a mild to a high one. The groups of low weight (LW) and middle weight (MW) wrestlers reduced their body mass significantly more than others (BM; p&amp;lt;.05) and their sensation of fatigue was significantly higher (p&amp;lt;.05). The variables body mass reduction and %BM reduction were correlated with negative mood states, whereas the indicators of hydration in one of the groups (MW) established ambiguous relations with dehydration and positive mood states.

The Effect of Employment and Working Place on Mood States of Employees

Now a day’s police and civil Employees are working in under the stress. Employees are facing psychological problems and emotional stability and problem are increasing day by day. Low salary and job insecurity is becoming a serious problem and job attitude of Employees is changing and less satisfaction has been seen. In present study researcher has comprises the mood states to nature of employment and area of working place of police and civil employees in Aurangabad district. Main objectives of the present research are to study the mood states of employees serving in police and civil departments and study the mood states of urban and rural employees serving in police and civil departments. It was two hypotheses formulated that, there will be significant differences in mood states of police and civil employees and there would be significant differences in mood states of urban and rural employees serving in police and civil depts. The 400 police and civil employees were chosen by successive purposive sampling method from urban and rural area of Aurangabad district. Mood states questionnaire used (Dr. Mahesh Bhargva and Dr. S.D. Kapoor) for data collection. Two way ANOVA used for data analysis and results found that the significantly differences (df=1,396, P&lt;0.01) on mood states of employees. Hence concluded that area of working and nature of employment significantly impact on mood states of employees.

A Study of Life Satisfaction and Mood States of Police and Civil Employees

There are number of Psychological researches related to behavioral aspects of human being of organizational field. Presents research is about police and local body Administration of organizational field. To study police Employees psychologically become necessary because of suicide case on Duty, Demolishing, antisocial activities, aggressiveness of seniors and these results in indicate imbalance of low order. Exploitation of citizens treating inferiorly, job in satisfaction, Corruption, various scandals, sexual Harassment by some civil employees of local body administration, force to study psychologically above said is to focus on mood states of employees and life satisfaction. It is necessary to study their state of mind psychologically. Thus researcher selected the Aurangabad area of Maharashtra region in India. 400 respondents from police and civil employees were selected by random method with criterion of equal matching method. There are four hypotheses were formulated, a) The level of life satisfaction would be high in civil employees than policeman. b) The life satisfaction will be more in urban employees than rural employees serving in police and civil departments. c) There will be significant differences in mood states of police and civil employees. d) There would be significant differences in mood states of urban and rural employees serving in police and civil depts. Researcher has used life satisfaction scale designed and prepared by Q.G. Alam &amp; Dr. Ramji Srivastava and Mood States Questionnaire by Dr. M. Bhargva and Dr. Kapoor has used for data collection. Two-way ANOVA was applying for data analysis, all results were significant on 0.05 and 0.01 level. Hence it concluded that nature of employment and area of residence are influence on life satisfaction and mood states.

Effects of Observability, Mood States, and Workload on Human Handling Errors When Monitoring Aircraft Automation

An increasing level of automation changes the role of human operators also in the flight deck. Herewith, communication and coordination efforts between humans and automation gain importance as communication breakdowns may cause serious incidents and accidents. To ensure successful communication, it was proposed, on the one hand, to enhance the observability of automation. On the other hand, researchers analysed the impact of inter- and intraindividual differences in affect and mood states on the interaction. Within this study, it was investigated whether an experimental manipulation of the automation’s observability and workload in addition to interindividual differences in mood states impacted human errors in handling automation. Therefore, 24 participants monitored aircraft automation and, more specifically, whether the automation succeeded in keeping the aircraft’s pitch angle within certain boundaries and whether the aircraft engines functioned as expected. Data analyses revealed significant effects of the automation’s observability and of the participants’ level of positive mood and extraversion on the number of handling errors. The handling errors were considered an indicator for communication breakdowns as they were caused by the automation insufficiently informing the human on its actions. The results highlight the need to focus on the automation’s observability when designing highly automated systems especially in safety-critical domains and on further analysing the effects of mood states on human-automation interaction.

The Relationship Between Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Mood States, Functional Status, and Quality of Life in Oncology Outpatients

ContextOncology patients are at risk for developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other comorbid mood states, which are associated with decreases in functional status and quality of life (QOL). However, few studies have investigated the relationship between PTSD, other mood states, functional status, and QOL in oncology outpatients. ObjectivesThis study had four aims: 1) determine the percentages of patients with PTSD and partial PTSD; 2) evaluate for differences in demographic and clinical characteristics among patients with PTSD, partial PTSD, and no PTSD; 3) evaluate for differences in mood states, functional status, and QOL among the three PTSD groups; and 4) evaluate whether demographic and disease characteristics were predictors of PTSD. MethodsAs part of a larger clinical trial that evaluated the effects of a cognitive-behavioral intervention on cancer pain management, 289 adult oncology patients (Mage=61.3, SD=11.6) completed self-report measures that assessed PTSD, other mood states, functional status, and QOL. ResultsForty-five percent of the sample met the diagnostic criteria for PTSD (n=78) and partial PTSD (n=53) and were younger than those with no PTSD. Patients with PTSD had a significantly lower Karnofsky Performance Status, shorter time since diagnosis, higher ratings of mood disturbance, lower ratings of functional status, and lower QOL than patients with no PTSD. A lower Karnofsky Performance Status, fewer months since diagnosis, and presence of bone metastases predicted a higher likelihood of being classified as having PTSD. ConclusionEarly identification and interventions may mediate the onset of psychological distress and improve health outcomes.

Does Asking Adolescents About Suicidal Ideation Induce Negative Mood State?

Two studies examined the potential for negative mood induction through participating in suicidal ideation questionnaire research. Items immediately preceding mood state measures were hypothesized to influence mood state in a negative or positive direction, depending on their emotional content. Study 1 involved 129 adolescents. Mood state decreased nonsignificantly following items on suicidal-type ideation and significantly improved following a series of positive affect items. Study 2 followed up 71 of the original participants 3 years later using a briefer version of the original questionnaire. Here no significant differences in mood state were found at any measurement point. In both studies, the salience of items preceding the mood measure explained a significant proportion of variance in mood state. We concluded that negative mood induction effects were minimal. Ethical implications are discussed.

The Relationships between Mood Disturbances and Pain, Hope, and Quality of Life in Hospitalized Cancer Patients with Pain on Regularly Scheduled Opioid Analgesic

The study purposes were to describe the percentage of patients in one of four mood groups (i.e., neither anxiety nor depression [NEITHER], only anxiety [ANX], only depression [DEP], both anxiety and depression [BOTH]) and to evaluate how differences in mood states are related to pain, hope, and quality of life (QOL). Oncology inpatients (n = 225) completed Brief Pain Inventory, Herth Hope Index (HHI), and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Core QOL Questionnaire-C30. Research nurses completed Symptom Severity Checklist, Karnofsky Performance Status score, and medical record reviews. Data were analyzed using chi(2), Kruskal-Wallis, one-way analyses of variance (ANOVAs), and analyses of covariance (ANCOVA). Thirty-two percent of patients were categorized in the NEITHER group, 12% in the ANX group, 12% in the DEP group, and 44% in the BOTH group. Younger patients and women were more likely to be in the BOTH group. While only minimal differences were found among the mood groups on pain intensity scores, patients in the NEITHER group in general, reported lower pain interference scores than those in the other three groups. Significant differences were found in HHI scores between the patients in the NEITHER group and the BOTH group. In addition, patients with both mood disorders reported significantly poorer QOL scores. Because 44% of the patients had both anxiety and depression, clinicians need to evaluate patients for the co-occurrence of these two symptoms, evaluate its impact on pain management, hope, and QOL, and develop appropriate interventions to manage these symptoms.

Emotional Intelligence and Mood States associated with Optimal Performance

This study utilized a within-subject design to investigate relationships between emotional intelligence and memories of mood states associated with optimal and dysfunctional performance in competitive sport and academic situations. Sport-students (N = 436) completed a self-report Emotional Intelligence Scale (EIS: Schutte, Malouff, Hall, et al., 1998), whilst retrospective accounts of mood states associated with optimal and dysfunctional sporting-competition and academic-examination performance were recorded using the Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS: Terry, Lane, Lane, & Keohane, 1999; Terry, Lane, & Fogarty, 2003). Repeated measures MANOVA results indicate that mood states associated with optimal and dysfunctional performance are situation-specific (Sport x Academic Interaction: Pillai's Trace 8,428 = .70, P < .001, Partial Eta2 = 0.09). Differences in mood states between optimal and dysfunctional performance were more pronounced for athletic situations, thereby suggesting mood states are associated with performance, but the nature of these relationships are situation-specific. Further analysis was completed to explore the role of emotional intelligence in mediating mood performance relationships. MANCOVA comparing differences in mood states by performance (optimal and dysfunctional performance) by situation (sport and academic) controlling for EIS scores indicated a significant three-way interaction effect. Findings indicate that self-reported beliefs of emotional intelligence are associated with optimal mood states for different situations. Future research should continue to investigate the influence of emotional intelligence in performance contexts. The ultimate objective being to facilitate the translation of empirical research into applied contexts.

Comparison of Mood States in Elite Women Wheelchair Basketball Players Prior to Paralympic Team Selection

The Profile of Mood States (POMS) has been widely used to compare athletes vs. nonathletes and to predict success of elite athletes. Little is known, however, regarding mood state profiles of elite women wheelchair basketball players. PURPOSE: To examine mood states of elite women wheelchair basketball players during the 2004 Paralympic Team selection camp and to compare mood state profiles between players that were selected for the team and those that were not. METHODS: Twenty-six candidates for the 2004 USA Women's Paralympic Wheelchair Basketball team participated in a training camp in 2003. At the beginning of the camp, the athletes were asked to complete the POMS, which was administered and scored by a licensed psychologist. Raw scores were computed for the seven POMS factors including Tension (TEN), Depression (DEP), Anger (ANG), Vigor (VIG), Fatigue (FAT), Confusion (CON), and Total Mood Disturbance (TMD). After the team was announced at the end of camp, individual data were placed into one of two groups, those selected for the team (TM, n = 13) and those that were not (NS, n = 13). Mean group scores for each factor were calculated and independent samples t-tests (SPSS 14.0) were conducted. RESULTS: Significant differences (p < .05) were found between the groups on Depression, Vigor, Confusion, and TMD. As shown in Table 1, the NS group reported less vigor and higher levels of depression, confusion and total mood disturbance.Table 1: Mean (SD) raw scores for each group on the POMS factors.CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate differences in mood states between two subsets of elite women wheelchair basketball players based on Paralympic team selection. Neither group, however, demonstrated the typical Iceberg Profile.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MOOD STATE AND OXYGEN SATURATION DURING RESIDENCE AT HIGH ALTITUDE

Following rapid ascent to high altitude (HA), arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) is decreased due to the low partial pressure of oxygen, but increases over the next 6–10 days as ventilation increases. Likewise, mood state is negatively influenced during the acute phase of HA exposure but improves after 5–7 d of HA exposure paralleling the improvements in SpO2. PURPOSE: The purpose of this research was to determine if interindividual differences in mood state during residence at HA were related to the degree of hypoxemia (SpO2) in subjects exposed to 4,300 m for 21 d. METHODS: Sixteen male subjects, who were part of a study evaluating the effect of energy deficit on performance at high altitude, were rapidly transported to 4,300 m where they remained for 21 d. Among other tests, SpO2 and mood were measured at sea level (SL) and at HA on days 2, 4, 10 & 21 of exposure. Oxygen saturation was determined using a Nonin 8600 Pulse Oximeter. Mood states were measured by use of the Profile of Mood Status Bi-Polar Form (POMS-BI). The POMS-BI measures 6 subjective bi-polar mood states. The mean of all 6 bi-polar constructs represents “Global” mood. Pearson's correlation coefficient was determined between SpO2 and each mood construct at SL and d 2, 4, 10 & 21 at HA. RESULTS: As expected, at SL, moods showed no significant correlation with SpO2 in any construct. SL interindividual differences in SpO2 were small. Upon HA exposure, mood decreased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) in all constructs during days 2 and 4, returning to baseline values within 5–7 d of residence at HA. Similarly, SpO2 decreased upon acute exposure (80%) and gradually increased to 90% of SL values over the 21 d HA exposure. Significant correlation (P ≤ 0.05) was found between SpO2 and the mood constructs Agreeable-Hostile, Composed-Anxious, Confident-Unsure, Energetic-Tired, and Global only on day 4 of HA exposure. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that individual differences in mood state may be influenced by SpO2 during exposure to high altitude, but hypoxemia alone is not the only factor that modifies mood state. Supported by: The Borgenicht Program; Jeffress Memorial Trust; and U. S. Department of Defense.

THE EFFECTS OF RESISTANCE TRAINING VOLUME AND VARIETY ON MOOD STATE

The Profile of Mood States (POMS) has recently become a popular and useful psychometric instrument to assess the effects of exercise and physical activity in sport related research. PURPOSE: To examine the effects of resistance training volume and variety on mood state in an untrained population. METHODS: A total of 53 male and female subjects, 30.6 + 0.9 yrs, were randomized into one of three groups, differing in resistance training volume and variety for 24 weeks as follows: (1) One set of eight strength training exercises, (2) Three sets of the same eight exercises, as in group 1 and (3) One set of 24 different exercises incorporating the same exercises as groups 1 and 2, plus an additional 16 exercises. At baseline, 12 and 24 weeks of training, subjects completed the 65-item POMS questionnaire. RESULTS: Using repeated measures ANOVA and controlling for gender and age, there were no significant differences (p > .05) between groups on any of the seven POMS mood scores observed. Despite the lack of significant differences between groups, by the 24th week of the study all groups showed a slight trend towards reductions in the negative, and increases in the positive mood states. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that there are no significant differences in mood state(s) between those who trained with one set of eight exercises for a average of 20 minutes, three sets of the same eight exercises for an average of 60 minutes or with one set of 24 exercises for an average of 60 minutes.

ASSESSING DIFFERENCES IN MOOD STATE BEFORE AND AFTER SIX WEEKS OF CARDIAC REHABILITATION

Prior studies show that cardiac rehabilitation (CR) can improve mood state. PURPOSE: To assess potential differences in mood state due to CR based on age (< 65 y, ≥ 65 y), gender, etiology of illness (coronary artery disease, heart failure) and baseline mood state. METHODS: We tested 125 patients (male = 85; mean age 66 ± 12 y)before and after six weeks in a phase II CR education and exercise program. Patients were enrolled between December 6, 2000 and October 10, 2001. Mood state was assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) questionnaire, with a score ≥ 13 used to indicate excess anxiety and depression. RESULTS: At baseline, 44% (55/125) demonstrated abnormal mood state, with females (60% vs. 36% for men, p < 0.03) and those < 65 years of age (57% vs. 35% for patients ≥ 65 y, p < 0.03) more likely to exhibit the disorder. Overall, HAD score at baseline was 11.8 ± 6.7 and it improved at follow-up (−2.2 ± 5.0, p = 0.01). Differences in this overall effect after CR were not evident (p > 0.05 when comparing gender, age and type of illness. However, those with an elevated (≥ 13) mood score at baseline (mean = 18.00 ± 4.8) improved at follow-up (−4.1 ± 6.0) compared (p < 0.0001) to patients with a baseline value of < 13 (−0.7 ± 3.4). This improvement in mood state after CR in patients with an elevated baseline value was not influenced (p > 0.05) by gender or age group. CONCLUSION: Almost one-half of patients enrolled in CR presented with an abnormal mood state, those with an abnormal mood state at baseline improved with CR, and this improvement was not unique to a specific gender or age group.