Differences In Linear Dimensions Research Articles

Морфологічна диференціація Anura (Amphibia) у пізньому онтогенезі: аналіз популяцій Rana temporaria з регіону Карпат

The study is devoted to the morphological features of the common frog of the Carpathian region of Ukraine, namely the expression, directionality and structure of sexual differences of this species. The work uses data obtained as a result of the processing of the scientific collection of Rana temporaria (Linnaeus, 1758) from the territory of the Ukrainian Carpathians (Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk, and Zakarpattia oblasts), which is housed at the National Museum of Natural History, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Kyiv). A total of 381 common frog specimens were studied—233 males (L = 24.6–84.5 mm) and 148 females (L = 23.2–94.2 mm). It is shown that individual differences in linear dimensions and body proportions in a sample of common frog males and females are structured and clearly reflect the morphological differentiation of individuals according to the age criterion. In the late ontogenesis of the common frog, generalised sex-related differences extend with the increasing age of individuals: in juveniles SqMD = 2.36, in subadults SqMD = 4.77, and in adults SqMD = 22.08. At the same time, not only does the expression of sex-related differences increase, but also their orientation changes significantly. According to our data, this year’s juveniles (juvenis) are individuals that did not winter at all (0+). At the same time, males are reliably (t = 4.50; p < 0.001) larger in body length (24.6–37.5 mm; Lmean = 29.87 mm) than females (23.2–32.7 mm; Lmean = 26.40 mm). But already in the group of semi-adult (subadultus) frogs, the orientation of sexual dimorphism in terms of body length changes completely—females are reliably larger than males, which is even more pronounced in adult, sexually mature individuals. Males of tailless amphibians grow and physiologically mature faster than females, so they begin to reproduce 1–2 years earlier. Females, which grow more slowly and mature later, join the reproduction having a larger size and older age. It is shown that sexual differences begin to form in the subadultus group. The generalised differences (SqMD) by sex are significantly smaller than by age. Adult sexually mature females compared to males are characterised by larger values of 18 body parameters, except for shoulder length (H.) and elbow joint diameter (Cr.a.c.), which are most reliably larger in males. These features of the proportions of the limbs provide the male with reliable holding of the female during mating (amplexus).

Radiographic Analysis of Morphological Variations of Sella Turcica in Different Skeletal Patterns Among Saudi Subpopulations.

Size and shape of the sella turcica is considered vital for many radiographic analyses. To assess and compare the linear dimensions and shape of sella turcica on digital lateral cephalograms in Saudi subpopulation with different skeletal patterns, age groups and genders. A total of 300 digital lateral cephalograms were retrieved from the hospital archive. The selected cephalograms were grouped based on the age, gender, and skeletal types. The linear dimensions and shape of sella turcica were measured on each radiograph. Data were analyzed using an independent t-test and a one-way ANOVA. To test the inter-relationship of age, gender, and skeletal type with the dimensions of sella turcica, regression analyses were used. Statistical significance was set at P ≤ 0.01. Significant differences in linear dimensions between the age groups (P < 0.001) and genders (P < 0.001) were noted. On comparing sella size with different skeletal types, a significant difference was found for all sella dimensions (P < 0.001). The mean length, depth and diameter among skeletal class III were significantly higher than that among classes I and II. On comparing age, gender, and skeletal type with size of sella, age and skeletal type were significantly related to the change of length, depth and diameter (P < 0.001), whereas gender was found to be significantly related only to a change in length of the sella (P < 0.01). For the sella shape, normal morphology was noted in 44.3% of patients. According to the findings of this study, the measurements of sella can be used as reference standards for future studies in Saudi subpopulation.

A Lateral Cephalometric Radiographic Analysis of Size and Shape of Sella Turcica: A Retrospective Observational Study

Objectives: To assess shape and size of Sella turcica on lateral cephalographs, and to find association of age and gender with shape and size of sella turcica.&#x0D; Methods: Lateral cephalographs of 434 healthy subjects (254 females and 180 males) in the age group of 8-30 years were included in the study. Linear dimensions of sella turcica (length, depth, diameter) were measured and different shapes of sella (Normal, oblique anterior wall, bridging, double contour of floor, irregular dorsum, pyramidal) were analyzed. Student’s t-test to calculate mean differences in linear dimensions with age and gender. Frequency distribution of shape analyzed through chi-square test. Inter and intra observer variability assessed through paired t- test.&#x0D; Results: Normal shape of sella turcica was most common shape (52.5%). Linear dimensions were increased with age (p&gt;0.05) and except for diameter, length and depth were greater in males compared to females (p&gt;0.05). When intra and inter observer variability was assessed, high significant values obtained with respect to depth (p=0.000). &#x0D; Conclusion: This study concluded that regardless of age and gender, normal shape of sella turcica (52.5%) was most common shape followed by sella turcica bridging (21.9%). Mean linear dimensions of sella turcica increased with age. Length and depth dimensions were larger in males comparative to females. This study provides baseline data for further research and clinical practice in fields of forensic medicine and epidemiology.

Comparing sella turcica shapes and dimensions in skeletal classes I, II and III bimaxillary protrusion patients in a Nigerian population

BACKGROUND: Bimaxillary protrusion is a common type of malocclusion seen in Africans with marked protrusion of the maxillary and mandibular incisors and an increased procumbency of the lips. Management involves cephalometric radiographic evaluation and comparison with other structures within the skull. The sella turcica is one of these radiographic landmarks used in determining orthodontic parameters for management. The shape and dimensions in these patients may be affected as a result of the bimaxillary protrusion.&#x0D; OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate sella turcica shapes and dimensions in skeletal classes I, II and III bimaxillary protrusion patients in a Nigerian population&#x0D; STUDY DESIGN: This study was carried out at the Orthodontic unit of the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City Nigeria. Lateral Cephalometric radiographs of 64 patients (28 male and 36 female) with bimaxillary protrusion (interincisal angle of ≤107°) in the three skeletal classes was evaluated. Linear dimensions (length, depth and antero-posterior diameter) were measured. The student t-test was used to calculate the difference in linear dimensions. The one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was done to study the relationship between sella turcica types, size, skeletal class and bimaxillary proclination.&#x0D; RESULTS: The mean interincisal angle was 100.16°±7.004. Bimaxillary protrusion was seen in classes I, II and III skeletal patterns in 28(43.7%), 33(51.6%) and 3(4.7%) respectively. Six shapes of sella turcica were identified with the normal shape most prevalent in bimaxillary protrusion skeletal class II (52.4%) and absent in the oblique anterior wall shape in bimaxillary protrusion skeletal Class III. The double contour shape was also absent in bimaxillary protrusion skeletal classes I and III. The mean length (9.932±2.14mm), depth (6.96±1.88mm) and diameter (9.30±1.41mm) were determined. The dimensions of the sella turcica were longest in class III with mean values of 10.67mm ± 0.577 (length), 7.83mm ±2.466 (depth) and 10.0mm ±1.732 respectively.&#x0D; CONCLUSION: Bimaxillary protrusion patients exhibit a mean interincisal angle of 100.16°; various shapes of the sella turcica also exist for bimaxillary protrusion classes I, II and III respectively.

Association of sella turcica bridging with palatal canine impaction in skeletal Class I and Class II.

PurposeBased on the evidence of the embryonic origin of the sella turcica and the teeth, this retrospective study evaluated the association between sella turcica bridging and palatal canine impaction in skeletal Class I and Class II orthodontic patients.MethodsSixty-two orthodontic patients with palatally impacted canines and 54 controls with erupted canines (aged 12–25 years) were classified into skeletal Class I and Class II (according to ANB angle and Wits analysis). The length, depth, and diameter of the sella turcica were measured, and the shape was described. The difference in linear dimensions between the study and control groups was calculated using two-way analysis of variance and Student’s t-test. The interrelationship of the variables, subject groups, skeletal type, and age, with the linear dimensions of sella turcica, was tested using regression analyses. The association between sella turcica, bridging and palatally impacted canines was determined in skeletal type using a chi-square test.ResultsHighly significant differences were found in the length, diameter, and depth of the sella turcica between the study sample and the control (P<0.001, P=0.015, P<0.0001, respectively). There was a highly significant frequency of bridging in cases with palatally impacted canines (P<0.0001). An increasing incidence of bridging was found in subjects with palatally impacted canines and skeletal Class I (P<0.0001) and Class II (P=0.044) relationships. Regression analysis showed that the age was significantly related to a change in length (P=0.025), diameter (P<0.0001), and depth (P<0.0001). The normal sella turcica morphology was present in most subjects (56.4%), and no significant association was found in subjects with palatally impacted canines in terms of the shape of the sella turcica.ConclusionSella turcica bridging is frequently seen in patients with impacted canines. The findings suggest that careful monitoring of canine eruption is required in patients diagnosed with sella turcica bridging at an early age.

Evaluation of the Effect of Age, Gender, and Skeletal Class on the Dimensions of Sella Turcica Using Lateral Cephalogram.

Context:Sella turcica or pituitary fossa is a saddle-shaped concavity housing the pituitary gland and seen clearly on lateral cephalogram. This makes it a good source of additional diagnostic information related to pathology of the pituitary gland or to various syndromes that affect the craniofacial region.Aims:The aim of this retrospective study was to determine the average dimensions and morphological variations of the sella turcica in different age groups and to evaluate any difference in size between males and females in the study population.Settings and Design:All the lateral cephalograms were taken by trained radiographic technicians using Planmeca Promax Ceph X-ray Machine, Finland, Inc., in a standardized manner using the same cephalostat.Materials and Methods:Four hundred and eighty lateral cephalograms were obtained under standardized conditions. With age range between 7 and 43 years, all the radiographs were distributed according to skeletal class and gender. Size and morphology of sella turcica were recorded and compared with age, gender, and skeletal class.Statistical Analysis Used:A Student's t-test, one-way ANOVA test, and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used.Results:The mean age of the study population was found to be 16.8 years comprising 48.6% males and 51.3% females. There was a gradual increase in linear dimensions of sella turcica with the advancement of age. The normal sella was observed in 20.6%, whereas 79.35% showed variation in morphology. Oblique anterior wall was a most common abnormal variant, whereas pyramidal shaped dorsum was rarest.Conclusions:There was no statistically significant difference in linear dimensions or morphological variations with age, gender, or type of malocclusion.

Sella Turcica: An Important Aid in Diagnosis and Treatment Planning

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to describe and measure the size of sella turcica in subjects with different skeletal types. Lateral cephalometric radiographs of 120 individuals (60 males and 60 females) with an age range of 11 to 26 years were taken and distributed according to skeletal classification: 40 class I (ANB: 20–40), 40 class II (ANB: &gt;40), and 40 class III (ANB: &lt;20). The sella turcica on each radiograph was analyzed and measured to determine the linear dimensions of length, depth, and diameter. Student's t-test was used to calculate differences in linear dimensions, while a one-way analysis of variance was performed to study the relationship between skeletal type and sella size. No significant differences in linear dimensions between genders could be found. When age was evaluated, significant differences were found between the older (15 years or more) and the younger (11–14 years) age groups at the 0.01 and 0.001 levels for length, depth, and diameter. Sella size of the older age group was larger than in the younger age group. When skeletal type was compared with sella size, a significant difference was found in the diameter of sella between the classes II and III subjects (p &lt; 0.01). Larger diameter values were present in the skeletal class III subjects, while smaller diameter sizes were apparent in class II subjects (multiple comparison tests). When gender, age, and skeletal type were all compared with the size of the sella (regression analyses), age was significantly related to a change of length (p &lt; 0.01) and diameter (p &lt; 0.001).How to cite this articleZanke PN, Patni V, Sonawane M, Karandikar G, Ravindranath VK, Maskarenj M. Sella Turcica: An Important Aid in Diagnosis and Treatment Planning. J Contemp Dent 2016;6(3):181-183.

The Size and Morphology of Sella Turcica in Different Skeletal Patterns among South Indian Population: A Lateral Cephalometric Study

Objective: The purpose of the study was to measure the size and describe the morphology of sella turcica in different skeletal types. Materials and methods: Lateral cephalometric radiographs of 180 subjects (91 males, 89 females) in the age group of 9 to 27 years were grouped into skeletal Class I, II, III (60 subjects in each group). Linear dimensions which include the length, depth and anteroposterior diameter were measured and the shape was analyzed. A student t-test was used to calculate the difference in linear dimensions and oneway analysis of variance (ANOVA) was done to study the relationship between sella turcica size and skeletal types. Results: Considering the age groups, linear dimensions were larger in older group than in younger group (p < 0.01). Significant difference was noted in length between males and females (p < 0.05). When skeletal types were compared to the sella size, significant difference was found in the length and diameter. The shape of sella turcica appeared normal in majority of the subjects (61%). Conclusion: Linear dimensions and shape of sella turcica in the current study can be used as reference standards for further investigations involving the sella turcica in South Indian population.

Dimensional Change of Elastomeric Materials after Immersion in Disinfectant Solutions for Different Times

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of immersion period in two disinfectant solutions on dimensional change of four elastomeric impression materials. Four representative materials of each class of elastomers: Xantopren (polydimethylsiloxane-PDS), Express (polyvinyl siloxane-PVS); Permlastic (polysulfide- PS) and Soft Impregum (polyether-EP) were mixed according to manufacturers' instructions and then inserted into a metal matrix prepared according to the specification of ISO 4823. The molds were removed from the matrix after 7 minutes and immersed in disinfectant solutions (sodium hypochlorite 0.5 and 2% glutaraldehyde) for 5, 10, 20, 30 and 60 minutes (n = 7), except the control group, which was not immersed. Once removed from solutions, the test samples were washed in water for 15 seconds, dried and measured three times, using a comparative optical microscope, with accuracy of 0.0005 mm. The analysis of variance with three criteria and Tukey's test with significance level of 5% showed that differences in linear dimensions of the materials analyzed were not statistically significant (p > 0.05) after soaking in sodium hypochlorite 0.5 and 2% glutaraldehyde, for the tested periods of time. Combinations of molding material and disinfecting solution can be used in the dental clinic for infection control, without changing the dimensional molds, for immersion periods not longer than 20 minutes.

A randomized clinical trial to compare diagnostic casts made using plastic and metal trays

Virtually every prosthodontic rehabilitation involves making diagnostic casts for analysis and prosthesis fabrication. Frequently, these casts are produced using irreversible hydrocolloid (IH) impression materials in stock metal or plastic trays. However, it is unclear whether one technique produces a more accurate cast. The purpose of this randomized clinical trial was to compare the linear accuracy of diagnostic casts produced using IH with 1 of 3 different tray types: (1) perforated metal trays, (2) stock plastic trays, and (3) directed-flow stock plastic trays. All groups were compared to casts produced with custom trays and vinyl polysiloxane (VPS) impression materials, which were considered the control. Seven subjects participated in this trial. IH impressions were made in a random order using 1 of 3 tray types: stock plastic, perforated metal, or plastic directed flow. These were compared to VPS impressions using custom trays (control group). Each impression technique was repeated 3 times per subject, for a total of 84 observations. Impressions were disinfected and poured in a type IV stone. Linear accuracy of casts was measured using computer software analysis of scanned images of the casts at x30 magnification. Three linear measurements were made on each cast: second molar to second molar, right second molar to left first premolar, and left second molar to right first premolar. Measurements were compared among techniques using mixed-model analysis of variance to account for correlation among the multiple measurements made on each subject. Dunnett's adjustment for multiple comparisons with control was used (α=.05). For molar-to-molar and right second molar to the left first premolar measurements, there were no significant differences in linear dimensions between casts made from different trays. However, linear measurements from the left second molar to the right first premolar demonstrated significant differences for casts made with stock metal, directed-flow, and stock plastic trays compared to custom trays. In this group, casts produced by stock metal, directed-flow, and stock plastic trays differed from controls by 102, 68, and 71 um, respectively. Generally, casts made with plastic trays (stock plastic and directed flow) had values closer to those of custom trays than did casts made with metal trays. Impressions made with irreversible hydrocolloid produced casts that were significantly different in linear dimension than casts produced by custom trays and VPS impressions. These differences were not uniform, but varied by location on the cast.

Body Size and Shape of the Large Carpenter Bee, Xylocopa virginica (L.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

In bees, both body size and shape may show considerable variation associated with differences between females and males, among populations, and due to local environmental variation. We studied multiple parameters of body size and shape of the large carpenter bee Xylocopa virginica, to understand how body size and shape are influenced by sex, and by seasonal and annual variation. In addition, we compared bees from a population near the northern edge of the range (southern Ontario, ON) which experience relatively severe winters, to bees from the central portion of the range (Maryland, MD), which experience milder winters. Overall, males and females differed in linear dimensions but were more or less the same mass. Seasonal variability was investigated using ON bees. In winter, females and males had the same overall mass, but male thoracic volume and linear dimensions such as head capsule width, intertegular width, and costal vein length, were all larger for a given mass. In summer, males weighed less than females, due to loss of mass from the abdomen. Year-to-year differences in size and shape were indicated in MD bees, which exhibited significant differences in linear dimensions and dry mass, but not wet mass. In addition, northern bees were smaller than southern bees in terms of linear dimensions, but it is not entirely clear if overwintering mass differs. We suggest that seasonal and sex differences in size are related to the different flight activity patterns of males and females in summer, and that geographic differences between the two populations are related to the length and duration of winters.

Secular change in the growth status of urban and rural schoolchildren aged 6–13 years in Oaxaca, southern Mexico

Background: Populations in the state of Oaxaca in southern Mexico are at high risk for malnutrition and marginalization.Aim: The study compared secular changes in the growth status of urban and rural schoolchildren in the Valley of Oaxaca between the 1970s and 2000.Subjects and methods: Cross-sectional surveys of boys and girls aged 6–13 years (n = 1472) were carried out in an urban colonia populares in 1972 and 2000 and a rural indigenous community in 1978 and 2000. Height, sitting height and weight were measured; leg length, sitting height ratio, BMI, and prevalence of stunting, underweight, overweight and obesity were calculated. Sex-specific ANCOVA controlling for age was used.Results: Both urban and rural children experienced significant secular gains in linear dimensions, body weight and the BMI between the 1970s and 2000. Estimated rates of secular gain overlapped considerably between urban and rural children. Secular gains in the BMI are significantly greater in urban than rural boys and girls. Urban–rural differences in linear dimensions and body weight in 2000 compared to the 1970s do not differ in either sex, but urban–rural differences in the BMI are greater in boys and girls in 2000 compared to the 1970s. The prevalence of stunting declined while that of overweight and obesity increased.Conclusions: Significant secular increases in body size occurred between the 1970s and 2000, but there was considerable overlap between urban and rural children. Only secular gains in the BMI were significantly greater in urban than rural boys and girls and the magnitudes of urban–rural differences in the BMI were greater in 2000 than in the 1970s.

The shape and size of the sella turcica in skeletal Class I, Class II, and Class III Saudi subjects

The purpose of this study was to describe the shape and measure the size of the sella turcica in Saudi subjects with different skeletal types. Lateral cephalometric radiographs of 180 individuals (90 males and 90 females) with an age range of 11-26 years were taken and distributed according to skeletal classification; 60 Class I, 60 Class II, and 60 Class III. The sella turcica on each radiograph was analysed and measured to determine the shape of the sella, in addition to the linear dimensions of length, depth, and diameter. A Student's t-test was used to calculate differences in linear dimensions, while a one-way analysis of variance was performed to study the relationship between skeletal type and sella size. The results show that the sella turcica presented with a normal morphology in the majority of subjects (67 per cent). No significant differences in linear dimensions between genders could be found. When age was evaluated, significant differences were found between the older (15 years or more) and the younger (11-14 years) age groups at the 0.01 and 0.001 levels for length, depth, and diameter. Sella size of the older age group was larger than in the younger age group. When skeletal type was compared with sella size, a significant difference was found in the diameter of sella between the Class II and Class III subjects (P < 0.01). Larger diameter values were present in the skeletal Class III subjects, while smaller diameter sizes were apparent in Class II subjects (multiple comparison tests). When gender, age, and skeletal type were all compared with the size of the sella (regression analyses), age was significantly related to a change of length (P < 0.01) and diameter (P < 0.001). Sella shape and dimensions reported in the current study can be used as reference standards for further investigations involving the sella turcica area in Saudi subjects.

The Role of Morphometrics and Cladistics in the Taxonomy of Fossils: A Paleornithological Example

?Fossil species are often described on the basis of differences in linear dimensions among specimens. In addition, vertebrate paleontologists frequently refer individual skeletal elements to species described from different elements, based on some estimate of the relative proportions of these elements. Frequently, the variance of a particular dimension or the relative proportions among dimensions in fossil species are based on ranges and correlation structures in Recent taxa closely related to the fossil taxa. To describe a species according to size (i.e., linear distance between two landmarks), or to refer specimens to a species based on relative proportions of two or more dimensions, not only assumes that there is a historical component to morphometric data but also that population parameters in Recent species are applicable to the fossil species. In this paper, the assumption that linear dimensions of organisms reflect the evolutionary history of the species of which these organisms are a part is examined. Only those linear dimensions that reflect this history (as opposed to apomorphic dimensions reflecting drift or an adaptation) can be used in a phylogenetically based taxonomy of fossils. Methods for estimating linear dimensions and their variances in hypothesized common ancestors of Recent taxa and fossil species are described, and the variance of a dimension in a fossil species is estimated using parsimony procedures. However, calculating a size range for a fossil species is problematic because there is no theoretical basis by which the mean or any other measure of central tendency for that species can be estimated. Two methods for estimating the range for a particular dimension in a fossil species using reconstructed ancestral variances and the actual measurements of in? dividual fossil specimens are proposed. Estimates of a linear dimension in a fossil species are made using existing phylogenetic hypotheses and the results from analyses of covariance and linear regression models. These methods and the assumptions used in the taxonomy of fossils are discussed using the morphometry and phylogenetic history of Recent and fossil Sulidae (Aves: Pelecaniformes). [Analysis of covariance; cladistics; comparative methods; fossils; gen? eralized gap coding; morphometrics; parsimony; statistics; Sulidae; taxonomy.] Rohlf (1990:299) defined morphometrics as the description, analysis, and interpretation of shape and shape vari? ation in biology/7 He continued by saying that such descriptions and analyses are im? portant ingredients in systematics studies. The link between phylogeny reconstruc? tion and quantitative analyses of shape and size was forged, initially by the early pro? ponents of numerical taxonomy (e.g., So? kal and Sneath, 1963; Sneath and Sokal, 1973), where in many of these studies the quantification of shape and size was in the form of similarity matrices. The assump? tion implicit in any study that uses morphometric data (e.g., linear distances be? tween landmarks or the relative position of landmarks) to estimate phylogeny is that there is a historical component to the shape and size of organisms (see McKitrick and Zink [1988] for a brief discussion of the application of multivariate procedures in the taxonomy of subspecies). Not only are morphometric data assumed to be relevant at the population level (i.e., species7 diag? noses are often based on size and shape of holotypes), but they are also important in determining relationships among higher taxa. If history is embodied in the shape and size of organisms, this information should be retrievable, in theory, through morphometric and phylogenetic studies. The general goal of this paper is to explore the link between morphometrics and phylogenetics but not to use morphometric data to reconstruct phylogeny. Rather, the ob? jective is to explore the extent to which similarities and differences in linear di-

The in vivo Three-dimensional Form of a Plant Mycoplasma-like Organism by the Analysis of Serial Ultrathin Sections

Mycoplasma-like organisms (MLO) associated with lethal yellowing disease of coconut palms exhibited a range of different morphologies even within the same sieve element. The morphologies were revealed by graphic reconstruction from ribbons of serial ultrathin sections containing 45 sections. Five different morphotypes were recognized amongst the 120 organisms reconstructed. MLO could be saccate, erythrocyte-like, cylindrical, monili-form or filiform. The different morphotypes showed differences in linear dimensions apart from their particular morphological characteristics. Saccate MLO were generally the smallest, the maximum length being 1 μm, whilst the filiform organisms could be more than 16 μm long. The morphologies of the MLO were analogous to those now recognized as usual for Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma species in vitro during the later stages of development. Comparison of the individual profile shapes used in the reconstructions with those of MLO from other diseased plants suggest that many previous interpretations of MLO morphology may have been too simple. With the insight provided by the understanding of the relationship between profile shape and three-dimensional form, the ultrastructure of individual profiles is shown to be an important indicator of form.