Differences In Human Development Research Articles

성취기준을 디지털화한 콘텐츠가 실과 내용 영역의 관심도에 미치는 영향

This study explored ways to evoke interest and enhance enthusiasm among university students in education learning the practical arts curriculum using text-based achievement standards, aiming to foster intrinsic learning motivation. The study employed an experimental approach with students from the College of Education, where content visually representing achievement standards for each practical arts subject area was developed and utilized for the learning process, with learner responses quantitatively analyzed. Data were collected through surveys, and changes in interest in achievement standards before and after applying the visual content were tested using bootstrapping and paired sample T-tests with a 95% confidence level. The analysis confirmed a significant increase in students' interest in practical arts content areas after exposure to the visualized content. Specifically, changes in interest before and after learning with digitized content of achievement standards showed significant differences in human development and proactive life, living environments and sustainable choices, sustainable technology and convergence, and digital society and artificial intelligence. Notably, interest in digital society and artificial intelligence increased the most, with high significance at the 1% level. In contrast, no significant difference was found in technological problem-solving or innovation. These results highlight the importance of using digital resources in teacher training programs to effectively teach achievement standards in practical arts education to university students. This, in turn, is expected to establish a robust foundation for future teachers to implement learner-centered education in actual teaching settings.

Correlates of human development in Africa: Evidence across gender and income group

Gender inequality is high in Africa compared to other regions of the world. This disparity jeopardises the efforts targeted at improving human development and economic growth in the continent. This study provides empirical evidence on the drivers of human development in Africa across gender and country income groups, covering 54 countries over the period 1990 to 2019. It employed the Mean Group estimator for analysis to accommodate slope heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependence. The paper used Human Development Index (HDI) to proxy human development, while HDI across gender was employed to capture gender differences in human development. Country income grouping followed the World Bank country classification into low, lower-middle and upper-middle-income economies. The findings showed more determinants of HDI when disaggregated across gender than otherwise. The drivers of HDI are similar across gender for each country income group, with infrastructure, particularly ICT shown to have a positive effect in the long run for all country groups. For lower-middle and upper-middle income countries, fertility rate induced a significant negative effect on HDI and gender human development but only in the long run. However, the effect was insignificant for male and female HDI in low-income countries. Moreover, an increase in real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) promotes human development regardless of a country's income classification. A larger positive effect of GDP was observed on the HDI for low-income countries. Therefore, in the bid to improve human development in Africa, efforts should continually be intensified towards promoting GDP growth regardless of the level of growth in macroeconomic income. Policies targeted at reducing fertility rates and increasing ICT are also encouraged as these will improve HDI and close the gap in HDI across gender.

Gender Differences in Demand for Schooling

The comparison of human development indicators in Table 1 shows that Pakistan’s performance is below the average for South Asian countries and below the average for the developing countries. Furthermore, gender differences in human development are also significant within country and across countries. For example, in 1999, differences in male and female literacy rate was 24 points in Pakistan, higher then the difference in less developed countries (equalling 15 points). [See HDC (2001)]. Similarly, within Pakistan, male literacy rate increased from 35 percent in 1980-81 to 56.6 percent in 1998-99 whereas female literacy rate increased from 16 percent in 1980-81 to 32.6 percent in 1998-99. This shows that despite doubling of female literacy rate, the gap between male and female literacy rate widened from 19 percent in 1980-81 to 24 percent in 1998-99. Similarly, another indicator of human capital, i.e., the net enrolment rates at primary level exhibited a declining trend in 1990s, particularly among males. An important reason for the decline could be rise in poverty. Table 2 shows a sustained increase in net enrolment ratio with income, and the positive income effect is higher in urban areas. In rural areas, the enrolment rate increases with income but there is slight decline in female enrolment rate at the highest income level. Thus, despite rapid rise in female enrolment the gender, differences persist and income is the main factor affecting demand for education.

A cross-sectional analysis of factors affecting human development index

Although human development has made significant progress in recent years, especially in developing countries, there are differences in human development between countries. To determine the development level of a country, it is necessary to evaluate the social, cultural, demographic and political factors along with the economic factors. The Human Development Index, which covers three basic components in terms of socio-economic order, such as income, education and health, gains a different dimension in the name of welfare in all of these areas. Therefore, this study aims to determine factors affecting human development which is essential in terms of development goals. A cross-sectional analysis on a global scale is presented to investigate the impact of democracy, economic development, IMF loan use, infant mortality, and urbanization on human development. Quantile regression was estimated for 128 countries using 2019 data. The estimation results show that per capita income, democracy, urbanization, and IMF loan use have positive effects on human development. In contrast, infant mortality reduces human development. Afterward, we discussed the findings obtained from the analysis.

Describing mortality trends for major cancer sites in 133 intermediate regions of Brazil and an ecological study of its causes

BackgroundIn Brazil, 211 thousand (16.14%) of all death certificates in 2016 identified cancer as the underlying cause of death, and it is expected that around 320 thousand will receive a cancer diagnosis in 2019. We aimed to describe trends of cancer mortality from 1996 to 2016, in 133 intermediate regions of Brazil, and to discuss macro-regional differences of trends by human development and healthcare provision.MethodsThis ecological study assessed georeferenced official data on population and mortality, health spending, and healthcare provision from Brazilian governmental agencies. The regional office of the United Nations Development Program provided data on the Human Development Index in Brazil. Deaths by misclassified or unspecified causes (garbage codes) were redistributed proportionally to known causes. Age-standardized mortality rates used the world population as reference. Prais-Winsten autoregression allowed calculating trends for each region, sex and cancer type.ResultsTrends were predominantly on the increase in the North and Northeast, whereas they were mainly decreasing or stationary in the South, Southeast, and Center-West. Also, the variation of trends within intermediate regions was more pronounced in the North and Northeast. Intermediate regions with higher human development, government health spending, and hospital beds had more favorable trends for all cancers and many specific cancer types.ConclusionsPatterns of cancer trends in the country reflect differences in human development and the provision of health resources across the regions. Increasing trends of cancer mortality in low-income Brazilian regions can overburden their already fragile health infrastructure. Improving the healthcare provision and reducing socioeconomic disparities can prevent increasing trends of mortality by all cancers and specific cancer types in Brazilian more impoverished regions.

Siberia from the Standpoint of Human Development

The paper discusses the problems of human development in Siberian regions. Attention is focused on regional aspects delineated in national Human Development Reports; the necessary resources for the development of human capital are identified. It is noted that the poverty of a significant share of Siberians is a significant brake on their development. It is concluded that the archaic social structure of the population with a high share of the poorest people, the narrow stratum of the middle class, and a very small share of rich people has formed in the country. All Siberian regions had positive dynamics in human development in the last decade. However, the human development indices lagged significantly behind the average Russian indices. Analysis of the human development indicators for different regions of the Siberian Federal District allows to conclude that there is spatial heterogeneity in quality of life. The majority of Siberian regions form a group with lower indicators. The most acute situation is observed in the national republics of Tyva, Khakassia, and Buryatia, where mostly indigenous people live. High social inequality and regional barriers to the development of human capital are noted. It is concluded that the Government of the Russian Federation is not taking decisive steps to reduce social inequalities and smooth out regional and social differences in human development.

A Simple Measure of Human Development: The Human Life Indicator.

A Simple Measure of Human Development: The Human Life Indicator.

Construction of Household-Based Human Development Index: New District-Level Evidence for Punjab, Pakistan

A popular critique of the human development index (HDI) is that it does not take into account the distribution of human development within a country. Building on a household-based human development index (HHDI), we used relevant and comprehensive indicators to reconstruct the sub-indices of the HHDI, namely for health and housing, respectively. We then applied the newly constructed HHDI to directly assess the level of human development at a district-sub-group level for the Punjab province in Pakistan. The HHDI results confirm differences in human development between districts and across households with specific characteristics. The results also support the importance of the decomposed HHDI, namely housing, to provide a better understanding of the relative deprivations of different households.

Sex differences in nonhuman primate behavioral development

Sex differences in behavior and developmental trajectories in human children are of great interest to researchers in a variety of fields, and a persistent topic of discussion and debate is the relative contribution of biological vs. social influences to such differences. Given the potentially large effects of cultural and social influences on human child development, nonhuman primates are important model species for investigating the biological and evolutionary roots of sex differences in human development. This Mini-Review briefly summarizes the existing literature on sex-biased behavior toward infant nonhuman primates by mothers and other social partners, followed by a review of findings on sex differences (or lack thereof) in primate behavioral development from a variety of species in wild and naturalistic settings. These include differences in physical and social development, including play, grooming, and object manipulation patterns, as well as nursing and the development of foraging behavior. The Mini-Review concludes by providing potential avenues for future research. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Derivation of Ethnically Diverse Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Lines.

The human genome with all its ethnic variations contributes to differences in human development, aging, disease, repair, and response to medical treatments and is an exciting area of research and clinical study. The availability of well-characterized ethnically diverse stem cell lines is limited and has not kept pace with other advances in stem cell research. Here we derived xenofree ethnically diverse-human induced pluripotent stem cell (ED-iPSC) lines from fibroblasts obtained from individuals of African American, Hispanic-Latino, Asian, and Caucasian ethnic origin and have characterized the lines under a uniform platform for comparative analysis. Derived ED-iPSC lines are low passage number and evaluated in vivo by teratoma formation and in vitro by high throughput microarray analysis of EB formation and early differentiation for tri-lineage commitment to endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm. These new xenofree ED-iPSC lines represent a well-characterized valuable resource with potential for use in future research in drug discovery or clinical investigations.

Sex differences in wild chimpanzee behavior emerge during infancy.

The role of biological and social influences on sex differences in human child development is a persistent topic of discussion and debate. Given their many similarities to humans, chimpanzees are an important study species for understanding the biological and evolutionary roots of sex differences in human development. In this study, we present the most detailed analyses of wild chimpanzee infant development to date, encompassing data from 40 infants from the long-term study of chimpanzees at Gombe National Park, Tanzania. Our goal was to characterize age-related changes, from birth to five years of age, in the percent of observation time spent performing behaviors that represent important benchmarks in nutritional, motor, and social development, and to determine whether and in which behaviors sex differences occur. Sex differences were found for indicators of social behavior, motor development and spatial independence with males being more physically precocious and peaking in play earlier than females. These results demonstrate early sex differentiation that may reflect adult reproductive strategies. Our findings also resemble those found in humans, which suggests that biologically-based sex differences may have been present in the common ancestor and operated independently from the influences of modern sex-biased parental behavior and gender socialization.

Geography, Institutions and Human Development: A Cross-Country Investigation Using Bayesian Model Averaging

This paper examines the role of long standing institutions – identified through geography, disease ecology, colonial legacy, and some direct measures of political and economic governance – on human development and its non income components across countries. The study employs a novel econometric technique called the Bayesian Model Averaging that allows us to select the relevant predictors by experimenting with a host of competing sets of variables. It constructs estimates as weighted average of OLS estimates for every possible combination of included variables. This is particularly useful in situations when there is model uncertainty and theory provides only a weak guidance on the selection of appropriate predictors. Of the 25 variables that we tried, three stand out in terms of their degree of importance and their robustness across various specifications. These include malaria ecology, KKZ index of good governance and fertility rate. Our finding on the dominant and robust role of malaria ecology in explaining differences in human development across countries, even in the presence of variables that directly and indirectly measure the quality of institutions, is extremely fascinating. It shows that malaria ecology has a direct negative impact on human development and this effect appears to be over and above its effect via institutions. Some of the other measures of climate and geography as well as those of colonial legacy are important as long as we do not control for some direct measures of the performance of political and economic institutions such as the KKZ index of good governance and democracy score. Once we control for these and other conditioning variables such as public spending on health and education; fertility rates; and measures of health infrastructure, the importance of geography and colonial legacy disappears.

Research Review: Genetic vulnerability or differential susceptibility in child development: the case of attachment

Gene-environment interactions interpreted in terms of differential susceptibility may play a large part in the explanation of individual differences in human development. Reviewing studies on the behavioral and molecular genetics of attachment, we present evidence for interactions between genetic and environmental factors explaining individual differences in attachment security and disorganization. In particular, the DRD4 7-repeat polymorphism seems associated with an increased risk for disorganized attachment, but only when combined with environmental risk. Gene-environment (G x E) interactions may be interpreted as genetic vulnerability or differential susceptibility. We found support for the differential susceptibility hypothesis predicting not only more negative outcomes for susceptible children in unfavorable environments, but also positive outcomes for susceptible children in favorable environments.

Biological and evolutionary contributions to developmental sex differences

Boys and girls, and men and women show consistent differences, on average, in interests, activity preferences, and social styles. This article summarizes sex differences in human development from infancy through the childhood years and considers how these differences in developmental patterns relate to human evolutionary history. Evidence is reviewed suggesting that the psychological traits that were advantageous differed consistently for men and women during human evolution, consistent with Darwin's (1871) sexual selection as a mechanism through which cognitive and behavioural sex differences evolve and develop during lifetimes. The result is that some sex differences are found very early in development in predispositions to engage in different activities, to attend to different social information, and in methods of social influence. These early differences, in turn, prepare children for somewhat different tasks and roles in adulthood. Although these differences have strong biological origins, developmental experiences serve to flesh out and elaborate on these differences, or to minimize them, depending on the demands of the culture in which the child is situated.

Sex differences in human development.

Sex differences in many aspects of early human development are reviewed: in physical growth and maturation, in motor activity and sensory capacities in infancy, in mother-infant interaction, in the onset of fear, in the social behaviour of of pre-school children, in exploration, play and creativity, and in intellectual functions. These data are considered in the context of evidence from other mammalian studies, with particular emphasis on the neuroendocrinological processes of sexual differentiation prior to birth. In intellectual functions, the female relies principally on linguistic skills. It is suggested the higher parent-daughter correlation in IQ measures is due to this fact as well as to the earlier maturation of the female, rather than to the greater genetic control of IQ in girls. The behavioural differences accompanying the morphological dimorphism appear to be extraordinarily and biologically adaptive.