Differences In Levels Of Depression Research Articles

Depresi Pada Mahasiswa Keperawatan

Background: Depression is a very important component in the implementation of education and student development, because it can increase productivity and success in the academic and training activities they undergo. To determine the appropriate intervention to reduce student depression, empirical evidence is needed about the level of depression at each level of students in the Diploma III Nursing Program. Purpose: To identify differences in depression in Diploma III students suffering from each level. Methods: This research has an analytical survey design using a comparative approach. The number of samples in this study was 642 respondents. The questionnaire used was the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Results: The results of this study show that there is a significant difference in average depression between levels in Diploma III Nursing Polytechnic Health students with the results of the Kruskall Wallis test p-value: 0.02 (p<0.05). Conclusion: There are differences in levels of depression in level I, II and III nursing students.

Investigating the Influence of Antidiabetic Medications and Psychosocial Factors.

The relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and depression presents a significant area of medical concern, characterized by a higher incidence of depression among T2DM patients compared to the general population. This connection is not only evidenced in the prevalence of depressive symptoms in diabetic patients but also in the way these symptoms impact diabetes management. Furthermore, the influence of antidiabetic medications, especially sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, on depression risk is a topic of ongoing research, with contrasting findings regarding the effects of drugs like metformin and pioglitazone. The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between T2DM and depression, focusing on the prevalence of depressive symptoms among diabetic patients, and the role of antidiabetic medications in modulating depression risk. Methods Utilizing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), we focused on individuals with T2DM. Depression status was assessed using the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), a validated tool for evaluating depressive symptoms. Participants' depression status was categorized based on PHQ-9 composite scores. The analysis included demographic variables and the use of antidiabetic medications, with a focus on SGLT2 inhibitors. Logistic regression models adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, and BMI were employed. Results Our study involved 23,575 participants, of which 7,862 had T2DM. A significant difference in age and BMI was observed between diabetic and non-diabetic groups. Logistic regression analysis indicated that non-diabetic individuals had a significantly lower likelihood of depression compared to diabetic patients not on SGLT2 inhibitors. However, no statistically significant difference in depression levels was found between diabetic patients on SGLT2 inhibitors and those not on these medications. Conclusion These findings highlight the complex relationship between diabetes, antidiabetic medication, and depression. Notably, we found no significant impact of SGLT2 inhibitors on depression in diabetic patients, challenging previous assumptions about the role of specific antidiabetic drugs in mental health. We also revealed that older diabetic individuals reported fewer depressive symptoms, suggesting the influence of psychosocial factors and the need for age-specific depression management strategies. This research underscores the necessity of further studies to explore the nuanced effects of different antidiabetic medications on mental health outcomes, guiding toward more personalized treatment approaches for the mental health challenges in T2DM.

Cognitive flexibility and depression: The moderator roles of humor styles

Humor style, which involves both adaptive and maladaptive forms, refers to the ways people use humor in daily life. Maladaptive humor styles (self-defeating and aggressive) can be risk factors for various mental disorders, including depression and anxiety. In contrast, adaptive humor styles (affiliative and self-enhancing) are perceived as resilience factors and buffer the negative impact of other risk factors. Cognitive flexibility reflects a capacity to come up with alternative interpretations and resolutions to demanding situations while perceiving them as controllable. Although the connection of high cognitive flexibility with low depression levels has been consistently documented, its interaction with trait-like factors received limited attention. The current study aims to explore the moderator role of humor styles in the association of cognitive flexibility with depression. Data were gathered from 436 (320 women) participants aged 18 and 70 (M = 35.4, SD = 9.18) through scales assessing humor styles, cognitive flexibility, and depression. The results revealed that the interaction of affiliative humor style with cognitive flexibility was significantly linked to the individual differences in depression levels, highlighting that affiliative humor is functional if individuals have difficulty approaching problematic situations from different angles. However, a similar pattern was not observed for other humor styles.

Effectiveness of “Mom Supports Mom” Peer Support Intervention in Reducing Prenatal Anxiety and Psychosocial Stress Levels

IntroductionThe prenatal period poses a risk of both onset and relapse of mental health difficulties. Anxiety and depressive symptoms are the most common, with a prevalence of 10-20%. Untreated mental health difficulties can have serious consequences for the child’s development, the quality of the mother-child relationship, and the whole family system. Peer support can be an effective form of care for women at risk.ObjectivesThe aim of the study is to examine the effectivness of remote “Mom Supports Mom” peer support intervention in reducing prenatal anxiety, depression and psychosocial stress levels.Methods A randomized controlled trial was conducted. The Edinburg Postnatal Depression scale (EPDS) was used to assess the risk of mental health difficulties in pregnant women. Women with EPDS score ≥ 10 were randomized 1:1 to control and intervention groups. The intervention group received the “Mom Supports Mom” peer support intervention. The control group received care as usual. Between group-differences in anxiety, depression and psychosocial stress levels were measured one month after the enrollment/the start of the intervention. The Perinatal Anxiety Screening Scale (PASS), the Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), and the Prenatal Psychosocial Profile (PPP) were used to assess the mental health difficulties.Results The study involved a total of 67 participants in the intervention group, and 77 participants in the control group. Levels of anxiety (U = 2016, P < 0.05) and psychosocial stress (U = 1862, P = 0.001) were significantly decreased in the intervention group, showing a medium effect size of the intervention (Cliff’s delta= -0.218 and -0.317, respectively). There was no significant difference in depression levels (U = 2288.5, P = 0.243; Cliff’s delta = -0.113); see Table 1. Table 1Between group differences in study outcomes (n=144) Measuring instruments Intervention group (n=67) Median (IQR)Intervention group 95% Confidence Interval Control group (n=77) Median (IQR) Control group 95% Confidence Interval U value / t valuep-value EPDS (pre)13 (4)12.513.913 (4)12.814.22429.50.545PASS (pre)36 (17)32.038.036 (15)34.039.50.8460.399PPP (pre)18 (4)17.820.317 (6)16.918.82282.50.233EPDS (dif )-6 (6)-6.7-4.1-5 (6)-5.4-3.02288.50.243PASS (dif )-7 (11)-12.3-6.8-5 (13)-7.3-2.420160.024PPP (dif )-2 (4)-4.0-1.60 (4)-1.20.518620.001EPDS = Edinburg Postnatal Depression ScalePASS = Perinatal Anxiety Screening ScalePPP = Prenatal Psychosocial Profilepre = administered at baselinedif = administered post-intervention IQR = interquartile rangeConclusionsThe remote “Mom Supports Mom” peer support intervention can be effective in reducing anxiety and psychosocial stress levels in at-risk pregnant women. Nevertheless, it didn’t show effectivness in reducing depression levels.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Clinical features, anxiety and depression among patients with irritable bowel syndrome with constipation and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis with hypothyroidism

Clinical features, anxiety and depression among patients with irritable bowel syndrome with constipation and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis with hypothyroidism

The Level of Depression in Third Trimester Pregnancy, With and Without Anemia

Anemia is a health problem worldwide, especially in pregnancy, as it can cause depression. Antenatal depression can cause impaired fetal growth and development, bleeding and abortion, prematurity, low birth weight babies, and postpartum depression. This research aims to determine the difference in levels of depression between anemia and non-anemia in the third trimester of pregnancy. It is an observational study with a cross-sectional design. The samples were 75 last-trimester pregnant women who did antenatal care in Diponegoro National and Amino Gondohutomo Hospital, and also Halmahera and Ngesrep Health Center in Semarang and willling to be respondents selected using a purposive sampling method. Data collection used a validated Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) questionnaire with a Content Validity Index (CVI) of 1.00 and a reliability of 0.706. Mann Whitney and Kruskal Wallis were utilized to analyze data. There were 38 respondents with anemia and 37 respondents without anemia. The 12 respondents (31.6%) with anemia had a risk of depression, and 13 respondents (35.1%) without anemia had a risk of depression. There was no significant difference in the level of depression in the third trimester of pregnancy with and without anemia (P0,05).

The Effect of Exercise Volume on Depressive-Related Behaviors and Levels of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Serum Testosterone Levels

Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of training volume on depression-related behaviors and serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and testosterone in mice. Male NMRI mice, approximately 80 days old and weighing 20 to 23 grams, were used in this study. Methods and Materials: They were kept under a 12-hour light/12-hour dark cycle at a temperature of 23±1°C, with adequate food and water provided. The male NMRI mice, approximately 80 days old and weighing 20 to 23 grams, were kept under a 12-hour light/12-hour dark cycle at a temperature of 23±1°C, with adequate food and water provided. From 90 days old to 118 days old, the animals underwent swimming exercise for 4 weeks. They were divided into two groups: long-term training volume and short-term training volume. The short-term swimming group included one session of short-term training, while the long-term group included three sessions of long-term training with 10-minute swimming periods and 15-minute rest intervals between each session. The water depth and swimming duration gradually increased from 5 to 15 centimeters (second to fourth week) and from 20 (second to third week) to 30 (fourth week) minutes per day. The non-exercised animals were placed in a round tank without water for a duration similar to that of the exercised animals. Results: The results showed a significant difference in immobility duration between the control group and the two training groups, as well as between the two training groups (P ≤ 0.05). There was also a significant difference in depression levels between the two training groups and between the long-term training group and the control group (P ≤ 0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the short-term training group and the control group (P ≥ 0.05). Post hoc test results indicated a significant difference in BDNF levels between the control group and the long-term training group (P ≤ 0.05). Furthermore, there was a significant difference in testosterone levels between the control group and both the short-term and long-term training groups (P ≤ 0.05), but no difference between the two training groups (P ≥ 0.05). Conclusion: Based on the overall results of the study, different training volumes have varying effects on depression and BDNF levels, with long-term training producing greater effects.

LONGITUDINAL CHANGES IN WELL-BEING ASSOCIATED WITH AGING ATTITUDE, COGNITIVE STATUS, AND WIDOWHOOD TRANSITION

Abstract This symposium brings together four studies that employ national data collected from older Americans to examine longitudinal changes in older adults’ cognitive, social, and psychological health. The first study focuses on the role of self-perception of aging in memory decline and social mechanisms linking aging perception and memory. It found that negative perceptions of aging predicted memory decline 8 years later and that loneliness and social isolation were pathways. The second study is concerned with neuropsychological changes before the onset of dementia. Using latent growth modeling, it found that the trajectory of depression increased over time in a quadratic fashion before the onset of incident dementia. Further, there were racial/ethnic group differences in levels of depression. Using fixed-effect linear regression, the third study reports that changes in cognitive status were associated with changes in social isolation in older adults. Specifically, it found that transitioning from cognitive intact to cognitive impairment status was associated with increased social isolation. The fourth and final paper examines changes in psychological well-being related to the transition to widowhood. It found that during the year right after the spouse died, older adults experienced increased depressive symptoms and reduced positive well-being. But adaptation is evident—the surviving spouse returned to pre-loss levels of psychological well-being around two years after the death. Together, the four studies show that attitude, cognitive status, and life course transition shape the dynamics of cognitive, social, and psychological health in later life.

A feasibility study of a 6‐week online technology‐assisted compassion training (T‐ACTS) to improve mental health in older adults living in the UK during the COVID‐19 pandemic

AbstractBackgroundThe COVID‐19 pandemic led to serious health implications for older adults who may have already significant comorbidities. In addition to the risk related to COVID‐19, self‐isolation and limited social contact may have led to psychosocial impacts, such as increased boredom, frustration, depression and anxiety. These stressors may have had increased effects on other key health outcomes, including worse general well‐being, and diminished quality of life. Therefore, finding techniques to boost older adults’ ability to manage these stressors is vital for better planning of unsettled events of similar nature.MethodA feasibility study assessing a 6‐week online technology assisted compassion training (T‐ACTS) for older adults (Age 60+ without a diagnosis of dementia, access to internet) living in the UK during the COVID‐19 pandemic. T‐ACTS builds on the Raise Your Resilience intervention by Treichler et al., (2020) [1] with weekly one‐to‐one online sessions by research therapists on empathy, self‐compassion, social connections, acts of kindness, gratitude, self‐efficacy, and positive ageing. Key activities included relaxation, gratitude journaling, and positive social engagement. The data reported on feasibility, demographics and mental health using the Patient Health Questionnaire at pre‐ and post‐intervention. McNemar test reported the difference in depression pre‐and post‐intervention.ResultForty‐seven participants gave consent, 35 participants entered the intervention, 25 participants (100% Caucasians, 64% females with age 76/5.74 mean/SD) completed the 6 week intervention; and 10 participants withdrew at different timepoints. Reasons for withdrawals included eligibility (1), IT difficulties (1), intervention content (1), engagement (5) and availability (2). There was a significant difference in levels of depression; pre and post intervention (p = 0.014). Around 70% of the participants found the programme enjoyful very‐much so; 30% some‐what enjoyful. Forty‐three percent found the intervention very‐much useful for setting personal goals, with 57% some‐what useful. Activities that were useful included relaxation exercises, gratitude journaling and acts of kindness.ConclusionThe T‐ACTS intervention demonstrates feasibility of pragmatic online interventions to improve mental health in older adults, suggesting high potential for further evaluation in a larger sample and implementation for older adults. Future studies are warranted for assessing benefits to other key health outcomes such anxiety and general wellbeing.

Mental health of older parents with migrant adult-children in Europe

Abstract Background As migration patterns continue to shift across Europe, an increasing number of older parents are experiencing the departure of their adult children. This phenomenon has been linked to higher levels of stress, isolation, and loneliness among left-behind parents, which may lead to poor mental and physical health. This study aimed to investigate whether adult children's outmigration is associated with the mental health of older parents in different regions of Europe. Methods The Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) Wave 8 was used to investigate the impact of adult child migration on depression of older parents in four European regions: Western, Northern, Southern, and Central and Eastern Europe. Results A total study sample was 23,185 older parents composed of Western (5,458), Central and Eastern (10,397), Southern (4,063), and Scandinavian (3,267) Europe. Preliminary results showed that there was a regional difference in the health effects of adult children outmigration in Europe. From the bivariate analysis, older parents in Central and Eastern (F = 4.756, p = 0.003) and Southern (F = 4.675, p = 0.003) regions showed significant differences according to their adult children's migration status while Western and Northern Europe regions did not show the difference in depression levels. According to a multiple regression model, compared to those having no migrant child or all children lives within 500km, those in Central and Eastern Europe region with all (p < 0.001, β = 0.423) or some (p < 0.001, β = 0.309) of adult children were over 500km away were statistically more depressed even after considering extensive other factors. Conclusions The outmigration of adult children can profoundly affect the mental health of older parents left-behind in Central and Eastern Europe, emphasizing the need to recognize left-behind parents as a vulnerable population at risk for developing mental health issues.

Psychosexual care could protect and promote sexual well-being in women undergoing infertility treatment: A randomised controlled trial

ABSTRACT This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of psychosexual care using the conceptual framework of the Salutogenic Model in promoting sexual well-being in women undergoing infertility treatment. This was a two-armed parallel randomised controlled trial which conducted with seventy primary infertility women undergoing infertility treatment assigned to receive either psychosexual care (intervention group, n = 35) or routine care (control group, n = 35). The effects of psychosexual care were estimated by the t-test with the intention-to-treat principle. Sexual function was improved in the intervention group and significantly reduced in the control group. Sexual satisfaction was preserved in the intervention group and significantly reduced in the control group. Sexual esteem and self-efficacy significantly improved in women after psychosexual care compared with routine care. Although depression levels were improved in the intervention group, the difference in depression levels was not statistically significant between the intervention and the control groups. However, sense of coherence was significantly improved in the intervention group compared with the control group. Psychosexual care protected and promoted sexual well-being in women undergoing infertility treatment. Application of the health-oriented Salutogenesis Model may be useful to develop care interventions that enable women to reach a state of sexual well-being.

Depression in Indonesian Adults with Diabetes Mellitus: A Descriptive Study from The Population-Based Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS)

Background: Indonesia is included in the top ten countries worldwide with the highest prevalence of diabetes cases. Diabetes is a persistent condition that cannot be fully treated and can cause complications, amputations, and mortality. Living with diabetes is associated with negative emotions, including depression. Study aims: The primary objective of this research is to detect depression among individuals with diabetes mellitus in Indonesia. Method: Data from the 2014 Indonesia Family Life Survey were used in this study. Adults with diabetes mellitus were included in this research, with complete socio-demographic and depression scale data. The 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale was used to measure depression symptoms. The data underwent analysis through descriptive analysis, independent sample t-test, and ANOVA. The Result: The research included 566 adults with diabetes mellitus, and 114 (20.1%) of them displayed symptoms of depression. The average age of the subjects was 51.97 years, and the average duration of diabetes was 4.17 years, with 309 (54.6%) of them being female. There were no differences in depression levels between gender (t=0.891, p> 0.05) or in the length of time since diagnosis (t= 1.023, p> 0.05). In contrast, there were age group differences (F = 4.950, p < 0.01); these differences were between early adult groups with middle and late adult group, but not between middle and late adults. Conclusion: Diabetes mellitus patients frequently experience depression. It is crucial to give equal importance to managing both conditions simultaneously to enhance the overall well-being and health outcomes of these patients.

EFFECTIVENESS OF GROUP REMINISCENCE THERAPY ON DEPRESSION AMONG THE INSTITUTIONALIZED ELDERLY AT CHESHIRE OLD AGE HOME, LUCKNOW

The inevitable process of growing older is accompanied by a number of social, psychological, hormonal, and physical changes. The quality of life for the elderly is impacted by these changes. People experience mental distress as they become older due to social maladjustment as a result, they may go through a phase of depressive illness, which can develop into a multisystem disorder. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to assess the level of depression among the institutionalized elderly, to evaluate the effectiveness of group reminiscence therapy on depression among the institutionalized elderly and to find out the association between the selected demographic variables and the level of depression. Methods: The pre-experimental research design was employed by the researcher. Purposive sampling was used to conduct the study among 30 elderly residents of Lucknows Cheshire Old Age Home. In order to evaluate the degree of cognition, the data was obtained using the standardized Hindi version of the Mini-Mental Status Examination given by Tiwari, Tripathi, and Kumar.Yesavage, J. A., Brink, T. L., Rose, T. L., Lum, O., Huang, V., Adey, M., and Leirer, V. O. 30-point Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) was used to assess the level of severity of depression. Group Reminiscence Therapy was provided for eight consecutive days, with sessions lasting 45 minutes each. Result: According to the findings of the study, group reminiscence therapy significantly reduced the level of depression among elderly people. The mean difference in depression levels between pre-test and post-test among the elderly was 5.430. The paired t-test value (11.023) was found to be significant (p=0.001). Depression and financial support were shown to be significantly associated (p 0.001). Overall, group reminiscence therapy significantly reduced depression in elderly residents of old age home.

Smartphone Addiction, Anxiety Symptoms and Depression among Young Adults

Although a smartphone has proven to be a very useful tool, its obsessive usage can harm relationships, anxiety, and depression. This study amid to investigate the relationship between smartphone addiction, depression, and anxiety symptoms among young adults. The sample of the study consisting of (240) Jordanian young adults who randomly select from the universities in Jordan. The scales self-evaluation anxiety, PHQ-8, and smartphone addiction where use to gather the data. Finally, the results of the study revealed that the level of smartphone addiction was the highest, and the lowest level was depression. Moreover, the results showed a strong positive correlation between smartphone addiction, anxiety, and depression among the participants. Finally, no statistically significant difference in levels of depression, smartphone addiction, or anxiety between the participants based on their gender was found.

A Comparative Study on Assessment of Depression in Cardiovascular Disease Patients

Aim: To assess depression level in cardiovascular disease patients and compare it with the individual without cardiovascular disease. Methods: A comparative study was conducted to assess the level of depression in cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients. The sample size was 200 (100 CVD patients and 100 non-CVD participants) with a random sampling technique. The Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-42) was used to assess the level of depression of the study participants. Results: Cardiovascular disease patients recorded significantly higher depression levels than the control group (without CVD). The impact of demographic variables such as gender, age, education and socioeconomic also revealed significant differences in depression level among them. Both, females and elderly CVD patients reported higher depression scores on DASS-42. Depressive level was also higher in CVD patients who had lower levels of education and socioeconomic status. Conclusion: The results of the study revealed that depression is a psychological risk factor and CVD patients. Females, less educated, elderly and with low socioeconomic status CVD patients were more affected. Understanding the complex relationship between mental health issues like depression and cardiovascular disease and impact of gender, education, age and socioeconomic status socioeconomic status has not been researched extensively. Further studies are needed to understand the complexity of these interrelationships Keywords: Depression, Cardiovascular disease, Gender, Age, Education and Socioeconomic status.

A Comparison of Mental Well-being among Female Undergraduates in Sri Lanka based on Relationship Status

The prevalence of depression, stress, and anxiety symptoms among Sri Lankan undergraduates has increased over the years, especially among females. However, there is limited research on the impact of romantic relationships on these symptoms as well as their quality of life. This study aims to compare the difference in levels of depression, anxiety, stress, and quality of life of female Sri Lankan undergraduates based on their relationship status. A random sample of 295 female undergraduates (18-29 years) purposively selected from Sri Lankan universities, which consist of 152 having no relationship (‘single’) and 143 having romantic relationship (‘relationship’) was taken for this study. An online survey that included a demographic questionnaire, the Sinhala translated version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21), and the World Health Organization Quality of Life – BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) was utilized to obtain the necessary information. Results showed that there is a strong positive multicollinearity among depression, anxiety, and stress in female undergraduates. There are no significant differences in the mean score of anxiety and stress between the two groups even at the 10% level, but the mean score of depression of the single group (13.16) is significantly higher than that of the relationship group (10.74) at 10% level. Positive significant correlations were also found among six pairs within the four variables: physical, psychological, social relationships and environment in QoL among female undergraduates irrespective of the type of groups. The mean score for social relationship in ‘relationship’ group (63.69) is significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of ‘single’ group (50.05). This study reveals the intricate nature of relationships and mental health and highlights the need for investigations that consider different cultures.

코로나-19 발생 이후 일상생활활동 변화와 인지된 사회적 지지가 지역사회 노인의 우울에 미치는 영향*

This study investigated the influence of changes in daily living activities and perceived social support on depression among community-dwelling older adults. The present research is the secondary analysis study based on a cross-sectional 2020 Community Health Survey. The sample consisted of older adults (n=50,256) aged 65 years or older. The differences in level of depression and relationship of changes in daily living activities during COVID-19 pandemic and perceived social support with depression in elderly were assessed using independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, chi-square test, and binary logistic regression analysis. The main findings were that the decrease in indoor and outdoor physical activities (OR=1.31, 95% CI=1.17-1.46), reduced sleep time (OR=2.29, 95% CI=1.97-2.66), increased sleep time (OR=1.37, 95% CI=1.13-1.66), and absence of perceived social support (OR=1.60, 95% CI=1.23-2.08) were significantly associated with depression in elderly. Given the potential outbreak of another infectious disease in the near future, the findings of this study highlight the interest in mental well-being and need for prevention and intervention services for depression, especially in community-dwelling elderly.

A Combined Effect of Polygenic Scores and Environmental Factors on Individual Differences in Depression Level.

The risk of depression could be evaluated through its multifactorial nature using the polygenic score (PGS) approach. Assuming a "clinical continuum" hypothesis of mental diseases, a preliminary assessment of individuals with elevated risk for developing depression in a non-clinical group is of high relevance. In turn, epidemiological studies suggest including social/lifestyle factors together with PGS to address the "missing heritability" problem. We designed regression models, which included PGS using 27 SNPs and social/lifestyle factors to explain individual differences in depression levels in high-education students from the Volga-Ural region (VUR) of Eurasia. Since issues related to population stratification in PGS scores may lead to imprecise variant effect estimates, we aimed to examine a sensitivity of PGS calculated on summary statistics of depression and neuroticism GWAS from Western Europeans to assess individual proneness to depression levels in the examined sample of Eastern Europeans. A depression score was assessed using the revised version of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) in 1065 young adults (age 18-25 years, 79% women, Eastern European ancestry). The models based on weighted PGS demonstrated higher sensitivity to evaluate depression level in the full dataset, explaining up to 2.4% of the variance (p = 3.42 × 10-7); the addition of social parameters enhanced the strength of the model (adjusted r2 = 15%, p < 2.2 × 10-16). A higher effect was observed in models based on weighted PGS in the women group, explaining up to 3.9% (p = 6.03 × 10-9) of variance in depression level assuming a combined SNPs effect and 17% (p < 2.2 × 10-16)-with the addition of social factors in the model. We failed to estimate BDI-measured depression based on summary statistics from Western Europeans GWAS of clinical depression. Although regression models based on PGS from neuroticism (depression-related trait) GWAS in Europeans were associated with a depression level in our sample (adjusted r2 = 0.43%, p = 0.019-for unweighted model), the effect was mainly attributed to the inclusion of social/lifestyle factors as predictors in these models (adjusted r2 = 15%, p < 2.2 × 10-16-for unweighted model). In conclusion, constructed PGS models contribute to a proportion of interindividual variability in BDI-measured depression in high-education students, especially women, from the VUR of Eurasia. External factors, including the specificity of rearing in childhood, used as predictors, improve the predictive ability of these models. Implementation of ethnicity-specific effect estimates in such modeling is important for individual risk assessment.

Effectiveness of Compassion-Based Acceptance Therapy and Schema Therapy on Intimate Partner Violence Victims' Psychological Health.

The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of group Compassion-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and group Schema Therapy on depression, stress, psychological well-being, and resiliency in female intimate partner violence (IPV) victims in Iran. For this purpose, a sample of 60 women who reported ongoing experiences of IPV were selected. Out of these 60 women, 20 were randomly assigned to the ACT treatment group, 20 to the Schema Therapy group, and 20 to the no-treatment control group. Five participants withdrew from each group. For both the ACT and Schema groups, depression and stress decreased, and overall well-being and resiliency scores significantly increased between pre-test and post-test, and there was not a significant difference in depression levels between post-test and the follow-up for either group. For the control group, depression and resiliency scores did not significantly change between pre-test and post-test or between the post-test and follow-up. Stress scores significantly decreased between pre-test and post-test, but stress scores significantly increased between the post-test and the follow-up. Well-being scores significantly increased between pre-test and post-test and did not significantly change between post-test and follow-up. One-way analyses of variance examining change scores of depression, stress, overall well-being, and resiliency between the pre-test and the follow-up found that the ACT and Schema group's depression and stress levels lowered, and resiliency levels increased significantly more than the control group. There was no significant difference in depression and resiliency change score for the ACT and Schema group. The ACT group's overall well-being increased significantly more than the control group.

Evaluation of Inflammatory Markers in Patients with Depressed Episodes in Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder before and after Treatment.

Depression is one of the current dilemmas in both developed and developing societies. Studies show that the severity of psychiatric symptoms is directly related to the degree of inflammation caused by cytokines secreted by the immune system. Hence, evaluating serum cytokine levels in patients with depression can help to understand the pathogenesis of the disease and make the best therapeutic decisions. The present study investigated the levels of inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in patients with major depression or bipolar disorder during depressive episodes (BDDE) before and after a 6-month pharmaceutical intervention. Patients referring to 3 clinics were recruited for the study. The diagnosis of major depression or bipolar disorder in a depressive phase was made according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders -5(DSM-5) criteria. There was a significant difference in depression levels between the pre-intervention and 6-month follow-up in both groups. After 6 months, IL-1 and IL-6 levels in the bipolar disorder group had decreased while TNF-α levels had increased. There was also a significant difference between pre-intervention and follow-up levels of IL-1. Serum levels of IL-1 and IL-6 decreased significantly in both groups after the 6-month follow-up, and symptom improvement was observed. TNF-α levels, on the other hand, decreased in the major depression group but increased in the bipolar disorder group. Considering that inflammation is a major outcome of depression, treatment strategies to reduce inflammation could be a practical approach to improving psychiatric symptoms.