Differences In Prevalence Of Metabolic Syndrome Research Articles

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components in Brazilian adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective:To determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and its components among Brazilian adolescents.Data source:Databases, such as LILACS, MEDLINE, and SciELO, were searched for original cross-sectional studies published between 2010 and 2021. The inclusion criteria were determined based on the mnemonic CoCoPop — Condition, Context, and Population: studies determining the prevalence of MS and its components (condition) in the general population of Brazilian adolescents, female and male (population), enrolled in public or private schools in rural or urban areas (context). Reviews, editorials, and articles that did not directly relate to the prevalence of MS or that included non-adolescent age groups or groups with specific health conditions (obesity/overweight and others) were excluded.Data synthesis:A total of 15 studies, including 43,227 adolescents, were identified. MS prevalence (95% confidence interval [95%CI]) was 2.9% (2.65–3.18) and 2.4% (1.90–2.90) (p<0.001) in males and females, respectively, by using the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria. There was a significant difference in MS prevalence among Brazilian regions (Q=24.7; p<0.001). The lowest MS prevalence (95%CI) was determined for North Region of Brazil, 1.8% (1.52–2.13), and the highest for Northeast Region of Brazil, 2.9% (2.62–3.23). Regarding MS components, a higher prevalence (95%CI) was found for low high-density lipoprotein (HDL), 22.1% (12.49–36.17), followed by abdominal obesity, 11.0% (8.05–14.94), and arterial hypertension, 10.3% (7.84–13.48).Conclusions:This study allowed the determination of the prevalence of MS and the MS components in Brazilian adolescents, highlighting relevant aspects to be addressed on public health management.

Propensity for Intra-abdominal and Hepatic Adiposity Varies Among Ethnic Groups

We compared fat storage in the abdominal region among individuals from 5 different ethnic-racial groups to determine whether fat storage is associated with disparities observed in metabolic syndrome and other obesity-associated diseases. We collected data from 1794 participants in the Multiethnic Cohort Study (60-77 years old; of African, European [white], Japanese, Latino, or Native Hawaiian ancestry) with body mass index values of 17.1-46.2 kg/m2. From May 2013 through April 2016, participants visited the study clinic to undergo body measurements, an interview, and a blood collection. Participants were evaluated by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and abdominal magnetic resonance imaging. Among ethnic groups, we compared adiposity of the trunk, intra-abdominal visceral cavity, and liver, adjusting for total fat mass; we evaluated the association of adult weight change with abdominal adiposity; and we examined the prevalence of metabolic syndrome mediated by abdominal adiposity. Relative amounts of trunk, visceral, and liver fat varied significantly with ethnicity-they were highest in Japanese Americans, lowest in African Americans, and intermediate in the other groups. Compared with African Americans, the mean visceral fat area was 45% and 73% greater in Japanese American men and women, respectively, and the mean measurements of liver fat were 61% and 122% greater in Japanese American men and women. The visceral and hepatic adiposity associated with weight gain since participants were 21 years old varied in a similar pattern among ethnic-racial groups. In the mediation analysis, visceral and liver fat jointly accounted for a statistically significant fraction of the difference in metabolic syndrome prevalence, compared with white persons, for African Americans, Japanese Americans, and Native Hawaiian women, independently of total fat mass. In an analysis of data from the participants in the Multiethnic Cohort Study, we found extensive differences among ethnic-racial groups in the propensity to store fat intra-abdominally. This observation should be considered by clinicians in the prevention and early detection of metabolic disorders.

Differences in Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence by Employment Type and Sex.

Workers may sometimes do the same work, but differ in their risk of health-related problems depending on whether the employment type is standard or non-standard. Furthermore, even with similar job and employment types, there may be differences in risk factors for health-related problems depending on sex. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) by employment type and sex using data from the Fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES Ⅴ) (2010–2012) and KNHANES Ⅵ (2013–2015) conducted by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Overall, 9523 adult wage workers (5523 standard workers and 4000 non-standard workers) aged ≥ 19 years were analyzed. To determine MetS prevalence odds ratios according to employment type, logistic regression analysis was performed disaggregated by sex. The prevalence of MetS significantly increased with age (p < 0.001), being married (p < 0.05), current smoking status (p < 0.05), and high-risk drinking (p < 0.001) among male subjects. The prevalence of MetS significantly increased among female manual workers (p < 0.001), those with lower educational level and household income (p < 0.001). Non-standard workers of either sex showed higher MetS prevalence than standard workers; only females showed significant difference (p < 0.001). Female non-standard workers showed 1.44, 1.33, and 1.34 (all p < 0.001) times higher odds of MetS prevalence in Models 1, 2, and 3, respectively, compared to standard workers, suggesting a difference in risk factors of MetS according to sex. Also, that employment type affects MetS prevalence suggests that employment pattern is an important risk factor especially in females. Therefore, to manage MetS in female non-standard workers, individual health care as well as social effort may be necessary.

PP.29.07] WORLDWIDE PREVALENCE OF METABOLIC SYNDROME IN PEOPLE LIVING WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION

Objective: Abnormal cardio-metabolic risk profile is increasingly of concern in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. However, the burden and differential contribution, if any, of HIV specific factors, are poorly understood. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the global prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) in people with HIV, and the variation by HIV severity, treatment, definition criteria and other major predictive characteristics. Design and method: We performed a comprehensive search on major databases for original research articles published between 1998–2015. Pooled prevalence estimates overall and by specific groups and subgroups were computed using random effects models, with variance stabilisation via arc-sine transformations. Results: In all 65 studies across five continents comprising 55094 HIV-infected participants aged 17–73 years (median age 41 years) were included. The overall prevalence of MS according to the following criteria was: ATPIII-2001:16.7% (95%CI: 14.6–18.8), IDF-2005: 18% (14.0–22.4), ATPIII-2004–2005: 24.6% (20.6–28.8), Modified ATPIII-2005: 27.9% (6.7–56.5), JIS-2009: 29.6% (22.9–36.8), and EGIR: 31.3% (26.8–36.0). Within some criteria of MS, the prevalence was significantly higher in women than in men (IDF-2005: 23.2% vs. 13.4, p = 0.030), in ART compared to non-ART users (ATPIII-2001: 18.4% vs. 11.8%, p = 0.001), and significantly varied by time-period of study publication, participants age, severity and diagnosed duration of HIV infection, and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) use. Across criteria, there were significant differences in MS prevalence by sub-group categories such as in men, the Americas, older publications, regional studies, younger adults, smokers, ART-naïve participants, NNRTIs users, participants with shorter duration of diagnosed infection and across the spectrum of HIV severity. Substantial heterogeneities across and within criteria were not fully explained by major study characteristics, while evidence of publication bias was marginal. Conclusions: The prevalence of MS in people with HIV is within the range of reports from the general population, highlighting the commonality of drivers of the condition. This emphasises the need for holistic management of the HIV-infected individual with the inclusion of cardio-metabolic assessments. Approaches for screening and mitigating disease risk associated with MS in the general population will likely provide similar benefits in people with HIV.

A Meta-Analysis of the Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence in the Global HIV-Infected Population.

BackgroundCardio-metabolic risk factors are of increasing concern in HIV-infected individuals, particularly with the advent of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and the subsequent rise in longevity. However, the prevalence of cardio-metabolic abnormalities in this population and the differential contribution, if any, of HIV specific factors to their distribution, are poorly understood. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the global prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) in HIV-infected populations, its variation by the different diagnostic criteria, severity of HIV infection, ART used and other major predictive characteristics.MethodsWe performed a comprehensive search on major databases for original research articles published between 1998 and 2015. The pooled overall prevalence as well as by specific groups and subgroups were computed using random effects models.ResultsA total of 65 studies across five continents comprising 55094 HIV-infected participants aged 17–73 years (median age 41 years) were included in the final meta-analysis. The overall prevalence of MS according to the following criteria were: ATPIII-2001:16.7% (95%CI: 14.6–18.8), IDF-2005: 18% (95%CI: 14.0–22.4), ATPIII-2004-2005: 24.6% (95%CI: 20.6–28.8), Modified ATPIII-2005: 27.9% (95%CI: 6.7–56.5), JIS-2009: 29.6% (95%CI: 22.9–36.8), and EGIR: 31.3% (95%CI: 26.8–36.0). By some MS criteria, the prevalence was significantly higher in women than in men (IDF-2005: 23.2% vs. 13.4, p = 0.030), in ART compared to non-ART users (ATPIII-2001: 18.4% vs. 11.8%, p = 0.001), and varied significantly by participant age, duration of HIV diagnosis, severity of infection, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) use and date of study publication. Across criteria, there were significant differences in MS prevalence by sub-groups such as in men, the Americas, older publications, regional studies, younger adults, smokers, ART-naïve participants, NNRTIs users, participants with shorter duration of diagnosed infection and across the spectrum of HIV severity. Substantial heterogeneities across and within criteria were not fully explained by major study characteristics, while evidence of publication bias was marginal.ConclusionsThe similar range of MS prevalence in the HIV-infected and general populations highlights the common drivers of this condition. Thus, cardio-metabolic assessments need to be routinely included in the holistic management of the HIV-infected individual. Management strategies recommended for MS in the general population will likely provide similar benefits in the HIV-infected.

The metabolic syndrome in an Italian psychiatric sample: a retrospective chart review of inpatients treated with antipsychotics.

The metabolic syndrome (MS) is an area of interest for mental health research because individuals with mental illnesses have an increased risk of medical morbidity and mortality compared with the general population. This cross-sectional study is aimed to estimate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in an Italian psychiatric sample, treated with different types of antipsychotics. The data were derived from medical records of patient with affective and non-affective psychosis, admitted to the Hospital of L'Aquila psychiatric ward, from January 2012 to July 2014. The sample refers to consecutive admissions of subjects of both sexes, aged over 18 years, receiving one or more antipsychotic treatment. The diagnosis of MS was established when the clinical subject at least three of the five diagnostic criteria of the Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP-ATP III) were met. 389 subjects were evaluated. We report a MS prevalence of 27.5%. This figure is very close to the metabolic syndrome prevalence in the Italian general population quoted around 26%. The BMI values also are very similar in these two populations, despite a higher obesity rate in the clinical sample. The MS prevalence rates in subject with schizophrenia, bipolar disorders and depressive disorders were respectively 30.6%, 36.4% and 36.8%. No significant differences in MS, diabetes or dyslipidemia rates were found among the three diagnostic groups. We did not find differences in metabolic syndrome prevalence either in relation to psychotropic polypharmacy or in relation to typical or atypical antipsychotics. However the psychiatric females in the clinical sample tend to have higher obesity rate, with a sort of all or none distribution (i.e. more obesity, more normal weight, but less overweight) compared to the general population. These findings could be explained by the interaction of some sort of liability due to drug treatment, illness related lifestyles, gender and other interacting factors (e.g. genetic) with metabolic issues.

근로자의 대사증후군 예방을 위한 웹기반 비만 관리 프로그램 개발의 필요성

This study was executed to provide the basic data to prevent and manage the workers' metabolic syndrome (MS) in workplace by analyzing the health examination data of 1,152 workers at the ages from 19 to 34 and comparing the differences in MS prevalence, its components and living habits according to obesity. As a result, MS prevalence showed 8.9% in male and 1.5% in female respectively. MS prevalence according to obesity showed the differences that prevalence of male subjects without obesity was 1.6% and 21.7% with obesity and prevalence of female subjects without obesity was 0% and 12.5% with obesity. Components of MS according to obesity showed 4 factors except hypertriglyceridemia were significantly related with obesity in female subjects and all factors were significantly related with obesity in male subjects. With the above results, obesity is identified as the risk factor affecting MS prevalence and components of younger than 40 year old workers. Therefore, it is suggested health manager should consistently implement obesity management to prevent and manage the MS in working place and increase the workers' participation through the development and utilization of a web-based obesity management program considering space-time restriction and efficiently manage the MS.

Metabolic syndrome and restenosis of carotid artery

Clustering of risk factors for cardiovascular disease has been investigated from the third decade of the 20th century . It was named metabolic syndrome (MSy) by World Health Organization in the year 1999 . In 2001, the National Cholesterol Education Program – Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) (NCEP-ATP III) proposed both diagnostic criteria for MSy and cut-off points for its components [waist circumference, blood pressure, high-dentsity lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides and fasting blood glucose], which are considered acceptable for everyday clinical work . NCEPATP III criteria were revised in 2005 by the American Heart Association (AHA) and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) – modified NCEP-ATP III criteria, called also NHLBI-AHA criteria . In 2006 International Diabetes Federation (IDF) recommended a new definition of the MSy – IDF definition . There is no general agreement as to which definition is more suitable for diagnosis of MSy, but it seems that the modified NCEP-ATP III criteria are the most appropriate . According to literature data, the frequency of MSy varies from 9% to 34% depending on studied population and MSy definition which was used in investigation . The frequency of MSy is related to age. For example, in the USA population, in subjects more than 60 years old the frequency of MSy was 51.5%, and in subjects 40–60 years old it was 40.8% . MSy is also more frequent in obese . The MSy prevalence is higher in patients with atherosclerotic disease. In a study of Gorter et al , which included 1,117 patients aged 18–80 years (mean age 60 ± 10 years) with verified atherosclerotic disease, MSy prevalence, defined according to ATP III criteria, was 46%. There are differences in MSy prevalence depending on the type of atherosclerotic disease. In the above mentioned study of Gorter et al. 14 and in an Olijhoek et al. 15 study the prevalence of MSy was about 58% in patients with peripheral vascular disease, about 41% in patients with coronary disease, 43% in patients with carotid disease and 47% in subjects with abdominal aortic aneurysm. According to recently published data from a study conducted in Belgrade, the MSy prevalence, defined according to ATP III criteria, was 55.6% in patients with carotid disease 16 and 59.8% in patients with peripheral vascular disease .

Prevalence of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome in Adult Population of Selected Regions of the Czech Republic. Relation to Eating Habits and Smoking

Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome is around 25% in Europe but its occurrence grows in both genders with increasing age and weight. Lifestyle factors may contribute to the risk of developing metabolic syndrome. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between metabolic syndrome and eating habits as well as length of sleep and smoking. Participants (519 women and 286 men aged 18-65 years) were chosen by random selection and questioned about their eating habits, sleep length and smoking. This information was combined with anthropometric and clinical parameters of metabolic syndrome. The female group was divided into two subgroups depending on climacteric stage (before and after menopause). Metabolic syndrome prevalence does not differ between regions in neither female (29.9%) nor male (32.5%) group. Body mass index ≥25 was detected in 50.4% of all women and 65.7% of men; 23.5% of all women and 21.7% men had body mass index ≥30. In conclusion, metabolic syndrome prevalence was proved to depend on eating habits and family heredity. Positive correlation between the above mentioned factors demonstrated itself in the total sample but not in individual regions. Metabolic syndrome prevalence in Czech adults is comparable with neighbouring countries. No significant interregional differences in metabolic syndrome prevalence within the Czech Republic were detected. In conclusion, relationship between eating habits and metabolic syndrome was confirmed.

Ethnic Disparities in Metabolic Syndrome in Malaysia: An Analysis by Risk Factors

This study investigates ethnic disparities in metabolic syndrome in Malaysia. Data were obtained from the Malaysia Non-Communicable Disease Surveillance-1 (2005/2006). Logistic regressions of metabolic syndrome health risks on sociodemographic and health-lifestyle factors were conducted using a multiracial (Malay, Chinese, and Indian and other ethnic groups) sample of 2,366 individuals. Among both males and females, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome amongst Indians was larger compared to both Malays and Chinese because Indians are more likely to exhibit central obesity, elevated fasting blood glucose, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. We also found that Indians tend to engage in less physical activity and consume fewer fruits and vegetables than Malays and Chinese. Although education and family history of chronic disease are associated with metabolic syndrome status, differences in socioeconomic attributes do not explain ethnic disparities in metabolic syndrome incidence. The difference in metabolic syndrome prevalence between Chinese and Malays was not statistically significant. Whereas both groups exhibited similar obesity rates, ethnic Chinese were less likely to suffer from high fasting blood glucose. Metabolic syndrome disproportionately affects Indians in Malaysia. Additionally, fasting blood glucose rates differ dramatically amongst ethnic groups. Attempts to decrease health disparities among ethnic groups in Malaysia will require greater attention to improving the metabolic health of Malays, especially Indians, by encouraging healthful lifestyle changes.

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome assessed by IDF and NCEP ATP 111 criteria and determinants of insulin resistance among HIV patients in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa

Aims To determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and insulin resistance (IR) and their determinants in HIV on ART, ART naive HIV and HIV negative patients. Methods Cross sectional study. ART experienced HIV, ART naive HIV and HIV negative patients were compared for differences in prevalence of MS and IR. Determinants of MS and IR were assessed. Results Prevalence of MS by NCEP criteria was 26.6%, 15.7% and 21.9% ( P = 0.3) respectively for HIV on ART, ART naive HIV and HIV negative groups. The MS rates with the IDF definition were 22.7%, 23.2% and 19.3% ( P = 0.8) for HIV on ART, ART naive HIV and HIV negative patients respectively. Increased waist circumference by IDF criteria ( P = 0.03), visceral to subcutaneous fat ratio ( P = 0.049), hypertriglyceredemia ( P < 0.001) and high LDL-Cholesterol ( P < 0.001) were more common in HIV patients on ART than other groups. IR was found in 12.8%, 3.6% and 2.4% ( P = 0.003) of HIV on ART, ART naive HIV and HIV negative groups respectively. Male gender (odds ratio (OR) 11 95% CI 3–48; P < 0.001) was independently associated with MS. HIV patients on ART (OR 6.6 95% CI 1.3–32.3; P = 0.020), IDF definition of MS (OR 3.4 95% CI 1.1–10.7; P = 0.040), NCEP definition of MS (OR 3.2 95% CI 1.01–10.3; P = 0.049) and low HDL-Cholesterol (OR 5.7 95% CI 1.2–27; P = 0.029) were independently associated with IR. Conclusion Prevalence of MS with IDF and NCEP definitions was similar across groups. HIV patients on ART and MS were independently associated with IR while male gender was independently associated with MS.

Prevalencia del síndrome metabólico (criterios del ATP-III). Estudio de base poblacional en áreas rural y urbana de la provincia de Segovia

We aimed to estimate the prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome (MS) in rural and urban areas of the Province of Segovia, Spain, according to the ATPIII criteria (National Cholesterol Education Program's Adults Treatment Panel III report) modified. Cross-sectional design. Randomized and representative sample of 809 individuals (46% males) aged 35-74 years. Residents in urban and rural areas of the Province of Segovia (Spain). Period of study from January 2000 to January 2003. The age/sex standardized prevalence of the MS was 17%; 15.7% in males and 18.1% in females. No significant differences in MS prevalence between rural and urban areas were found. The most frequent combination of individual components of MS was abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia and arterial hypertension in males and females. MS was associated with age and obesity in an adjusted logistic regression model. In a second model, abdominal obesity was more common in those individuals with a BMI over 30 kg/m2, secondary education level, age over 45 years, and in female residents in rural areas. The sex/age adjusted prevalence was lower than that reported in other studies using the ATPIII criteria in Spain. Abdominal obesity was the most frequent single component of MS in females whereas it was arterial hypertension in males.