Differences In Incubation Time Research Articles

Adaptation of the technique of determination of mitochondrial membrane potential change in C2C12 cells using the ready set “Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Kit” (Sigma-Aldrich)

Background. We used the “Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Kit” (Sigma-Aldrich) to detected MMP but encountered difficulties by applied this kit because in manual there not JC-10 concentration and it not allowing for account cell type, size, density, differences in incubation time for different cell cultures. Objective. Adaptation of the method for determining MMP (mitochondrial membrane potential) in C2C12 cells using in microplate reader and electron microscope. Design and methods. MMP in C2C12 cells was measured by two way, using fluorescence microscopy (Zeiss, Zen program) and using a plate fluorimeter (CLARIOstar (BMG LABTECH). JC-10 and TMRE dyes (Sigma-Aldrich) were used as fluorescent probes. Results. Optimal conditions for detection changes in mitochondrial membrane potential in C2C12 cells were selected. 100- fold dilution of the dye JC-10 (Dye Loading Solution) and replacement of the manufactured buffer to PBS led to repeatability and reproducibility results. Conclusion. When using ready-made kits for measuring MMP, the method proposed by the manufacturer may not be suitable for the selected cell line. In our study to mouse myoblasts of the C2C12 line, a dilution of the dye for loading was required 100 times compared to that recommended by the manufacturer.

Effect of Different Incubation Time on Goat's Milk Dadih on Thorny Bamboo (Bambusa stenostachya Hackel)

The purpose of this study was to determine the quality of dadih with bamboo in Taiwan, namely Thorny bamboo (Bambusa stenostachya Hackel) with different incubation times. The materials used are bamboo tubes, banana leaves and Alpine goat's milk from the National Pingtung University of Science and Technology (NPUST) Taiwan. Dadih is made by pasteurizing goat's milk at a temperature of 65oC for 30 minutes, allowed to stand until a temperature of 30oC, the milk is poured into a bamboo tube and covered with banana leaves, then fermented in an incubator at 37oC with time variations (0, 24, 30, 36, 42, and 48 hours). The results showed that the difference in incubation time significantly (p<0.05) on pH, total acidity, syneresis, and general characteristics of dadih. The conclusion of this study is 24-hours incubation is the best time to make dadih because the taste is similar to dadih in West Sumatra.

Characteristics Analysis of Incubation Time of COVID‐19

Objectives. The statistical characteristics of incubation time of COVID‐19 are studied comprehensively in this paper. We studied the mean value and tail characteristic of incubation time. Also, the difference in incubation time is studied in different age groups, different genders, and different contact modes. Methods. We analyzed the data by a lognormal distribution. Tail characteristics of incubation time are studied by the excess function. The difference in incubation time between different age groups, different genders, and different contact modes is studied by one‐way ANOVA. Results. The results showed that the mean value of incubation time is about 12.6 days, and the standard deviation is about 6.1 days. The incubation time of 95% of patients was within 24 days. Some patients have a very long incubation time according to the excess function. The incubation time was not related to age and gender but related to the suspected contact modes. Conclusions. The mean value of incubation time is consistent with the actual situation. The above results are a reasonable explanation for the phenomenon of super‐long incubation time in some patients and the development trend of epidemic situations.

Analysis of sea bidara leaf (Ziziphus mauritiana) ethanol extract biorespon on hydrophobicity and phospholipase of Streptococcus pyogenes cell surface in tonsillitis isolate

Background: Tonsillitis is an inflammation of the palatine tonsil that is often found in otorhinolaryngology and is one of the world's socio-economic health problems. Streptococcus pyogenes is the most common bacterial cause of tonsillitis, with hydrophobicity and phospholipase activity on the cell surface that has a major effect on tonsillitis pathogenicity. Ethanol extract of the leaves of sea bidara (Ziziphus mauritiana) has an antibacterial impact containing neophytadiene, hexadecanoic acid, linolenic acid, octadecanoic acid, squalene, and vitamin E.Objective: To determine the ability of sea bidara leaf (Ziziphus mauritiana) ethanol extract inhibiting the hydrophobicity and phospholipase activity of the Streptococcus pyogenes cell surface in tonsillitis isolate. Methods: Laboratory experimental design with a post-test-only control group.Result: Ethanol extract of Ziziphus mauritiana leaf could inhibit the surface hydrophobicity activity of Streptococcus pyogenes cell with different quantity and quality at each concentration and incubation time. Analysis of independent T test (p>0.05;0.965) and (p>0.05;0.683) proved that there was no significant difference in incubation time inhibiting hydrophobicity and phospholipase activity of Streptococcus pyogenes cell surface. Kruskal-Wallis analysis (p>0.05;0.689) and (p>0.05;0.162) proved that there was no significant difference in inhibiting the hydrophobicity and phospholipase activity of Streptococcus pyogenes cell surface.Conclusion: Ethanol extract of Ziziphus mauritiana leaf can inhibit the hydrophobicity and phospholipase activity of Streptococcus pyogenes cell surface in isolate tonsillitis.

Influence of the forming method on flash sintering of ZnO ceramics

This work aimed to investigate different forming techniques used in the ceramic industry when applied to flash sintering. The way the density gradient interferes with the final densification and microstructural heterogeneity development of ZnO specimens was studied. For this purpose, ZnO cylindrical specimens were formed by uniaxial pressing, isostatic pressing, and slip casting. All experiments were conducted isothermally at 800 °C in an adapted tube furnace, with an applied electric field of 60 V/cm and maximum current density of 200 mA/mm2. Samples formed by isostatic pressing showed better control in the development of microstructural homogeneity. The ones formed by slip casting had lower apparent densities and longer incubation times among all the forming methods. Also, slip casting samples showed the largest detachment of average grain size in the central region compared to the other regions. One outstanding result is related to differences between the regions close to the upper and lower electrodes in the samples formed by uniaxial pressing, even when using alternating current mode. These results showed that the density distribution along the green specimen should be considered a decisive factor when evaluating flash sintered samples. The chosen forming technique causes significant differences in incubation time, densification, and the development of microstructural heterogeneity.

Minimum Infective Dose of a Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Field Strain from North Macedonia

Infection with Lumpy Skin Disease virus (LSDV), as well as infections with other Capripox virus species, are described as the most severe pox diseases of production animals and are therefore listed as notifiable diseases under the guidelines of the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). To our knowledge there is only a single study examining dose dependency, clinical course, viremia, virus shedding, as well as serological response following experimental LSDV “Neethling” inoculation. Here, we inoculated cattle with four different doses of LSDV strain “Macedonia2016”, a recently characterized virulent LSDV field strain, and examined clinical symptoms, viremia, viral shedding, and seroconversion. Interestingly, around 400 cell culture infectious dose50 (CCID50) of LSDV-“Macedonia2016” were sufficient to induce generalized Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) in two out of six cattle but with a different incubation time, whereas the other animals of this group showed only a mild course of LSD. However, differences in incubation time, viral loads, serology, and in the clinical scoring could not be observed in the other three groups. In summary, we concluded that experimental LSDV infection of cattle with an infectious virus titer of 105 to 106 CCID50/mL of “Macedonia2016” provides a robust and sufficient challenge model for future studies.

Comparison of two alkali trap methods for measuring the flush of CO2

AbstractSoil biological activity is a key feature of healthy soil. The flush of CO2 during the first few days after rewetting of a dried soil is a rapid indicator of soil biological health, but variations in approach require testing and calibration. A 3‐d incubation method (25°C, 50% water‐filled pore space, acid titration) was compared with a 4‐d incubation method (∼20°C, capillary wetted, electrical conductivity) from two long‐term field experiments in Missouri (silt loam soils) and North Carolina (sandy loam and loamy sand soils). The two methods were related (p < .001) to each other (r2 = .93, n = 211 for Missouri soils and r2 = .68, n = 126 for North Carolina soils), but results differed in absolute value in an unexpected manner. Differences in incubation time (3 vs. 4 d), temperature (∼20 vs. 25°C), and water delivery (50% water‐filled pore space vs. capillary wetting) were major factors affecting relationships between methods. Time and temperature were predictable and scalable factors, but water delivery approach likely caused random variations specific to soil type. Both methods were able to discern depth stratification of soil biological activity, but subtle differences due to landscape position and soil texture were detected only with the 3‐d method. We suggest that greater standardization of soil biological activity protocols based on key factors of soil moisture, temperature, and time of incubation be adopted to improve reliability and value to stakeholders.

Study on artificial induction, growth and gamete quality of mitogynogenetic turbot Scophthalmus maximus

Artificial gynogenesis induction is one of the important techniques of chromosome manipulation. The eggs are fertilized with inactivated sperm to prevent the inheritance from the paternal genome, and genome information of the offspring is totally contributed by the maternal genome. Mitogynogenesis, in which diploidization of chromosome set is performed by blocking the cleavage, is theoretically homozygous and has got more attention in breeding. In this study, we performed the mitogynogenetic diploid induction in turbot Scophthalmus maximus, one of the most important maricultural fish in China and Europe, by applying hydrostatic pressure to the eggs activated with UV-irradiated homologous sperm. The optimal inducing conditions were 36,000 erg mm-2 for UV-irradiated and pressure of 65 MPa for 6 min at 15 min before the appearance of the cleavage furrow. Two mitogynogenesis stocks were obtained in 2016 and 2017. The results showed that there was no distinct difference in incubation time and morphological traits between mitogynogenetic diploid and control diploid. The survival rates of mitogynogenetic diploid sharply decreased in the first month post hatching (mph). Their total weight (tW) and total length (tL) increased rapidly from 12 to 18 mph. The mitogynogenetic diploids induced in 2016 and 2017 showed very different growth. The mean tW and tL of 10 fast-growing individuals at 18 mph were 2.78 and 1.32 times of the others in 2016 stock, while 4.50 and 1.74 times in 2017 stock, respectively. The higher male ratio and rising trend of male ratio indicated the female heterogametic ZW/ZZ genetic mechanism of sex determination in turbot. Twenty-four adults in 2017 stock survived until 24 mph. While twenty-nine adults in 2016 stock survived until 36 mph, in which 11 adults could be promoted mature. Then the qualities of gametes were evaluated and showed that both the egg and the sperm qualities of mitogynogenetic diploid were lower than those of control diploid. However, the embryo and larvae development showed no difference between mitogynogenetic diploid progeny and control diploid.

Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Classification of Histopathology Whole-Slide Images.

Computational image analysis is one means for evaluating digitized histopathology specimens that can increase the reproducibility and reliability with which cancer diagnoses are rendered while simultaneously providing insight as to the underlying mechanisms of disease onset and progression. A major challenge that is confronted when analyzing samples that have been prepared at disparate laboratories and institutions is that the algorithms used to assess the digitized specimens often exhibit heterogeneous staining characteristics because of slight differences in incubation times and the protocols used to prepare the samples. Unfortunately, such variations can render a prediction model learned from one batch of specimens ineffective for characterizing an ensemble originating from another site. In this work, we propose to adopt unsupervised domain adaptation to effectively transfer the discriminative knowledge obtained from any given source domain to the target domain without requiring any additional labeling or annotation of images at the target site. In this paper, our team investigates the use of two approaches for performing the adaptation: (1) color normalization and (2) adversarial training. The adversarial training strategy is implemented through the use of convolutional neural networks to find an invariant feature space and Siamese architecture within the target domain to add a regularization that is appropriate for the entire set of whole-slide images. The adversarial adaptation results in significant classification improvement compared with the baseline models under a wide range of experimental settings.

Investigation of the Scanning Microarc Oxidation Process

Scanning microarc oxidation (SMAO) is a coating process which is based on conventional microarc oxidation (MAO). The key difference is that deposition in SMAO is achieved by using a stainless steel nozzle to spray an electrolyte stream on the substrate surface as opposed to immersing the workpiece in an electrolyzer. In the present study, SMAO discharge characteristics, coating morphology, and properties are analyzed and compared to results obtained from MAO under similar conditions. Results show that MAO and SMAO have comparable spark and microarc lifetimes and sizes, though significant differences in incubation time and discharge distribution were evident. Results also showed that the voltage and current density for MAO and SMAO demonstrate similar behavior but have markedly different transient and steady-state values. Results obtained from coating A356 aluminum sheet show that oxide thickness and growth rate in SMAO are strongly dependent on interelectrode spacing and travel speed. Analysis of the SMAO coating morphology and structure showed that a denser and slightly harder layer was deposited in comparison to MAO and is attributed to reduced porosity and increased formation of α-Al2O3. Preliminary results indicate that SMAO represents a viable process for coating of aluminum surfaces.

Role of the PRNP S127 allele in experimental infection of goats with classical caprine scrapie.

Classical scrapie is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting domestic goats and sheep and associated with accumulation of a misfolded isoform (PrPSc) of the PRNP gene product. Multiple PRNP polymorphisms have been reported in goats.1, 2 Experimental scrapie inoculation studies revealed that PRNP polymorphisms at codons 146, 154, 211, and 222 can provide resistance or a prolonged incubation period.3-5 A recent study identified the association between a polymorphism at codon 127 (G127S) and reduced probability of developing clinical signs of scrapie in goats with PrPSc detectable in the brain.6 In that study, the length of the incubation period (time from infection to clinical signs) was not known. The aim of this study was to identify whether goats with the heterozygous (G/S127) genotype have an extended incubation period compared with goats homozygous for G127 (G/G127) following classical caprine scrapie inoculation. Intracerebral inoculation was performed with brain homogenates from two natural field cases of scrapie, one G/G127 and one G/S127, as described (Table S1). Data were combined from previous reports4, 5 to achieve efficient animal use. Because the previous report6 suggested a prolonged incubation time for G/S127 goats, a one-tailed nonparametric exact test (see Appendix S1) was used to assess the recipient genotype hypothesis that G/S127 goats have longer incubation times than do G/G127 goats when intracerebrally inoculated with classical caprine scrapie from G/G127 genotype source material. In the absence of preliminary data, two-tailed nonparametric exact tests were used for all other analyses. All inoculated goats developed clinical signs of scrapie (Table S1), with disease confirmed by the detection of PrPSc in brainstem at the obex and most lymphoid tissues by immunohistochemistry8 (Fig. S1). A significant (P = 0.019) increase in incubation time was observed in G/S127 goats following inoculation with the G/G127 caprine brain homogenate (range: 647–1333 days). No significant difference in incubation time was observed for G/G127 versus G/S127 inoculum in G/G127 goats (P = 0.30). Incubation times in control G/G127 goats inoculated with the G/G127 brain homogenate (range: 261–332 days) were significantly shorter than observed in prior work (both P < 0.054, 5). Our findings include the first reported classical scrapie incubation times for G/S127 goats, confirming that S127 is not protective in goats.6, 7 These data suggest that eradication programs need to include extended traceback periods and longer post-exposure monitoring times for infected herds containing G/S127 goats. This work was supported by USDA-ARS Grant 2090-32000-030-00D. We thank Linda Hamburg, Thomas Truscott, Lori Fuller, Dongyue Zhuang, and Emma Karel for technical assistance. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.

Constant Transmission Properties of Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in 5 Countries

Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) has been reported in 12 countries. We hypothesized that a common strain of agent is responsible for all vCJD cases, regardless of geographic origin. To test this hypothesis, we inoculated strain-typing panels of wild-type mice with brain material from human vCJD case-patients from France, the Netherlands, Italy, and the United States. Mice were assessed for clinical disease, neuropathologic changes, and glycoform profile; results were compared with those for 2 reference vCJD cases from the United Kingdom. Transmission to mice occurred from each sample tested, and data were similar between non-UK and UK cases, with the exception of the ranking of mean clinical incubation times of mouse lines. These findings support the hypothesis that a single strain of infectious agent is responsible for all vCJD infections. However, differences in incubation times require further subpassage in mice to establish any true differences in strain properties between cases.

Significant differences in incubation times in sheep infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy result from variation at codon 141 in the PRNP gene.

The susceptibility of sheep to prion infection is linked to variation in the PRNP gene, which encodes the prion protein. Common polymorphisms occur at codons 136, 154 and 171. Sheep which are homozygous for the A(136)R(154)Q(171) allele are the most susceptible to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). The effect of other polymorphisms on BSE susceptibility is unknown. We orally infected ARQ/ARQ Cheviot sheep with equal amounts of BSE brain homogenate and a range of incubation periods was observed. When we segregated sheep according to the amino acid (L or F) encoded at codon 141 of the PRNP gene, the shortest incubation period was observed in LL(141) sheep, whilst incubation periods in FF(141) and LF(141) sheep were significantly longer. No statistically significant differences existed in the expression of total prion protein or the disease-associated isoform in BSE-infected sheep within each genotype subgroup. This suggested that the amino acid encoded at codon 141 probably affects incubation times through direct effects on protein misfolding rates.

EFISIENSI PENULARAN VIRUS MOSAIK BENGKUANG DENGAN Aphis craccivora Koch. DAN A. gossypii Glover.

Yambean mosaic virus is the most important virus infecting yam bean in Indonesia. The virus were transmitted either mechanically or via aphid. This study to test the transmission efficiency of the virus via A. craccivora and A. gossypii by using different number of aphid such 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 for each treatment. To determine the transmission efficiency, incubation period, type of symptom and incidence were used as parameter. Transmission of virus by A. craccivora showed incidence range 90 to 100%, significant differences in incubation time of 1 aphid compared to other treatments and showed severe leaf mosaic, vein-banding and severe leaf malformation such as string. However, the incidence of transmission of virus by A. gossypii was range 70 to 100%, with longer incubation period in compare with A. craccivora . There was no significant differences of incubation period among treatments by A. gossypii . The infected plants showed leaf malformation, vein-banding, wrinkle and blotch on the leaves. Based on these, both aphids species could transmitted virus efficiently, and among them A. craccivora considerate has higher ability as efficient insect vector to transmit the virus in compare with A. gossypii .

The efficacy of ribavirin in the treatment of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Eastern Black Sea region in Turkey

Background The efficiency of ribavirin for treatment of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is unknown. In the literature, prospective randomized studies investigating the efficacy of ribavirin are not found. Objectives To investigate the efficacy of ribavirin in treatment of patients with CCHF. Study design In this prospective randomized cohort study 136 cases were included between June 2004 and August 2007. The diagnosis was confirmed in the CCHF reference laboratory of Refik Saydam National Hygiene Central Institute of the Turkish Ministry of Health. Patients either received ribavirin plus supportive treatment (Group A) ( n = 64) or only supportive treatment (Group B) ( n = 72). For the evaluation of efficacy of ribavirin, various parameters were compared between Group A and Group B. Results As well as the similarity of demographic features between the two groups, there were no statistical differences in incubation time; hospitalization time; patients requiring platelet replacement therapy; the time taken for platelet levels to return to normal levels and mortality. In Group B, the rate of tick contact was higher ( p = 0.03). In Group A, leukocyte levels took longer to return to the normal levels ( p = 0.02). Conclusion In our study, there was no positive effect determined on clinical or laboratory parameters in CCHF patients treated with ribavirin, also it was observed that leukocyte levels took longer to return to normal ( p = 0.02) and, while not statistically significant, the longer period of hospitalization ( p = 0.09) needed was observed as a negative effect. Because of these reasons, it is thought that the use of ribavirin makes no significant contribution to the prognosis of the CCHF disease.

Magellanic Penguin eggshell pores: does number matter?

Most penguin species lay two eggs 3–4 days apart that hatch 1–2 days apart. Hypotheses to explain the shorter incubation period for the second egg include differences in porosity of the eggshells. Eggs with more or larger pores and/or thinner shells have higher gas exchange rates and faster embryonic development. We used eggshells from hatchling Magellanic Penguins Spheniscus magellanicus to test whether eggshell thickness and pore density affect incubation period. We expected: (i) second eggs to have thinner shells and/or more pores than first eggs; (ii) eggs to have thinner shells and/or more pores if they were laid by older females, later in the season, or in burrow nests (more humid than open nests under bushes). We found no support for these hypotheses. Egg pores and shell thickness were not related to incubation period. Eggs from the same clutch were similar in eggshell thickness and pore density. Female age, laying date and nest type were poor predictors of eggshell thickness and pore density. Egg pores, we conclude, have little explanatory power for differences in incubation time of eggs in Magellanic Penguins, and suggest that synchronous onset of incubation matters.

Comparison of two methods to assess the virulence of the mountain pine beetle associate, Grosmannia clavigera, to Pinus contorta

Characterization of the virulence of bark beetle-vectored fungi is important for assessing potential impacts of beetle outbreaks. Massive inoculation of trees with a cork borer appears to give the most accurate estimate of fungal virulence, but cork borer inoculation is time and labor intensive. In October 2003, 18 Pinus contorta var. latifolia were inoculated with a beetle-associated fungus, Grosmannia clavigera (Robinson-Jeffrey and Davidson) Zipfel et al., at densities of 200 and 800 cork borer holes m−2. In July 2004 nine trees were inoculated using bark flap inoculations. The fungal-induced moisture content reduction, sapwood occlusion area and needle discoloration were similar for the 800 cork borer holes m−2 density and for bark flap inoculations, while pathogenicity symptoms induced by the 200 cork borer holes m−2 were less intense. Bark flap inoculations were three times faster to perform than high-density cork borer inoculations, but differences in incubation time and yearly weather variation highlight the need for further studies. The bark flap method may be an efficient alternative to using massive inoculation densities when testing the ability of specific fungi to kill hosts, while the cork borer method may be a better method to assess pathogenic symptoms or the aggressiveness of specific fungi.

Automated high resolution ectoenzyme measurements: instrument development and deployment in three trophic regimes

A commercial flow‐injection analysis (FIA) unit was adapted for rapid, automated measurements of ectoenzyme activity. Seawater was injected with a small amount of the substrate 6,8‐difluoro‐4‐methylumbelliferyl phosphate or L‐leucine‐7‐amido‐4‐methylcoumarin, the hydrolysis products of which were measured fluorometrically in a flow cell. The FIA system was run using sequential injection stopped‐flow analysis, allowing activities to be calculated directly from the rate of substrate hydrolysis. The FIA unit sampled autonomously, with the exception of running standard curves and creating new killed controls. The FIA unit was deployed in three environmentally distinct locations — the hypereutrophic Louisiana shelf (July 2004), the oligotrophic Sargasso Sea (February–March 2005), and the eutrophic Hudson River estuary (April 2005). Both phosphatase (Louisiana shelf and Sargasso Sea cruises) and peptidase (Hudson estuary cruise) activities were detectable by the FIA unit. Good correlations were observed between activities measured by the FIA unit and a fluorescence microplate reader. Incubation times ranged from 5–20 min with sampling rates of one sample every 11–26 min. Differences in incubation time, mixing coil length, and detector settings altered the dilution of standards and substrates but did not affect the detection limit of fluorescence. High resolution contour maps and time‐series measurements of ectoenzyme activities in eddies, localized upwellings and downwellings, blooms, and river plumes may be used to understand and predict biogeochemical changes in these and other aquatic environments.

Highly Selective Removal of Residual Deposited Films and Oxide Hard Masks on Polysilicon Gate Electrodes in Anhydrous HF Gases

This paper presents new vapor-phase HF processes, developed for highly selective removal of residual deposited films of etch by-products and oxide hard masks, following polysilicon gate etching. Etching of thin gate oxides in anhydrous HF gases, after exposure to an HBr/O2 plasma in the gate etch process, was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. During exposure to an HBr/O2 plasma, a SiBrxOy layer was formed at the near-surface region of the gate oxide. The delay or incubation time to start etching in HF gases was different between the SiBrxOy and underlying undamaged SiO2 layers. Moreover, the etch rates of SiBrxOy and chemical-vapor-deposition oxides used as a mask material were much higher than that of SiO2. By utilizing these differences in incubation time and etch rate, sidewall deposition films and oxide masks on poly-Si gate electrodes were completely removed without side etching or notching of thin gate oxides.

Stability and nucleation behavior of glass-forming Pd–Cu–Ni–P alloy with a critical cooling rate of 0.067 K/s

An undercooled Pd42.5Cu30Ni7.5P20 melt having a eutectic composition exhibits the lowest critical cooling rate for glass formation of 0.067 K/s. Nucleation and crystal growth behaviors of the undercooled melt were investigated. For example, nucleation frequency and crystal growth rate at 683 K where the temperature is close to nose temperature were evaluated as 4.76×109 nuclei/m3 s and 3.24×10−7 m/s, respectively. These values are almost the same as those for the undercooled Pd40Cu30Ni10P20 melt which has a slightly off-eutectic composition. However, the difference in incubation time for crystallization and nucleation mode was observed in both melts. The nucleation mechanism of undercooled Pd42.5Cu30Ni7.5P20 and Pd40Cu30Ni10P20 melt is compared. Based on these results, the prolongation in incubation time for crystallization is discussed in the present study.