Differences In Levels Of Trust Research Articles

Gender and task effects of human – machine communication on trusting a Korean intelligent virtual assistant

ABSTRACT This study investigated the impact of task types (functional vs. social) and the gendered voices (female vs. male) of Siri, an intelligent virtual assistant (IVA), on social presence and trust perceptions toward the IVA. In an online experiment involving 172 participants, individuals were randomly assigned to one of four conditions, interacting with Siri on their iPhones for various task inquiries. Results from multivariate analyses of covariances revealed significant differences in trust levels based on the type of task. Trust was found to be higher for functional tasks when assisted by Siri, compared to social tasks. However, there was no significant difference in trust based on Siri's gendered voices. Post-hoc analyses indicated significant interactions between the gender match of participants and Siri's gendered voices in two dimensions of trust. Men tended to trust the male-voiced Siri more than the female-voiced Siri, while women did not exhibit a preference for the female voice over the male voice. This study successfully replicated the task effect observed in prior research but did not replicate the gender effect. Key distinctions between the current study and previous ones include language and the participants' nationality, with this study focusing on Korean participants interacting with Korean Siri.

Trust of patients and families in mental healthcare providers and institutions: a cross-cultural study in Chennai, India, and Montreal, Canada.

Cross-cultural psychosis research has typically focused on a limited number of outcomes (generally symptom-related). It is unknown if the purported superior outcomes for psychosis in some low- and middle-income countries extend to fundamental treatment processes like trust. Addressing this gap, we studied two similar first-episode psychosis programs in Montreal, Canada, and Chennai, India. We hypothesized higher trust in healthcare institutions and providers among patients and families in Chennai at baseline and over follow-up. Upon treatment entry and at months 3, 12 and 24, trust in healthcare providers was measured using the Wake Forest Trust scale and trust in the healthcare and mental healthcare systems using two single items. Nonparametric tests were performed to compare trust levels across sites and mixed-effects linear regression models to investigate predictors of trust in healthcare providers. The study included 333 patients (Montreal = 165, Chennai = 168) and 324 family members (Montreal = 128, Chennai = 168). Across all timepoints, Chennai patients and families had higher trust in healthcare providers and the healthcare and mental healthcare systems. The effect of site on trust in healthcare providers was significant after controlling for sociodemographic characteristics known to impact trust. Patients' trust in doctors increased over follow-up. This study uniquely focuses on trust as an outcome in psychosis, via a comparative longitudinal analysis of different trust dimensions and predictors, across two geographical settings. The consistent differences in trust levels between sites may be attributable to local cultural values and institutional structures and processes and underpin cross-cultural variations in treatment engagement and outcomes.

PD32-03 ASSOCIATION BETWEEN TRUST, OUTCOMES AND RACIAL DISPARITY IN PROSTATE CANCER CARE

You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 Apr 2023PD32-03 ASSOCIATION BETWEEN TRUST, OUTCOMES AND RACIAL DISPARITY IN PROSTATE CANCER CARE Sumedha Chhatre, Joseph Gallo, Thomas Guzzo, Knashawn Morales, Neha Vapiwala, Keith Van Arsdalen, Alan Wein, S Bruce Malkowicz, and Ravishankar Jayadevappa Sumedha ChhatreSumedha Chhatre More articles by this author , Joseph GalloJoseph Gallo More articles by this author , Thomas GuzzoThomas Guzzo More articles by this author , Knashawn MoralesKnashawn Morales More articles by this author , Neha VapiwalaNeha Vapiwala More articles by this author , Keith Van ArsdalenKeith Van Arsdalen More articles by this author , Alan WeinAlan Wein More articles by this author , S Bruce MalkowiczS Bruce Malkowicz More articles by this author , and Ravishankar JayadevappaRavishankar Jayadevappa More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000003325.03AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Trust is an important aspect of healthcare and of the patient-physician relationship. Differences in levels of trust among patients may help explain variations in care seeking and use of medical services. However, these associations remain understudied. Objective is to study the association between patient-physician trust and treatment choice and outcomes among low, intermediate and high-risk, White and African American prostate cancer patients. METHODS: We used data from a multi-centered randomized controlled study among localized prostate cancer patients. Trust was measured at baseline using Patient Trust - Wake Forest Physician Trust Scale (PTWF). Outcomes were assessed at baseline, and at 3, 6, 12 and 24-month follow-up. Treatments were robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy and active surveillance. Participants were categorized into risk groups as: low risk (PSA <10 ng/ml, Gleason ≤6, clinical stage T1-2a), intermediate risk (PSA 10 -20 ng/ml, Gleason 7, clinical stage T2b), and high risk was (PSA >20, Gleason ≥8, clinical stage T2c-3a). Association between treatment type, and trust (PTWF score) and race for each risk category was assessed using multinomial logistic models. RESULTS: Of the 743 localized prostate cancer patients recruited for the study, 82% were White and 14% were African American. Retention rate was >75% during follow-up. Proportion of risk categories was: 34% low-risk, 32% intermediate-risk and 34% high-risk. Baseline trust was comparable between White and African American patients (mean=19.5, standard deviation (std)=6.1 vs. mean=20.5, std=6.8, p=0.8032). Also, baseline trust was comparable between intervention group and usual care group (mean=19.3, std=6.0 vs mean=19.8, std=6.4; p=0.397). Results of multinomial regression indicated that trust and race were not associated with treatment choice independently. CONCLUSIONS: This is one of the largest study that has assessed the relationship between trust, race and outcomes in localized prostate cancer patients. We observed that baseline trust was comparable between White and African American patients. Also, neither trust, not race was associated with treatment choice and outcomes. Thus, other factors such as patient-centered preference assessment, may be associated with treatment choice in prostate cancer patients. Source of Funding: PCORI CE-12-11-4973 © 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 209Issue Supplement 4April 2023Page: e908 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Sumedha Chhatre More articles by this author Joseph Gallo More articles by this author Thomas Guzzo More articles by this author Knashawn Morales More articles by this author Neha Vapiwala More articles by this author Keith Van Arsdalen More articles by this author Alan Wein More articles by this author S Bruce Malkowicz More articles by this author Ravishankar Jayadevappa More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Shared Nationality in Social Exchange: A Trust Vignette Experiment in the United States, South Africa, and Switzerland

Empirical research suggests that societies that are diverse as a result of international migration have lower levels of social trust, but little is known about the mechanisms underlying this relationship. The authors test one possible mechanism: that conationality increases interpersonal trust and the willingness to reciprocate trust. As part of large-scale surveys in the United States, South Africa, and Switzerland, respondents were presented with trust vignettes in which information about the nationality of the interaction partner was systematically varied. Despite overall country-level differences in levels of trust and trustworthiness, no in-group bias associated with conationality was found in these types of interactions. This suggests that the negative association between ethnic diversity and social trust cannot be explained by differences in relational trust conditional on sharing the same nationality.

Experienced processes and outcomes of driving license withdrawal due to visual field loss: A Swedish survey study of trust in authorities

Citizen perceptions of justice, regarding both processes and outcomes, are closely related to the perceived legitimacy of the authorities involved and are thus significant for trust. This study investigates how a withdrawn driving license due to visual field loss might affect trust in the authorities involved in withdrawal processes and outcomes: the health-care system, the Swedish Transport Agency, and the judicial system. The factors influencing trust were investigated as was whether the withdrawal experience had changed the trust in other authorities not involved in the withdrawal process. Also, the aetiology of the visual field loss and gender were investigated.A survey study was conducted in which 402 Swedish respondents with visual field loss and a withdrawal experience participated. Variance, regression, and content analyses were conducted. The following conceptual factors were used in understanding trust: Benevolence, Openness, Integrity, Ability, and Value Congruence.The results revealed that processes and outcomes affected the overall trust in all three authorities, although the highest trust was in the health-care system (but still low). Diagnosis, but not gender, was important for the experienced trust. Differences in levels of trust in each authority were related to the aetiology of the diagnosis. Benevolence and Ability were the trust factors most important for overall trust in the health-care system and the Swedish Transport Agency. For some respondents (46%), the negative experiences of the withdrawal had worsened their trust in other, not involved authorities, as well.

Stalin and the origins of mistrust

We examine current differences in trust levels within the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU) and trace their origins back to the system of forced labor during Stalin, which was marked by high incarceration rates and harsh punishments. We explore whether those exposed to knowledge about the repressions became less trusting and transferred this social norm to future generations and communities. We argue that political repressions were more salient and visible to local communities living near forced labor camps (gulags), which symbolized the harshness of Stalin’s regime. Combining contemporary survey data with the geolocation of forced labor camps, we find that living near former gulags lowers present-day social trust and civic engagement. These effects are independent of living near places where Stalin’s victims were arrested. Moreover, they are above and beyond any experiences with war or civil conflict that the extant literature documents, indicating that the gulag system's repressiveness is a crucial trigger of the mistrust culture within the FSU countries today. As such, we furnish novel evidence on how past political repression matters for current socioeconomic outcomes.

Are there sex differences in trust levels?

Are there sex differences in trust levels?

Political Trust and Native American Electoral Participation: An Analysis of Survey Data from Nevada and South Dakota

AbstractObjective. This research analyzes the impact of political trust on Native American electoral participation, using survey responses from roughly 1,500 Native Americans living in South Dakota and Nevada.Method. The in‐person survey taking was conducted at locations in Native communities and with the support of tribal leaders, allowing us to overcome many of the methodological issues that have hampered previous studies.Results. We found much higher levels of electoral participation in tribal elections than in non‐tribal elections. Respondents expressed high levels of distrust in nontribal government and voting methods, and this distrust has a surprisingly powerful impact on the decision to participate in nontribal elections.Conclusion. We suggest that historical trauma and ongoing discrimination are the primary causes of distrust among Native Americans and find support for this in the observed differences in levels of trust between South Dakota and Nevada.

Gender Differences In Trust, Reactions To Trust Violation, And Trust Restoration

This study examined the impact of gender on the propensity to trust, responses to the violation of trust and apologies, and the pace of subsequent trust restoration. It was hypothesized that women would respond more positively to an apology but restore their trust at a slower pace than men. Results revealed no gender differences in level of trust immediately after an apology for trust violation, but there was a significant difference in the pace of trust restoration, with women returning to their pre-violation levels of trust later than men as hypothesized. There were also significant gender differences in levels of trust before trust violation and after an apology.

Gender Differences In Trust, Reactions To Trust Violation, And Trust Restoration

This study examined the impact of gender on the propensity to trust, responses to the violation of trust and apologies, and the pace of subsequent trust restoration. It was hypothesized that women would respond more positively to an apology but restore their trust at a slower pace than men. Results revealed no gender differences in level of trust immediately after an apology for trust violation, but there was a significant difference in the pace of trust restoration, with women returning to their pre-violation levels of trust later than men as hypothesized. There were also significant gender differences in levels of trust before trust violation and after an apology.

ГЕНЕРАЛИЗОВАННОЕ (ОБОБЩЕННОЕ) ДОВЕРИЕ В РОССИЙСКИХ ПРИГРАНИЧНЫХ РЕГИОНАХ КАК ПОКАЗАТЕЛЬ СОЦИАЛЬНОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ

The article focuses on generalized trust, defining positive attitude towards others and the potential to cooperate even with unknown people, its use as a possible indicator of social safety and openness, the state of interpersonal and inter-group relations in Russian society. Drawing on the results of sociological surveys in six border regions (n = 2400), the authors fulfill a detailed comparative analysis of the three various indicators of trust (trust towards people as a whole, trust towards social environment, readiness to help others), reveal factors, explaining differences in levels of trust tailored to regional specific, attempt to build an integral index and describe general models of trust. Significant associations between separate indicators of trust were found in the analysis, they concern level of education, type of settlement, social and material position, in some regions the level of trust was related to nationality and religiousness. The results witness about heterogenous distribution of trust in different social groups and strata in border territories.

When Dishonesty Leads to Trust: Moral Judgments Biased by Self-interest are Truly Believed

Abstract Research has shown that cheating is perceived as immoral when it serves the cheater’s interests, though it can be seen as moral when it serves the interests of the perceiver. However, are such biased moral judgments real, or are they merely lip service? To answer the question of whether biased moral judgments actually inform behavior, the authors asked participants to observe a confederate who either cheated for money or did not cheat, which benefited either the confederate alone or both the confederate and the participating observer. Then, participants evaluated the confederate and, finally, played a one shot trust game with her. Cheating influenced moral judgments and decreased behavioral trust, but this only occurred when self-interest was not involved. When self-interest was involved, participants showed no significant differences in trust levels, independent of whether the confederate had cheated or not. Implications for the dual process theory in moral psychology are discussed.

Does Trust Matter for Entrepreneurship: Evidence from a Cross-Section of Countries

Differences in trust levels between countries explain the observed discrepancies in entrepreneurial spirit amongst them. We test this hypothesis with a cross-section of 60 countries in 2010. Our findings suggest that about half of the variation in entrepreneurial spirit across countries in the world is driven by trust considerations. This result is robust to regional clustering, outliers and alternative conditioning variables. The findings of the study indicate that while formal incentives to nurture entrepreneurship must be maintained, policy makers should also seek to pay attention to the role of trust cultivated through informal networks.

Experience of automation failures in training: effects on trust, automation bias, complacency and performance

This work examined the effects of operators’ exposure to various types of automation failures in training. Forty-five participants were trained for 3.5 h on a simulated process control environment. During training, participants either experienced a fully reliable, automatic fault repair facility (i.e. faults detected and correctly diagnosed), a misdiagnosis-prone one (i.e. faults detected but not correctly diagnosed) or a miss-prone one (i.e. faults not detected). One week after training, participants were tested for 3 h, experiencing two types of automation failures (misdiagnosis, miss). The results showed that automation bias was very high when operators trained on miss-prone automation encountered a failure of the diagnostic system. Operator errors resulting from automation bias were much higher when automation misdiagnosed a fault than when it missed one. Differences in trust levels that were instilled by the different training experiences disappeared during the testing session.Practitioner Summary: The experience of automation failures during training has some consequences. A greater potential for operator errors may be expected when an automatic system failed to diagnose a fault than when it failed to detect one.

The roots of trust in local government in western Europe

When people say that they trust local authorities, is it simply because they have generalized trust in national government? Or is trust in local government rooted in distinctive considerations, connected to the character of local communities and the balance of power across levels of government? We explore how trust in local and national government differs across individuals and across countries in western Europe. We find that people trust local government for different reasons than those that drive trust in national government. Cross-national differences in levels of trust in government reflect the character of national institutions. While both proportional representation systems and federal systems are power-sharing designs, each has distinctive consequences for trust. When opportunities for voice in local government are high, as in decentralized systems, people report greater trust in local government. When opportunities for voice in national government are limited, as in majoritarian systems, people report lower trust for national government and higher trust in local government.

Does source of patient recruitment affect the impact of communication on trust?

ObjectivesTo investigate how comparable outcomes of medical communication research are when using different patient accrual methods by comparing cancer patients organization members with outpatient clinic patients. MethodsIn an experimental video-vignettes study, the impact of oncologist communication on trust was tested. Background characteristics (socio-demographics, trait anxiety, health locus of control and attachment style), reported trust, and the impact of communication on trust were compared between the two groups. ResultsCancer patient organization members (n=196) were younger and higher educated than clinical patients (n=148). Members felt more personal control over their health (p<.01) but were also more anxious (p<.05). They reported lower trust in general health care (p<.05), in their own oncologist (p<.001) and in the oncologist in the videos (p<.05). The impact of oncologist communication on trust was similar for both groups. ConclusionsDespite considerable differences in trust levels, both groups appear equally affected by oncologist communication. Thus, although including cancer patient organization members may impact the generalizability of some findings, using these participants to investigate communication appears justified. Practice implicationsCancer patient organization members may regard their oncologist more critically. Research including both members and patients recruited through hospital clinics could take group membership into account as a possible confounder. Nonetheless, communicating competence, honesty and caring may benefit the relation with these patients similarly as with other patients.

Trust of Second Generation Immigrants: Intergenerational Transmission or Cultural Assimilation?

This paper studies the respective influence of intergenerational transmission and the environment in shaping individual trust. Focusing on second generation immigrants in Australia and the United States, we exploit the variation in the home and in the host country to separate the effect of the cultural background from that of the social and economic conditions on individual trust. Our results indicate that trust in the home country contributes to the trust of second generation immigrants in both host countries, but particularly so in the United States. Social and economic conditions in the host country, such as crime rate, economic inequality, race inequality and segregation by country of origin, also affect trust. Evidence for first generation immigrants confirms that the transmission of trust across generations is primarily important in the United States, and, that differences in trust levels between the two host countries increase with acculturation.

Trust of Second Generation Immigrants: Intergenerational Transmission or Cultural Assimilation?

This paper studies the respective influence of intergenerational transmission and the environment in shaping individual trust. Focusing on second generation immigrants in Australia and the United States, we exploit the variation in the home and in the host country to separate the effect of the cultural background from that of the social and economic conditions on individual trust. Our results indicate that trust in the home country contributes to the trust of second generation immigrants in both host countries, but particularly so in the United States. Social and economic conditions in the host country, such as crime rate, economic inequality, race inequality and segregation by country of origin, also affect trust. Evidence for first generation immigrants confirms that the transmission of trust across generations is primarily important in the United States, and, that differences in trust levels between the two host countries increase with acculturation.

Trust and Wellbeing

This paper presents new evidence linking trust and subjective wellbeing, based primarily on data from the Gallup World Poll and cycle 17 of the Canadian General Social Survey (GSS17). Because several of the general explanations for subjective wellbeing examined here show large and significant linkages to both household income and various measures of trust, it is possible to estimate income-equivalent compensating differentials for different types of trust. Measures of trust studied include general social trust, trust in management, trust in co-workers, trust in neighbours, and trust in police. In addition, some Canadian surveys and the Gallup World Poll ask respondents to estimate the chances that a lost wallet would be returned to them if found by different individuals, including neighbours, police and strangers. Our results reveal strong linkages between several trust measures and subjective well-being, as well as strong linkages between social trust and two major global causes of death—suicides and traffic fatalities. This suggests the value of learning more about how trust can be built and maintained, or repaired where it has been damaged. We therefore use data from the Canadian GSS17 to analyze personal and neighbourhood characteristics, including education, migration history, and mobility, that help explain differences in trust levels among individuals. Finally, by combining data from new dropped-wallet field experiments with survey answers about the expected return of a dropped wallet, we show that wallets are far more likely to be returned, even by strangers in large cities, than people expect.

Gender, Social Trust And Political Socialization In Ghanaian Education Implications for Shaping Political Beings in the Wa Municipality

The raison d’etre of this paper is to examine the effectiveness of families, religious leaders, teachers, political leaders, mass media and peer groups in the shaping boys and girls into political beings using the case of the Wa Municipality of Ghana. This was undertaken because the task of political socialization is very crucial for Ghana to consolidate its nascent democracy in the fast globalizing world. To determine the effectiveness of these agents of socialization, the degree of “social trust” of boys and girls have for these agents were examined on the assumption that the higher the trust for an agent, the more effective that agent would be, and vice versa. Self-administered questionnaires were utilized to generate the empirical data, which was analyzed using the chi-square and standardized residuals non-parametric statistical techniques. Findings reveal generally high distrust for agents and statistically significant gender asymmetries in “social trust” for the agents of socialization. There were also significant gender differences in levels of trust for the adolescent girls and boys who participated in the study. The boys showed more distrust (31%) than girls (29.3) while the girls showed more social trust (21%) than boys 18.7%). The differences were traced to differentiated socialization into gendered roles and their attendant responsibilities and expectations. The implication is that, due to distrust among the populace, the agents are ineffective in molding democratic personalities out of Ghanaian boys and girls. This is more true for political leaders and the media of all the agents! The Government is advised to primarily take political socialization seriously, encourage the agents to attract the necessary trust and be guided to understand, discharge their roles appropriately. Finally, the content and method of civic and political education in Ghana must be periodically revisited to reflect core Ghanaian values even in this era of globalization.