Differences In Intrinsic Characteristics Research Articles

Electrification and hydrogenation on a PV-battery-hydrogen energy flexible community for carbon–neutral transformation with transient aging and collaboration operation

Considering the distinct differences in intrinsic characteristics (e.g., energy efficiency, power density, and response time), the synergy operation of combined hydrogen (H2) and battery systems within the source-grid-load-storage framework offers a promising solution to stabilize intermittent renewable energy supply, mitigate grid power fluctuations, and enhance system independence. However, the idling power of the H2 system (fuel cell and electrolyzer) poses significant limitations on H2 charging/discharging from intermittent renewable power sources, thereby affecting overall system performance. However, the current literature provides little progress on how to effectively self-consume onsite renewable energy and supply the electricity demand with high energy/power density in a fast response. To address these challenges, this study proposes and applies the H2-battery compensation operation in the hybrid H2-battery energy storage system to mitigate the adverse effects of idling power during low-carbon transformations. Additionally, transient degradation models for the battery and fuel cell (FC) are integrated into the system to dynamically quantify real-time aging, thereby avoiding performance overestimation. Moreover, the study also includes a comparative analysis of the pre-estimation on the H2 tank pressure level, and a parametrical analysis of the HV number and battery capacity. Results show that, compared to the isolated H2 energy storage system, the H2-battery synergy operation reduces the grid demand shortage coverage ratio from 91.01% to 57.8%. Furthermore, the proposed H2-battery compensation operation effectively overcomes the limitations of idling power during power charging/discharging of the H2 system, resulting in an increase of H2 demand shortage coverage ratio from 8.9% to 17.29%, and the decrease in battery degradation ratio from 1.73% to 1.65%. Afterward, a novel indicator, degradation cost per kWh energy, is proposed to quantify the techno-economic performance of the combined battery and H2 system. According to the results, the techno-economic feasibility is dependent on the proportion of battery and H2 capacities, with the FC ranging from 0.49 to 1.15 CNY/kWh and the battery ranging from 0.82 to 0.91 CNY/kWh. The research results provide valuable frontier guidelines for the design and operation of multi-energy systems, as well as innovative energy-sharing strategies, to achieve sustainable and carbon–neutral transformation.

Study of glass laminate configurations on ballistic resistance of novel lightweight sapphire transparent laminated structures

The transparent ceramic laminated structures are comprising of transparent ceramic, glass and PC laminates joined with the polymeric interlayer. Thickness and configuration of the intermediate layer, i.e. the glass layers, play a vital role in the dwell time of projectile and wave propagation response and optical properties of transparent laminates. In present study, ballistic tests are performed to investigate effects of glass configuration structure, e.g., the thickness of sode-lime glasses, the differences in intrinsic characteristics between the sode-lime glass and the borosilicate glass as well as the thickness of the first backing layer of borosilicate glass on ballistic resistance of the transparent sapphire laminated structures. For further clarify the ballistic resistance mechanism, penetration process and response of two transparent laminated structures with three or two borosilicate glass layers were incorporated in the numerical model, respectively, and analyzed using ABAQUS. As revealed by ballistic and optical tests, a novel lightened transparent sapphire laminated structure against 12.7 mm armor-piercing incendiary (API) with integration of good optical properties was fabricated, demonstrating the widely potential application in defense equipment. It was found that the sapphire/sode-lime glass/PC laminated structure exhibits better ballistic resistance than that of the sapphire/borosilicate glass/PC laminated structure. For two targets with equal thickness of glass layers, the thicker of the first backing glass exhibits higher ballistic resistance.

Two interpretations of the rational choice theory and the relevance of behavioral critique

I compare two interpretations of the rational choice theory: decision-theoretic and price-theoretic. The former takes the assumption of utility maximization as a literal description of a decision procedure. The latter considers it as a modeling device used to explain changes/variability of behavior on an aggregate level. According to the price-theoretic interpretation, these changes/variability are explained by constraints (“prices”) rather than differences in intrinsic characteristics between human populations (“tastes”). While the decision-theoretic interpretation of rationality represents a possible foundation of the price-theoretic interpretation of rationality, I argue that it is not its only possible foundation. I then show that critiques raised by behavioral economics apply to the decision-theoretic interpretation and much less so to the price-theoretic one. From the perspective of the price theory, behavioral and rational choice models are predominantly complementary. Price-theoretic interpretation helps to explain why the rational choice theory continues to play an important role in economics, even after the behavioral revolution. JEL codes: D01, D03, B41, A10

P.1.a.005 Aggression /hostility shows a stronger association with the 5-HTTLPR in depressed patients: a possible common pathway for suicidality?

The neuregulins (NRGs) are cell-cell signaling proteins that are ligands for receptor tyrosine kinases of the ErbB family. The neuregulin family of genes has four members: NRG1, NRG2, NRG3, and NRG4. Relatively little is known about the biological functions of the NRG2, 3, and 4 proteins, and they are considered in this review only briefly. The NRG1 proteins play essential roles in the nervous system, heart, and breast. There is also evidence for involvement of NRG signaling in the development and function of several other organ systems, and in human disease, including the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and breast cancer. There are many NRG1 isoforms, raising the question “Why so many neuregulins?” Study of mice with targeted mutations (“knockout mice”) has demonstrated that isoforms differing in their N-terminal region or in their epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domain differ in their in vivo functions. These differences in function might arise because of differences in expression pattern or might reflect differences in intrinsic biological characteristics. While differences in expression pattern certainly contribute to the observed differences in in vivo functions, there are also marked differences in intrinsic characteristics that may tailor isoforms for specific signaling requirements, a theme that will be emphasized in this review.

Neuregulins: functions, forms, and signaling strategies

The neuregulins (NRGs) are cell-cell signaling proteins that are ligands for receptor tyrosine kinases of the ErbB family. The neuregulin family of genes has four members: NRG1, NRG2, NRG3, and NRG4. Relatively little is known about the biological functions of the NRG2, 3, and 4 proteins, and they are considered in this review only briefly. The NRG1 proteins play essential roles in the nervous system, heart, and breast. There is also evidence for involvement of NRG signaling in the development and function of several other organ systems, and in human disease, including the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and breast cancer. There are many NRG1 isoforms, raising the question “Why so many neuregulins?” Study of mice with targeted mutations (“knockout mice”) has demonstrated that isoforms differing in their N-terminal region or in their epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domain differ in their in vivo functions. These differences in function might arise because of differences in expression pattern or might reflect differences in intrinsic biological characteristics. While differences in expression pattern certainly contribute to the observed differences in in vivo functions, there are also marked differences in intrinsic characteristics that may tailor isoforms for specific signaling requirements, a theme that will be emphasized in this review.